Spectrum Master MS2713E

Training

Image Size
W195 x H530 px

Amish Lad
Anritsu MEA
ANRITSU INTRODUCTION
120 years of Anritsu

2 Copyright© ANRITSU
ANRITSU | AT A GLANCE
Major R&D, Engineering & Service Location

Global Sales and Support Test and Measurement

Network Solutions
Denmark
Monitoring, Digital, IP

Luton, UK
RF,Mobile
Atsugi-shi, Japan (HQ)
RF, IP,Mobile, Digital, Optics
France
Optics, Digital, IP
Shanghai
Morgan Hill, CA Eng. & Service
Microwave, RF
Czech
Software
Dubai UAE
Italy Sales Office – MEA & Turkey
Monitoring
India
Software

ANRITSU is a Global Leader

providing test solutions and operations support systems for converging fixed
and mobile networks for 120 years
Vision Improve End Customer
Be a Shining light by Mission Accelerate Experience
contributing to the Provide our customers with an
development of the global unparalleled value combination of Time-to-Market by Enhancing
with Experience and Expertise Graphical user Interface
network society Products, Support and Service

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32 Copyright© ANRITSU
Anritsu’s History

1895––– Sekisan-sha, Anritsu’s predecessor, was founded

1900––– Annaka Electric Company, a wireless technology pioneer, was established
08––– Kyoritsu Electric Company was established through the merger of Sekisan-sha
with Abe Electric Wire Company
31––– Anritsu Electric Corporation was established through the merger
of Kyoritsu Electric and Annaka Electric
61––– Anritsu established its Atsugi factory
78––– Anritsu America was established
80––– Anritsu Europe was established
85––– Anritsu changed its name to Anritsu Corporation
Anritsu established the Tohoku Anritsu Corporation
90––– Anritsu acquired the Wiltron Company in the U.S.A., a measuring instrument manufacturer
95––– Anritsu celebrated its 100th anniversary
Anritsu established Anritsu Hong Kong
97––– The One Country, One Company program was implemented
(unification of the names of overseas offices to contain “Anritsu”)
Anritsu established operating companies in the US, UK and Hong Kong
2003––– Anritsu integrated its head office and factories in Atsugi
05––– Anritsu acquired NetTest in Denmark, a measuring instrument and OSS company
09––– Anritsu establishes Koriyama Office
10––– Anritsu Solutions SRL established in Romania.
11––– Anritsu established Anritsu (China) Co., Ltd. as a sales company for T&M business in China.
13 ––– Anritsu established the 2nd Koriyama Business Office.
15 ----- Anritsu Celebrates its 120-year anniversary

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4 Copyright© Anritsu Corporation
Anritsu Product History
1903––– An Annaka-style induction coil was adopted for the Navy’s wireless telegraph
16––– The TYK wireless telephone was put to practical use for the world’s first wireless telephone service
1925––– Annaka developed Japan’s first receiver for radio broadcasts
33––– Anritsu delivered Japan’s first TV broadcast transmitter to Shizuoka University
39––– Anritsu developed Japan’s first automatic public telephone and
Japan’s first AC-bias magnetic recorder
57––– Anritsu developed an SSB wireless telephone transmitter-receiver
77––– Anritsu received an order from Telecom Australia for 30,000 public telephones
Anritsu developed 2 Gbps ultra-high-speed error detectors
79––– Anritsu received a massive order from AT&T for microwave circuit measuring instruments
82––– Anritsu manufactured a hydrogen maser atomic frequency standard,
which is the main part of VLBI systems
86––– Anritsu developed a 5 GHz pulse pattern generator
87––– Anritsu developed a 5 GHz error detector
94––– Anritsu developed a 12.5 GHz ultra-high-speed error detector
2000––– Anritsu developed a SONET/SDH/PDH/ATM analyzer, capable of measuring up to 10 Gbps
01––– Anritsu developed the world’s first 43.5 GHz 4-channel ultra-high-speed error detector
03––– Anritsu developed the world’s first multi-layer network test solution
Anritsu's ME7873A W-CDMA TRX Performance Test System became the first system
in the industry to acquire Global Certification Forum (GCF)'s approval
04––– Anritsu developed the world’s first commercial 3G network monitoring system
08––– Anritsu develops the base-station simulator for development and verification of 3GPP LTE mobile terminal
2010––– Anritsu achieves the world's first GCF validations of both LTE RF and protocol conformance tests.
10––– Verizon Wireless and China Mobile select Anritsu's Conformance Test System.
11––– Obtained the number one industry position in GCF validation of LTE conformance test case.
13––– Obtained the number one industry position in GCF validation of LTE-Advanced conformance test case.
14----- Anritsu succeeds in data communication with LTE-Advanced 3 Carrier Aggregation terminal.

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The Anritsu Group Business Domains

6 Copyright© ANRITSU
Base Station Field Test Environment

[Link]
Anritsu Spectrum Analysis Solutions
Spectrum Master MS2713E introduction

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 Spectrum Master™ MS2713E
Compact Handheld Spectrum Analyzer
❑ Spectrum and Interference Analyzer Highlights
>> Spectrum Analyzer Key Features
> Measurements: Occupied Bandwidth, Channel Power, ACPR,
C/I, Spectral Emission Mask, Field Strenght
> *Interference Analyzer: Spectrogram, Signal Strength, RSSI,
Signal ID,
Interference Mapping
> *Tracking Generator, also functions as CW source
> *Coverage Mapping: Outdoors or Indoors
> *3GPP Signal Analyzers GSM/EDGE, W-CDMA/HSDPA,
TD-SCDMA/HSDPA, LTE (FDD and/or TDD), NB-IoT
> *3GPP2 Signal Analyzers cdmaONE/CDMA2000 1X,
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
> *IEEE 802.16 Signal Analyzers Fixed WiMAX, Mobile WiMAX
> *ISDB-T Signal Analyzer
> Dynamic Range: > 102 dB in 1 Hz RBW
> DANL: -162 dBm in 1 Hz RBW
> Phase Noise: -100 dBc/Hz max @ 10 kHz offset at 1 GHz
> Frequency Accuracy: < ± 50 ppb with GPS On
> Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) 1 Hz to 3 MHz in 1-3 sequences
*Optional
Spectrum Master™ MS2713E
Compact Handheld Spectrum Analyzer
 Spectrum Master™ MS2713E
Compact Handheld Spectrum Analyzer
 Anritsu Spectrum Analyzer Family
• How many models of HH Spectrum Analyzer do we now have in the
portfolio?

