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A Review of Landfill Liner and Liner Systems

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RESEARCH ARTICLE | AUGUST 19 2024

A review of landfill liner and liner systems 

Kawther. Y. H. Al-Soudany  ; Mohamed Y. Fattah; Falah H. Rahil
AIP Conf. Proc. 3105, 050013 (2024)
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 A Review of Landfill Liner and Liner Systems
Kawther. Y. H. Al-Soudanya), Mohamed Y. Fattah b), and Falah H. Rahilc)

Civil Engineering Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq

a)
Corresponding author: [Link]@[Link]
b)
40011@[Link]
c)
40029@[Link]

Abstract. In most landfills, better termed as open dumping, there is no baseline, drainage course, or suitable top covers in
developing nations, creating a potential groundwater/surface water pollution problem because of leachate. A liner system
contains the waste, which has received much attention from researchers. Because this is an interdisciplinary subject, raw
items have been tested to find better liner materials. This study aims to investigate the effects of the presence of base liner
on leachate characteristics as documented in previous studies. The review has found the evolution of liners from their
inception and variety. Starting with the conventional thin line (clay), multi-layer material mix utilisation is discussed.
Attempts have been made to gain insight into the preference for replacement materials based on thickness adjustments.
This can detect how much more the soil would only be acceptable for the progression of the liner. Therefore, it can be

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concluded that by using the environmental sustainability of a local as additives, new liner designs will be developed to
decrease contaminated groundwater caused by leachate soil contamination, providing significant benefits to both the
environment and public health. This study offers helpful guidance on selecting appropriate amendments for landfill
applications. Industrial waste leftovers can be recycled as an addition in host clay to make these liners rather than being
disposed of, saving natural resources (clay) and cutting costs. Additionally, it offers a robust and environmentally
friendly foundation for lowering the possibility of leachate leakage.

INTRODUCTION

New landfills are specially engineered confinement systems to reduce the ecological and health impacts of solid
waste. A liner system keeps waste enclosed in new landfills. The main objective of liner systems is to disconnect the
landfill components from the environment, thereby protecting the soil and subsurface water from pollution caused
by the landfill. Leachate is the most prominent threat to subsurface water faced by new landfills. Leachate comprises
water- and liquid compounds found in refuse that accrue as water flows into the landfill; this water could come from
rain or wastewater. Leachate from the landfill may translocate and pollute the water, soil, and groundwater, posing a
risk to human health and the environment. A landfill liner is designed to form a barrier for waste and the
surroundings and drain leachate to treatment and recycling amenities [1–2].
Concern for environmental degeneration, ground-water impurity by leachate from garbage dumps and sludges,
and chemical leakage from traffic accidents. Pollution of subsoil strata from spillages led to an increase in
worldwide investments in the cost and environmental well solutions to this issue. Among the various material
techniques used to reduce these threats, especially in waste containment amenities, geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs)
have proven to be a simple, adaptable, and dependable material technique. This is due, in part, to their reduced
hydraulic conductivity (m/s) [3–8]. Thousands of original research articles, provided with sufficient information,
technical reports, and case analyses on the use of various remaining soil types as compressed liner components in
landfills have been released in science publications, conference papers, workshops, and educational workshops,
among other places [7–17]. [18–23] outlines compacted soil liners, and [9, 12, 17, 24–30] mentions the benefits of
soil profile liners. Lower and upper liners of disposal sites are frequently derived from natural sources, including
clays, and often endorsed by plastic or different simulation membranes [31-35], but the use of advanced
waterproofing materials, including such compacted clay liners, geomembranes, geonets, and geotextiles, is
frequently limited in low- and medium underdeveloped nations [36–39]. Recent concerns have increased interest in
The 4th International Conference on Sustainable Engineering Techniques (ICSET)
AIP Conf. Proc. 3105, 050013-1–050013-8; [Link]
Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4961-9/$30.00