• Answer: 28
– MS2720T Spectrum Master
– MS2711E, MS2712E, MS2713E Spectrum Master
– MT8212E, MT8213E Cell Master
– MT8220T BTS Master
– S332E, S362E Site Master
– S412E LMR Master
– MS2034B, MS2035B VNA Master
– MS2036C, MS2037C, MS2038C VNA Master
– MS2760A
– Remote Spectrum Monitors, MS2710XA
Q u i c k F i r s t A i d To o l f o r
Anritsu HH Users

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 Anritsu Tool Box
• The Anritsu Tool Box is a suite of
applications that provide an interface
between Anritsu handheld RF
instruments and a PC.
• The instrument connects to the
computer via a USB, Ethernet, or
serial port.
• Anritsu software DVD or download
from the Anritsu website
[Link]/en-US/Services-
Support/Handheld-Tools-Tool-
[Link]

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Line Sweep Tool
• For Antenna, Cable and PIM
test personnel who deal with
dozens of traces daily

– Collect
• Collect traces from current and
supported Cable, Antenna, and
PIM test sets

– Verify
• Ensure that those traces confirm to
specifications

– Report
• Quickly generate professional
reports for submission

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What does Line Sweep do?
• For the line sweep guy
– Simple interface on the toolbars
– Complex items in the menus
– Marker and Limit Line presets
– Renaming grids
– Browse onto instruments

• Supports many file formats

– DAT, VNA, CSV, JPG, PNG, BMP, and
the new DAT
– Single and Dual Trace

• Supports current line sweep instruments

– BTS Master, E series, and D series

• Supports printed reports for multiple traces

• Windows XP, Vista, and Win 7

– 32 bit and 64 bit

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PC Tools
• Master Software Tools
– View large spectrograms
– 3D spectrogram
– AVI files
– Lots more

• easyMap Tools
– Download maps for on-
instrument mapping

• easyTest Tools
– Create test scripts
• Setup instructions, including
pictures
• Prompts
• Recall Setups
• Save Results

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2D & 3D graphs with Master Software Tools TM

2D

3D
GPS time stamped spectrogram in MST

2D graph Exportable to a CSV

Possibility to replay File for post-processing
the spectrum capture in
the HH SPA and in MST

3D graph
Creation of an AVI video file
 Instrument Firmware Update Steps
• Preferred Method to update via USB Loader Method.
• Also possible via MST Tools.
• Procedure available on Anritsu Website:
[Link]
downloads/[Link]?mode=ddl
 Anritsu Web Remote Tools
▪ Web Server – Standard in-built
▪ Flexibility - Interactive instrument control from anywhere with web access from
computer, smart phone, or tablet.
▪ Quick setup - Create short range links up to 300 feet using a Pocket Wi-Fi router
▪ Long Range - Create world-wide long range links using a wired Ethernet
connection
▪ Responsiveness - Get up to 5 traces per second update rate in fast mode

[Link]
 Anritsu Web Remote Tools
▪ Remote Power Control – Using an Ethernet enabled AC power switch can control
power state of the spectrum Analyzer .
▪ Download instrument files, directories, and sub-directories as a zip file.
– Get your test results on your computer where it’s needed!

Home Screen File List Screen

[Link]
RF Fundamentals

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RF Fundamentals

▪ What is RF ?

▪ How RF is Generated

▪ RF units of measure (dB, dBm, Watts, MHz )

▪ How RF is used for Communications ?

▪ What is frequency, a wavelength and a spectrum

▪ What are the frequency bands (HF, VHF, etc)

▪ Over what distance does RF travel

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Tools used by RF Engineers

Parameter Instrument Anritsu?

Power Power meter Yes
Frequency Frequency Counter Yes
Power/Voltage vs. Time Oscilloscope No
Power vs. Frequency Spectrum Analyzer Yes
Reflected and Transmitted Power Scalar and Vector Yes
Network Analyzers
Response to stimulus Signal Generator Yes

There are a set of unique tools used by RF/MW engineers in order to

measure different parameters. Anritsu builds all but one.

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26 Copyright© ANRITSU CORPORATION
RF Fundamentals

What is RF ( Radio Frequency) ?

▪ A voltage whose polarity is always changing ( an alternating

current)
▪ A battery has zero (no) frequency because one end is always
Plus and the other is always Minus

▪ A wall outlet offers a voltage that change 60 Hertz (times a

second) in some countries and 50 Hertz in others
▪ The voltage changes from minus to plus to minus, etc., 50 or
60 times a second

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RF Fundamentals
What is RF ( Radio Frequency) ?

▪ When you measure the voltage vs time, the result is a

waveform like this one:

▪ This is a voltage vs time waveform displayed by a

measurement instrument called an Oscilloscope

▪ Radio frequency are an alternating current whose voltage is changing at least

9000 times a second ( the lowest RF frequency in use)

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Signaling Basics – Time Domain

There are multiple signals present.

An oscilloscope displays
signals in the Time Domain
• Changes in time are seen
• But if many frequencies are
present, analysis is difficult

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Viewing the signal in terms of Frequency

A spectrum analyzer
displays signals in the
Frequency Domain
• Each frequency component is
uniquely displayed
• Large and small signals can
be seen on the same display

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RF Fundamentals
How is RF ( Radio Frequency) produced ?

▪ An Amplifier becomes an Oscillator when a portion of its output is connected

(fed back) into its input. The feedback Network determines the frequency of
oscillation and also the stability of the frequency.

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RF Fundamentals
RF ( Radio Frequency) Units of Measure

▪ Radio Signals are measured in two ways: by their

Frequency and by their Amplitude.

▪ Frequency is measured in cycles per second (we use the term Hertz in place
of cycles per second)
▪ For thousands or million of Hertz, we use Kilo and Mega along with Hertz
(examples : Kilohertz or Megahertz )
▪ A full cycle includes a positive and a negative peak and two zero crossings

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RF Fundamentals
RF ( Radio Frequency) Units of Measure

▪ Amplitude is measured using a multitude of units :

▪ Volts
▪ Amperes
▪ Watts (= Volts x Amps)
▪ dBW ( decibels compared to a Watt)
▪ dBm ( decibels compared to a milliwatt)
▪ dBV (decibels compared to a Volt)
▪ dBmV (decibels compared to a millivolt)

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RF Fundamentals
How is RF ( Radio Frequency) Changed ?

▪ A mixer can change the frequency of an RF Signal, which is convenient for

receiver circuitry ( typically a lower frequency is easier to process )
▪ A mixer is a Key device in the receiver.

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RF Fundamentals
How does RF ( Radio Frequency) look on a Spectrum Analyzer ?

▪ When a Radio Frequency wave is viewed in

Frequency Domain ( What a Spectrum Analyzer
uses), it appears as single vertical line or bar.

▪ A different frequency also appears as single vertical

line, but in a different location

▪ A spectrum Analyzer displays these two different

frequencies as vertical lines in different places on
the RF spectrum.

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RF Fundamentals
How is RF ( Radio Frequency) Used for Communications ?

▪ By placing each message onto a different RF frequency, it

is possible for multiple users to share the radio spectrum
without interfering with one another

▪ A radio receiver can accept one signal and reject all

others if the signals are spaced far enough apart

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RF Fundamentals
What is Frequency and Wavelength ?
▪ A frequency is the number of cycles the voltage
makes in one second
▪ The reciprocal (1/frequency) gives the time for one
cycle
▪ Example: 1/1 MHz = 1 microsecond
▪ A wavelength is the distance that RF travels
through air for one cycle time (RF travels at the
speed of light)
▪ When RF encounters something denser than air (
like plastic), it slows down and doesn’t go as far in
cycle time. This is called Propagation Velocity and
uses units of percent (%) of the speed of light.
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RF Fundamentals
What are the ITU Frequency Bands ?
▪ The frequency spectrum is divided as follows :

ITU : International Telecommunications Union, an agency of the United Nations

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RF Fundamentals
What are the IEEE Microwave Bands ?

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RF Fundamentals
How Does Radio Work?
▪ A transmitting station generates radio waves and a radio receiver
converts them into sound or messages
▪ As the RF signal travels from transmitter to receiver, it grows weaker
due to Path Loss (Loss through air)
▪ Once an RF signal is too weak (due to excessive distance), a receiver
can no longer detect it.
▪ There are two kinds of Path loss:
▪ Free Space Path loss – entirely through air (no obstructions and no
reflections) – easily calculated.
▪ Plane Earth Path Loss – Includes the effects of ground reflection and the
absorption of buildings, trees and other obstructions on the signal-
varies by geographical region- not as easy to calculate

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RF Fundamentals
Over What Distance does RF travel ?
▪ To determine maximum distance through air, we need the
maximum path loss, which we get from:

▪ System Gain – Subtract RX (Receiver) Sensitivity (in dBm) from TX

(transmitter) power (in dBm) to calculate System Gain.

▪ Antenna Gains and Transmission Losses at both ends of link

▪ Frequency of the Transmitter

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Spectrum Analyzer
Back to Basics

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Signaling Basics – Time Domain

It is natural to think of signals in terms of Time...

1.5

1.0
• It is easy to see the
0.5
signal variation vs. time
Amplitude

0.0 • Any deviation from the

-0.5 expected waveform is
-1.0
easy to see, unless...
-1.5
Time

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43 Copyright© ANRITSU CORPORATION
Just a Little Math (this will be important later)

The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is defined as:

Where: N = the number of samples

n = the current sample we are considering
xn = value of the signal at time n
k = current frequency we are considering (0 Hz up to N-1 Hz)
Xk = amount of frequency k in the signal (amplitude and phase, a complex
number)

Just remember, the FFT allows you to take time sampled data, and
show it in terms of its frequency components

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44 Copyright© ANRITSU CORPORATION
Spectrum Analyzer

• Instrument that measures the magnitude of an input

signal versus frequency.
• Used to measure the power of the spectrum of known
and unknown signals.
• Basically a very sensitive radio receiver

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Typical Spectrum Analyzer Display

Amplitude

Frequency

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Spectrum Analyzer
• The basic tool for
Anritsu MS2713E Spectrum Master understanding spectrum
– Power vs. frequency
– Power vs. time
– Power & frequency vs. time
(spectrogram)

• Used with other tools to find

emitter

• Some receivers have similar

functionality
– Usually lower RF performance

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Spectrum Analyzer Specs
What’s a good analyzer?

• Displayed Average
Noise Level (DANL)

• Dynamic Range

• Multi-step attenuator

• Interference-hunting
tools, accessories,
support

• Amplitude accuracy?

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 Superheterodyne Receiver
• Simplified block diagram of the Superheterodyne Receiver
Principle is the basis of modern Spectrum Analyzer
Superheterodyne Receiver
Dynamic Range Video
 MS2713E
How it looks ?
&
Lets Power On!