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environmentally friendly and sustainable soil amendment materials, including biowaste, geomaterials, and synthetic
materials [40-42]. These carbon-rich materials are produced by the pyrolysis of plant and animal waste and feature a
highly porous honeycomb structure [43-44]. A soil stabiliser, gypsum (GY), was primarily used to retain plant
nutrients and improve water retention [45]. This industrial waste, noted for its cementitious properties and readily
accessible for use, is known as fly ash (FA). In geoenvironmental contexts, the [42]. ZO has been employed in
various geo-environmental applications because of its densely packed structure. ZO acts as a nutrition reservoir that
releases nutrients gradually, much like a sponge [46, 41]. Researchers have shown that ZO may increase the water
retention capacity of natural soils by 18 per cent to 30 per cent, mainly owing to its high porous structure, adsorption
capacity and capillary suction, as well as its ability to exchange ions with other soil components. As a carbon
allotrope with a honeycomb structure, graphene (GR) has recently been studied for its ability to improve soil and
brick properties [47]. GR offers advantageous features for efficient immobilisation of heavy metals, soil
remediation, chemical pollutants adsorption, and biological applications [48].
Experimenting with several materials as landfill liners is carried out in this review article to determine the best
material for this purpose.

LANDFILL LINER

Modern landfills use an engineered liner and highly controlled systems to limit the effect of waste products,
fairly solid waste [49-50]. Liners usually comprise layers of clay, geosynthetic clay, geotextiles, or a combination of
these materials [51-53]. The liner system is widely used because it can create barriers safeguarding groundwater and
soil by isolating leachate and other waste disposal contents - from the environment [54, 55].
Landfill sites are designed and constructed with liner systems to be dependable and durable, lasting for a long
time [56]. This lengthy and reliable approach is required to separate leachate, toxic gases, and solid waste from the
environment.
To reduce the hydraulic gradient, a leachate management system is designed to keep low leachate levels at the

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upper part of the liner system. The hydraulic efficiency of a waste disposal liner is measured by its ability to regulate
leaks and absorb contaminants [57-59].

Kinds of Municipal Solid Waste (M.S.W) Landfill Liners

Landfill liners are mainly meant to act like an impermeable partition composed of various compounds with high
Young's modulus, yield strengths, and erosional and chemically inert [60]. Compressed clay, geosynthetic clay, and
geomembranes are commonly used resources for hydraulic boundary liners [61, 62]. Compact clay is among the
most expensive lining materials in locations where clay is readily available due to its relatively low permeability,
chemical stability and intellectual disability, flexibility, inner and interface shear strength, and great constructability
[63]. Nevertheless, various factors such as soil constituents, construction prerequisites, and post-construction
adjustments can all impact clay liners [64]. As a result, changed clay, such as bentonite, is used instead of clay [65,
66]. Barrier elements are classified into two kinds: single and composite liners. Because of its low cost of
construction and repair, the singular liner applied in landfills is usually made of geosynthetic clay liners GCL,
geomembrane, CCL or clayey liners, which are used for waste production [67]. A composite liner of clay liners and
geomembranes is commonly used in municipal landfills because it limits leachate movement. Twofold liners can
comprise several singular liners, composites, or paired composites liners. The liner at the top is utilised for leachate
collections, while the liner at the bottom acts as a layer to inhibit leakage. It is typically used in municipally
dangerous waste landfills [68].
Two basic types of liner systems are single and double liner systems. In single-liner systems, a permeable
leachate-collection layer sits atop the hydraulic barrier. Dual liner systems comprise two hydraulic barrier layers
isolated by a leakage detection layer. A leachate storage system is also layered on these two different barrier layers.

Single Liner Systems

Single liner is always the most basic system, constructed using simple materials and techniques with negligible
permeability. These liners are ineffective in attaining landfill site needs because of their simplicity. So, modern pits
tend to be concerned about adopting new, more efficient lining innovations [69]. It is usually used in landfills
designed to contain construction and destruction waste [70].

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 Composite Liner Systems

Composite liners are composed of a geomembrane positioned on the upper edge of the clayey soil liner and are
more commonly used worldwide. The key reason for using this liner is its protection, given by the separate
components. The composite liner protects in the event of a liner collapse, and the advection and diffusion rates are
reduced, resulting in a long time for contaminants to reach the surface. Municipal solid waste landfills usually
employ them because of their ability to limit leachate migration [71].