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External appearance

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Top panel - RF connectors

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Convenient Soft Case and Tilt Bail

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 Battery Compartment Door

Note: The battery that is supplied with the Spectrum Master may need charging before use.
The battery can be charged while it is installed in the Spectrum Master by using either the
AC-DC Adapter

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 Power On
To turn on the Spectrum Master, press the green On/Off button on the front
panel

Note: The Spectrum Master takes approximately sixty seconds to complete power
warm-up and to load the application software. At the completion of this process, the
instrument is ready for use.
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 Power On WikiLeaks !
• Power-On Control
– Power Switch (Default)
– “When DC Applied”
– System, System Options, More, Power-On

• What happens if the Power goes away

in “When DC Applied” mode?
• Turned on by Power Switch
– Stays on until battery exhausted
– Best for areas with flaky power
– Reverts to below mode if battery exhausted
• Turned on by DC (or no battery)
– Goes off immediately
– Best for remote reboot

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Master Radio Frequency with MS2713E

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 MS2713E
Get Familiar!

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 Display Screen Overview
• Key information areas of the Spectrum Master in Spectrum Analyzer mode.

Save Icon

Power Icons
– Fully Charged
– Charging
– Battery Only
– No Battery
– Low
– Almost Discharged

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Touch Screen Interface

Measurement
Options

User Selected
Shortcuts

Copyright© ANRITSU
Mode Selector Menu
To access the functions under the Mode menu, select the Shift key, then the Mode
(9) key. Use the directional arrow keys, the rotary knob, or the touch screen to
highlight the selection, and press the Enter key to select.

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Menu Key Screen,
Icons for Installed Measurements and Shortcuts

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 Point to Note !
• For Data Entry – Soft Keyboard on instrument

This is a button
Spectrum Analyzer Preset – Be an Expert !
Display Color Choices

Night Vision Black & White

High Contrast Default Colors

Display Blank
– Extends battery slightly
• ≈10%
– Makes less obvious
• Spectrum Monitoring
• Clandestine use

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Save On Event…
• You can specify automatic saving of measurements
• Automatic saving at the end of a sweep
– The file is named “EOS” followed by the date and time
– This is especially nice for slow sweeps
• Automatic saving when a signal exceeds either the
user defined upper or lower limit lines.
– The file is named “LIM” followed by the date and time
• You can choose
– either to save once and the stop
– Or to save every time the event occurs
• You can choose to save to internal memory or onto a
USB stick.
• Key Sequence: File > Save On Event
Web Server
• Type IP address into Web
Browser
– HTML-5 compatible
• Remote Control
• Capture screen or trace
• File list
• Password
• Instrument Name

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Web Server - Remote Control

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 Web Server

• File List
– Download multiple files
or directories

• Device Management
– Passwords
– Instrument Name

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MS2713E Basic Operation

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❑ The tuning frequency range can be entered
in several different ways depending upon
what makes the most sense for the user or
for the application.
❑ The center frequency and span can be
specified,
❑ The start and stop frequencies can be
entered, or
❑ A signal standard can be selected from the
built-in list.
❑ Channel number can be selected from the
built-in list.

Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Seeing Signals accurately is all about managing power.

❑ A Spectrum Analyzer measure RF power and even though it’s limited to a
maximum of 1 Watt.
❑ With the use of external device called a Power Attenuator , measurement of RF
power more than 1 Watt is possible.
❑ Another way power arriving at the instrument using the reference level offset
setting.
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Sometimes you will use a SPA with an external amplifier, then the RL Offset can
show the true strength of the signal prior to amplification or if you turn RF
Offset off, the value arriving at the SPA
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ In Short you will use negative RL Offset values for attenuators, and positive
values for amplifiers.
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Input Attenuator – The input attenuator

makes incoming signal weaker. This ability
allows SPA to handle powerful signals and
still display very weak signals depending on
your needs and settings.
❑ It is recommended to keep Input attenuator
in automatic mode, as it will automatically
changes its value proportionally with
reference level.
❑ The input attenuator should be set so that
maximum signal amplitude going to the
mixer is within tolerance ratings.
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ When mixer circuit get overload you will see on display - “Mixer Saturation” or
“A/D converter overload” warning message, Change the reference level or
manually increase attenuation immediately.
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Span is the difference between the start and stop frequency

❑ Span is the size of the segment of the spectrum being analyzed, individual
signals display with more detail, kind of a zooming effect.
❑ Span and Center Frequency are commonly used together for analysis
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Resolution Bandwidth filter or RBW , is related to Span function when running

in automatic mode.
❑ A narrow RBW setting provides the most accurate rendition of a signal.
❑ As you narrow the RBW, the slow down in sweep time is noticeable but so is
the improvement of the signal image
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Video Bandwidth filter or VBW , filter acts as a low pass filter, meaning it too
offers better signal representation.
❑ It basically smoothes the trace, showing a less “wiggly” version of the sweeps.
❑ This helps you catch subtle changes in the waveform that are masked by noise,
which causes the wiggle in the trace.
❑ Cleaning up noise takes time, so once again the sweep time will slow down in
order to achieve visual clarity and accuracy.
❑ Just to be Clear, the RBW and VBW filters are two different settings. They both
create a better view of the image but they do so in different ways. VBW has no
effect on RBW
RBW & VBW Video
 Freq Amplitude Span BW Marker

❑ Markers report the frequency and amplitude at their given position

❑ There are two main markers menus with some additional options in each
❑ Delta markers report the difference in frequency and amplitude between a set
marker and its delta marker.
❑ Anritsu SPA provides 6 markers and their corresponding delta markers
 Smart Measurements
Several common measurements have been built into the MS2720T Spectrum Master

Field Strength Occupied Bandwidth

- Display field strength from received signal - Measures the total bandwidth of a signal
strength values - Markers are set to show the bandwidth
- Uses antenna data to calculate field strength - Select either % of total power or dBc.
- Results are shown in your choice of dBm/m2, - Percent defaults to 99% of total signal and
dBv/m, dBmv/m, dBµV/m, Volts/m, watts/m2, can be changed from 0% to 99%
dBW/m2, A/m, dBA/m, Watts/m2 - dBc defaults to -3 dBc and can be changed
within the range of 0 to -120 dBc.
 Smart Measurements

Adjacent Channel Power Ratio Channel Power

- This measurement shows how much signal from - Measures the integrated power in a specified
one channel bleeds into adjacent channels channel bandwidth
- The user specifies - User specifies
- The channel bandwidth - Center frequency
- The adjacent channel bandwidths - Integration bandwidth
- Channel Span

➢ Emission Mask ➢ C/I ➢ AM/FM/SSB Demodulation

 Detector
• Peak conversion captures the strongest signal in
the range of the 1 pixel and displays it in that
pixel on the screen.
• Typically you want to see the maximum
strength of interfering signals.
• Peak detector is really useful for measuring
interference

• RMS or root-mean-square is helpful when

measuring the power of digital signals,
• Because most digital signals have a high peak-
to-average ratio

• Sample shows the middle measurement

• Quasi-Peak uses special filters and custom peak regardless of its frequency, amplitude, or power.
detection for spurious emission and leakage • It offers the fastest sweep time, since no
measurements processing power is used to calculate its value.

Display has 551 pixels counted from left to right. Quite possible to have multiple frequencies in the
range of just one pixel. The instrument must choose which frequency to display
Detector Video
Spectrum Master – Easy to Use
Drag Marker with Finger Pass/Fail indication by segment, with summary
Pass/Fail limits for:
-OBW,
-Channel Power,
-ACPR,
-C/I,
-Emission Mask,
-Spurious Emissions

Auto Display Dim

Marker Table
Large Display Password access
for remote control

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 Anritsu Spectrum Analyzer
Family Applications

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 Spectrum Monitoring
• All Anritsu HandHeld analyzers that have a built-in spectrum function
can host the option 25 (Interference Analyzer).
• IA function allows to represent a graphic display in 2 dimensions to
monitor the frequency and the amplitude evolution, sweep after sweep
of the SPA.
– Spectrogram
– Save .IA files
– Master Software Tools software allows to display the saved measurements
and even to display it in 3 dimensions.
• The HH SPA can save measurement over a period of 72 hours
maximum.
• Amplitude variations are color coded…
Amplitude
Dynamic

SPAN

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2D & 3D graphs with Master Software Tools TM

2D

3D
GPS time stamped spectrogram in MST

2D graph Exportable to a CSV

Possibility to replay File for post-processing
the spectrum capture in
the HH SPA and in MST

3D graph
Creation of an AVI video file
Handheld InterferenceHunter™
• Anritsu MA2700A

• Aids on-foot process step

– Ergonomics for carrying antenna,
GPS receiver
– Hands available to adjust instrument
– Compass, preamp
– Trigger for taking bearings

• Mapping on spectrum analyzer

– Can be helpful
– Or just homing in on signal
• Level meter & tone
• Or just spectrum

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 Direction Finding
• Once the location area of the interfere has been shorten after the “driver test”,
here comes the time to walk down the streets with a directional antenna to
precisely locate the interferer source
• Customers want a Comprehensive Solution to their interference problems
• Connected via USB to the HH SPA, the MA2700A has:
– Built-in electronic compass
– Built-in GPS receiver
– Built-in preamplifier (≤ 6GHz)
– Trigger for saving vectors (bearings)
• With the Interference Hunter it becomes easier to locate a signal source.

98
Interference hunting, analysis and mitigation

• MA2700A compatibility
• easyMap Tools™ imported maps can
be panned and zoomed
• Transient interference hunting and
tracking with aid of Burst Detect™
(Not “E” series)

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Interference Analysis
Option 25

Do I have Interference?
What am I looking for?

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Signs of Interference
 First indicators
 Noisy analog links
 Low throughput in digital transmissions
» Waterfall sound
» High dropped call rate

 Second indicator
 For two way and cellular
» Receive Noise Floor is high on a specific
receiver or sector
 For broadcast
» Customer complaints

 This warrants an interference hunt

 This also identifies the geographic starting
point

Radio
Control
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Locating Interference in Cellular Systems

 High Rx RSSI
 Where in the sector is
the interference source?
Sector
1  Does this affect multiple
sectors or cells?
» Can give a first pass
location estimate

Sector Sector › Look at sector

coverage area
3 Interference 2 › Consider relative
power
› Requires stronger
interfering signal

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 Spotting Interference in the Field

❑ First to determine that we really have interference and not to jump directly on
doing interference hunting.
❑ When starting to hunt interference, there are a series of questions we need to
ask:
– Is it On-Channel interference?
– Is it In-band interference?
– Is it Impulse Noise?
– Is it Harmonics?
– Is it Passive Intermodulation?
– Is it a Near Far problem?
– Is it intentional?
❑ Check for interference at the repeater or base station
– Measure noise floor from the receive antenna
• Same receive pattern as the repeater or base station
– Get a visual ID on the interfering signal
• Characterize signal so you will know it later

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What might be causing interference?

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Is it On-Channel Interference?
 On Channel
2
2 7 3  Broadcasters
7 3 1 » Close physical spacing for channel assignments
1 6 4
6 » Ionosphere variations
4 5 2
5 2 7 3  Cellular
7 3 1
1 6 4 » Cell Overlap
6 4 5 » Antenna tilt
5 » Valleys

Cellular Coverage Pattern

» Higher than expected antennas
of frequency No. 1 » Better propagation than expected over water
» Errors in frequency settings

 How many transmitters in a typical

metro area GSM system?
 Multi-path for cdma type systems

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Is it In-Band Interference?