Multi-Systems and Dual-Systems

Some solid waste generated waste landfills and all weighty materials landfills use dual liner systems. A double
liner comprises 2 Singular liners, two composite liners, or one single liner and one composite liner. The
top (principal) liner gathers leachate, while the bottom (minor) liner is a leakage detection system and falls back to
the principal liner. And usually employed in municipal hazardous waste landfills. Multi-barrier systems are
frequently considered when substantial quantities of solid waste should be managed to keep them isolated from the
surroundings. It is the most complicated barrier to construct because it consists of several singular and composite
layers [71].

GCL as Landfill Liner

Because of their limited penetrability, ease of installation, and swelling behaviour, geosynthetic clayey liners
(GCL) are one of the most recent liners techniques used in solid waste-generated waste landfills [3, 72]. GCL is
distinguished by bentonite, bonded to the geomembrane or positioned among two geotextile layers. A geotextile
made of woven materials or non-woven is much more porous and has more excellent resistance to permeation harm
than a geomembrane made of polymeric layer sheets. Compared to regular landfill liners such as CCL, the benefits

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of GCL involve quicker and more efficient installation, lesser penetrability, existence in the area of the landfill,
more excellent swell properties, and economic effect [73].
Moreover, gravels and sands are used in leachate management collection systems, sapping the leachate and
transporting it to collection ponds for additional treatment. To avoid accidental damage, soil, sand, gravel, or soft
trash on a protective cover is introduced as a padding liner [74-76].
GCLs are typically used as separate hydraulic barriers with composite barriers that typically include
geomembranes. GCLs have a very low permeability to pure water as one of their properties. However, in practice,
GCLs generally are exposed to plenty of liquids in addition to water. A compatibility test, widely used to determine
the hydraulic conductivity of the area in which the GCLs are installed, can be used to evaluate the performance of
GCLs [77]. The actual site liquid could be used in this test. The hydraulic behaviour of GCLs, i.e. their hydraulic
conductivity or permeability, is a fundamental element, together with just a few other essential hydraulic
conductivity-related. These factors are a) bentonite properties (contents, sizes, and form of clay particles); b) liquid
characteristics (concentrations, polarity, and dielectric constants); c) pre-hydration circumstances; and d) stress state
are all factors that influence GCL permeability [3]. Lay liner's Long-term behaviour must also be considered [78,
79].

Liner Alternatives

Table 1 summarises a handful of the most prevalent lining alternatives. The estimated leakage rates of different
liners are also reported based on theoretical and real-world landfill performance data. Figures 1 and 2 present the
classification of studies according to the type of lining system.

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TABLE 1. Different types of landfill liners and their related containment abilities, data taken from [80]

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FIGURE 1. Classification of studies according to type of lining system

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 46%

18%
13%
9% 7%
2% 2% 2% 1%

FIGURE 2. Statistical summary of the type of lining system

CONCLUSION

As the preceding summary shows, the liners and bases of the science topic are vast. To address this rapidly

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evolving issue, scientists must stay abreast of the rapidly changing scientific landscape. The soil's acquired hydraulic
qualities alone would be sufficient to construct a liner. Using this industrial outcome rather than removing the
treated soil–various materials mix would aid exacerbate linked environmental concerns, notwithstanding the
financial benefits that have been discovered. Soil hydraulic qualities, starting water content, liner thickness, and site-
specific meteorological variables are all factors that influence liner performance. These elements have an impact on
the performance of liners. After examining significant issues related to liner materials, it was determined that
coefficients are necessary to improve liner performance. Recycling waste products for environmental security
reduces the following: (1) the disposal of waste; (2) the construction costs of landfill liners; and (3) the consumption
of natural resources. Additionally, recycling waste products improves the long-term performance of reactive natural
liners; and it provides equivalent (i.e. time-scaled) long-term data for the engineering design of such liners.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank my study supervisors for following up on my work and for their helpful advice that contributed to
completing this research.

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