 Off channel, in-band

 Carriers from other services
 Signals can be off-channel, but in-band
» They only need make it through the pre-selector/pre-filter

Rx Band
Interference

Rx Channel
Power

Frequency
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Is it Impulse Noise?
 Impulse Noise comes
from
 BTS Lighting Suppression
 Electrical Motors
» Elevators
» Floor Buffers
» FAX machines
 Bakery ovens
 Welders
 Tower lighting
 Electric fences
 Power Lines
» Arcing and sparking
 Light Dimmers
 Micro-Arcing or Fritting

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Is it Harmonics?
 Harmonics of powerful broadcast transmitters may interfere with other
radio services
 What’s 60 dB down from 1,000,000 Watts ERP?
» 1 Watt
 What’s a receiver looking for?
» ~ 0.000,001 Watt

 Broken transmitters can produce strong harmonics

 If a Class B amp looses one output transistor…

TV Broadcast: PCS Rx Band

UHF Ch 38 - 41 1850 - 1910 MHz
616 - 637 MHz

Fundamental Second Third

Harmonic Harmonic

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Is it Intermodulation?

 The Rusty Bolt Effect

 aka PIM
 Intermodulation Distortion requires
 Two or more strong signals
» At least +7 dBm or higher

 A non-linear device
» Transistor
» Diode
» Corrosion

 For further information please see these application notes:

» [Link]
» [Link]

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 Is it Intermodulation?

Intermodulation Calculator Is it PIM?

Enter F1 and F2 to operate IM Calculator
F2 2 F2 3 F2 4 F2 5 F2
 Play with the possibilities
860.0 1,720.0 2,580.0 3,440.0 4,300.0
F1 850.0  Check existing carriers
1,710.0 2,570.0 3,430.0 4,290.0 5,150.0 Using the calculator
10.0 870.0 1,730.0 2,590.0 3,450.0
2 F1 1,700.0  Enter suspect carriers in the cells
2,560.0 3,420.0 4,280.0 5,140.0 6,000.0 with red text
840.0 20.0 880.0 1,740.0 2,600.0  Check green cells for results
3 F1 2,550.0
 Works for any two signals
3,410.0 4,270.0 5,130.0 5,990.0 6,850.0
1,690.0 830.0 30.0 890.0 1,750.0  Real world cases can be more
4 F1 3,400.0
complex!
4,260.0 5,120.0 5,980.0 6,840.0 7,700.0
2,540.0 1,680.0 820.0 40.0 900.0
5 F1 4,250.0
5,110.0 5,970.0 6,830.0 7,690.0 8,550.0
3,390.0 2,530.0 1,670.0 810.0 50.0

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Is it a Near/Far problem?
 Emergency Services and Cellular
 Does not mix well
 The FCC changed its channel allocation plan
 Cellular system “A” to Cellular system “B”
Phone A
 Does not mix well

911 Cell A Cell B

Tower

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Is it Intentional?

 Some interference is
intentional
 Sad, but true
» Employers keeping employees off
the phone
› Shoe store at mall
» Drivers wanting other drivers to
stay off their phone
» Some military applications
» Conference Rooms

 FCC recently cracked down on

companies selling jammers
» Citing potential loss of life

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Spotting and Characterizing Interference

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Spotting Interference
 Check for interference at Receiver
 At the tower for cellular
 At the tower or complaint area for Two Way
 In the complaint area for broadcast

 Measure noise floor from a receive antenna

» Same receive pattern as the radio

?  Get a visual ID on the interfering signal

» Characterize signal so you will know it
later

Receive Pre-
Filter

Receive filter
test port

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Characterizing Interference
• Spot the strong signals on the receive band
– Dual trace spectrum helps see what’s
happening
• Max-Hold and Normal
– Auto-Mask allows “save on event”
waveform capture
• For signals that break the mask
– Spectrogram is useful for intermittent
signals

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Characterizing Interference
• Know your bands
– Which signals belong?
– Which signals do not belong?

• Allow the receive pre-filter to

eliminate signals
– Receiver can’t see them anyway

?
– If not possible, ignore signals that you
know the filter will eliminate
• If you don’t have a receive filter, it’s
likely time to get one!

Receive
Pre-Filter
Receive
filter test
port

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Sketch of Rx Interference
Nearby
Transmitter

W-CDMA
Uplink

GSM
Uplink

Pre-filter Frequency Range

Max-Hold Trace on Uplink After the Pre-Filter

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 Signal Libraries
Know your bands

• Develop libraries of common

7 CDMA Carriers signals
– For your
– Area
– Frequency bands
– Work with a
– Spectrum analyzer
EV-DO or CDMA Carrier – Government data base
– May take less than a day
– Know what’s not right!

FM IBOC

P25, 12.5 kHz

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Identifying Signals
• Quickest way to locate is to
identify signal type
– Visual Recognition of Signal
• Know your signal
• Know your frequencies

– Analog or Digital Demodulation

• May yield a station ID

– Next step
• FCC Licensing Data Base
– Gives GPS coordinates of tower and
contact phone number
– [Link]
Search/[Link]
– Tends to be out-of-date

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Signal Demodulation

 May be possible to ID the signal source

 Assumption
» The interfering signal is in “good shape”

 AM/FM demod
» Listen for a call sign
 Paging signals
» Listen for a Morse Code call sign
 Cellular Signals
» Use the appropriate scanner to find a Cell
ID

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Getting Ready for the Hunt
Understand Interference Characteristics

 You will need to recognize this signal later

 Look for information on the interference
» Frequency
» Bandwidth
» Shape
» Power levels
» Any time based characteristics
› This is a big one!

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Characterizing Interferrence
Auto-Mask
 To look for intermittent signals near or on a
legitimate signal
 Auto Mask can save traces when the mask is
violated
» Allows for quick analysis of data captured
over several hours or days
 Upper and lower mask created automatically
› No fuss, no muss
› Can be round or square
› User sets number of points
» Look for unusual events within the Rx
channel or band

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Characterizing Interference
Extended Signal Monitoring

 Use the spectrogram to look for signals

that change over time
 This signal is unstable in frequency
» From a cell phone booster with
insufficient input to output isolation
» Common consumer grade
equipment issue
 Temperature sensitive
 Sensitive to changing reflections
» People
» Cars
» Etc.

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Characterizing Interference
By Time-of-Occurrence

 Signals may occur

 At specific times of the day, or
days of the week
» Gas stations sending the day’s
receipts in by satellite
» A car with a jammer on its
weekday commute
» Teachers that want to stop
cheating during tests
» Meeting leaders who don’t
want interruptions
» High average BTS power at
the rush hour when loaded to
capacity
» When a RF Lab is testing new
circuits

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Characterizing Interference
By External Events

 Signals may occur

 With specific external events

» Cruise ships or Navy ships docking
» Workdays
» When a Karaoke bar opens
» Bridge openings

 With specific weather conditions

» Wind on a rusty barn roof generating PIM
» Leaves falling from trees changing
The Norwegian Star has a DECT propagation conditions
phone system set up on the 1800
MHz band

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Characterizing Interference
By Time Duration

 Interfering signals may short, medium, or long

term
 Push-to-Talk transmissions
 Bridge Openings
 Delivery trucks
 Meeting times
 PIM due to wind
 Transmitter equipment failure
 New Transmitters
 Always-on PIM

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Characterizing Interference
By Links to Other Signals

 Interfering signals may be linked to other

signals
 Look for a trace that turns on and off
 Look for carriers that turn on and off
when your interference turns on and off
 The link may be due to Intermodulation
/ PIM

Signal Off Signal On

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Characterizing Interference
Bursty Signals

 Bursty Signals
 Many digital signals are bursty
» On 50% of the time, or less
» Wi-Fi
» LTE Uplink
» WCMDA Uplink
» CDMA Uplink
» Bluetooth
 Use “Burst Detect” to view these
signals reliably
» Trace mode that detects pulses
over 200 micro seconds reliably
» Makes direction finding much,
much, faster

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Characterizing Interference
Summary

 Know the signal timing characteristics

 Helps you know when to look
» In time
» In frequency

 You will need to recognize the signal,

and its behavior, during the hunt

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Interference Generators
Summary

Any signal at a receiver’s input can cause de-sense!

See Anritsu’s “RF Interference Hunting Techniques” application note

 On-Channel Harmonics
 Off-Channel, but In-Band Multiples of the original signal
Look for wider than expected signal
 Getting by the receiver’s input signatures
filter Intermodulation
 De-sense or Signal Blocking Active Intermodulation
Passive Intermodulation (PIM)
 Impulse Noise
Near-Far problem
 Arcing and sparking Strong interference
 Intentional Weak “good” signal
 Jammers

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 Characterizing the Interference Signal

❑ Interference Signal can be either,

▪ Discrete – One has central carrier and modulated with some form of AM or
FM
▪ Noise-like Signals – Real noise such as arcing or sparking such as CDMA
that have noise like characteristics.

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 Characterizing the Interference Signal
❑ Spot the strong signals on the up-link
– Dual trace spectrum for the
consistent signals
• Max-Hold and Normal
– Spectrogram for the
intermittent ones
– Auto-Mask for “save on event”
waveform capture
❑ Strong signals that are not from your
system’s cell phones may be the
problem

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 Signal Monitoring for Odd Signals
❑ Use the spectrogram
–To look for signals that change over
time
–For long term monitoring
• Days of monitoring time
• Useful for later analysis on laptop
• User can set time resolution
–To further characterize
the signal

❑ You will need to recognize the signal

This signal is unstable in frequency
This sort of oscillation in frequency is characteristic of a
during the hunt
repeater with insufficient isolation between its input
and output antennas

Many signals do not yield to the easy identification techniques and you need to find
them by hunting
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Interference Analyzer Measurements

❑ Signal Strength - Can locate an

interfering signal, by using a
directional antenna and measuring
the signal strength and by an
audible beep proportional to its
strength
❑ RSSI – RSSI shows Received signal
strength indicator over time. It
display change in signal strength,
❑ Spectrum – Same as Spectrum Analyzer interval between measurements is

❑ Spectrogram 70 millisecs.
❑ Signal ID

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Interference Hunting Demo Video

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Interference Hunting Aids

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Spotting the Signal at Ground Level
 Signals that are strong at tower level can be weak at
ground level
 Hills or buildings may between you and the source
 Ways to find that elusive ground level signal:

?  Check other receivers for interfering signal strength

» This gives you a general idea of location
› Particularly for cellular systems
› Requires a stronger interfering signal
 Drive around and look for the signal at ground
level
» An mag-mount Omni-directional antenna on the car
roof is useful for this task
» A Max-Hold and normal dual trace setup will also help
» Signal Strength mapping will help
 Find a high place or building top for direction
finding
» Eliminates many obstruction or multipath issues

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Interference Hunting Aids
Spectrum Analyzer with Signal Strength
Measurements
 Spectrum Analyzer Key Capabilities

» Fast Sweep

» Burst Sweep Mode

» Wide RBW range

» High Dynamic Range

 Signal Strength Tones

 Channel Power measurements

 Trace Types

» Max-Hold

» Normal

» Min-Hold

 Averaging

» Trace Averaging

» Video Bandwidth Filter

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Antennas for Interference Hunting
 Yagi
 Good directivity
 Good front-to-back ratio
 Side lobes
 Frequency Specific

 Log Periodic
 Broad frequency range
 Less directivity
 More side lobes

 Panel
 Broad beam
» 60 degrees or more
 Excellent front-to-back ratio

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Antenna Accessories
 Interference Hunter “Handle”
 GPS
» Finds current location
 Preamp
» Enabled by trigger
» Provides a lower noise floor when
needed
 Magnetic Compass
» Knows what way the antenna is pointing
 Trigger
» Sets a bearing line on the map
 Modular Filters
» Avoids over-power situations
 N connector for antenna
» Works with most hand-held antennas

Slide Title or URL 144

On-Instrument Mapping
 On-Instrument Directional
Mapping
 In combination with

 A “handle”

 Map grabbing software

 Makes direction finding much easier

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Useful Techniques

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The Canyon Effect
 Urban areas often show the “Canyon
Effect”
 You may receive only multi-path signals

 Use “urban canyons” to help you

 At an intersection measure signal
strength down all the roads
 Go in the direction of the strongest
signal.

 Eventually you will reach a place where the

direction of arrival changes dramatically
 That means you are close
 Use traditional DFing to find the
source

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 Checking for Multipath
 Shielding a Directional Antenna
 This is a way to check for multipath
» Is the signal really coming from the direction you
think it is?
 First quick check
» Find the direction of the strongest signal
» Point the antenna directly opposite that direction
» The new signal should be smaller than the original
› If not, one of the signals is an echo
» This uses the antenna’s front-to-back ratio.
 Second quick check
Many solid objects can be used » Find the direction of the strongest signal
for shielding
» Step behind something solid like a building, a cargo
container, a rooftop HVAC screen
» The signal strength should go down
» Unless you have a strong echo from behind you

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Max-Hold
 Max-Hold and Normal Traces
 Use the Max-Hold trace as a reference
» It’s a handy way to mark the highest value
measured while
› You move the directional antenna in a
complete circle
› Step behind things to check for reflections
› Move the antenna 180 degrees to check for
reflections
› Move around seeking the strongest signal
 Use Max-Hold to monitor the total signal
envelope
» Use Normal to see how fast the signal is changing
» Find out what a quickly changing signal is doing
» This is a Wi-Fi example

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 Min-Hold
 Min-Hold and Normal Traces
 Spot masked signals that never go
away

 Upper trace = Max Hold

 Middle Trace = Normal
 Lower Trace = Min Hold

 The CW signal with Marker 1 is

obvious

Burst Mode
 Bursty Signals
 Spot the modern digital signals
» Every time, all the time
 Makes direction finding much faster

Always catching a Wi-Fi Signal

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Interference Analysis-Procedure

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151 Copyright© ANRITSU
Setting up the Spectrum Analyzer for Interference Analysis

❑ Center the signal-of-interest on the screen

❑ Span down to remove other signals from the screen
❑ Turn the preamp on. Generally, the preamp is useful when viewing weaker signals
originating from an antenna. Set the reference level so that the signal is 20 or 30
dB below the top of the screen for headroom. This allows you some margin
when moving around mapping the signal.
❑ Set the span so that the interfering signal takes up about half of the display
width. This allows you to view the true shape of the signal and gives you another
check that you really are viewing the same signal you started chasing.
❑ Set the sweep mode to “Fast.” This will speed up the sweep time by as much as
100 times, depending on your span. This is very useful when moving the antenna
around or looking for a signal that is intermittent.
❑ Some signals will benefit by lowering the Resolution Bandwidth (RBW). If the
signal is not noise-like, lowering the RBW will lower the spectrum analyzer’s
noise floor without lowering the signal, making it easier to spot. While lowering
the RBW generally lowers the sweep speed, the “Fast” sweep mode mentioned
above tends to more than make up for it.
Step-1 Capture a map using Anritsu easyMap Tools
❑ Anritsu easy Map Tools allows you to capture maps of any location and create
Anritsu Map Files.
❑ These Geo-enabled maps are viewed on the Anritsu instrument during
interference mapping.
❑ There are two Anritsu Map Files formats: (.map and .azm) used for Interference
Mapping.
❑ .azm map files allow Pan and Zoom on the instrument.

❑ .map map files are in a legacy format compatible with older firmware.
Step-2 Move the map file to the Anritsu instrument

A. Copy the map file to a USB memory stick and then insert the memory stick
into the Anritsu instrument’s USB Type A port.
B. Anritsu recommends copying the map file to the instrument’s internal
memory.
 Step-3 Set the Anritsu instrument to IA Mapping and
configure the instrument.
A. Connect a directional antenna in the frequency range of interest to the Anritsu
instrument’s RF In connector.
B. Open up the Interference Analyzer by pressing the Menu key and selecting
the Interference Analyzer icon or press Shift then Mode (9), highlight
Interference Analysis and press Enter.
C. Press the Measurements main menu key then press the Interference
Mapping submenu key twice to display the Interference Mapping menu.
D. Set the frequency (Freq > Center Freq) for mapping.
E. Turn on GPS.
a. Press Shift then System (8).
b. Press the GPS submenu key.
c. Connect a GPS antenna to the SMA connector.
d. Turn on GPS. On should be underlined in the GPS submenu key.
e. Press GPS info and verify that the information from three or more satellites
is captured. Press Esc to close the info box.
Note - It may take several minutes for the GPS receiver to lock. When it does the GPS icon at the
top of the screen is solid green and location information is displayed.
 Step-4 Load (Recall) the map file.
A. Press the IA Mapping main menu key at the bottom of the screen.
B. Press the Save/Recall Points/Map submenu key.
C. Press Recall a Map and select the File Type (AZM or MAP).
D. Use the arrow keys to scroll down to the desired map and press Enter to
select.
E. The new map file will be displayed and the current location (if within the
GPS boundaries of the displayed map) is shown as a plus sign.
F. .AZM maps allow zoom and pan, refer to Pan & Zoom Menu for additional
information.
G. .If the current location is outside the map boundaries, a black arrow will
indicate the direction of the current location in relation to the displayed map.
H. or Recall the Default Grid Option
 Step-5 Map the interfering signal.
A. Once you have the GPS signal, directional antenna, and the GeoEmbedded map
or the default grid map loaded on instrument, you can start locating interfering
signals. The plus sign shows the current location on the screen.
B. Press the Measurements main menu key then the Interference
Mapping submenu key.
C. Use the directional antenna to locate the bearing of the strongest signal. Rotate
the knob on the Anritsu instrument until the red line on the display is aligned
with the direction of the interfering signal. Under the Bearing Lines submenu,
press the Save Current Bearing Location & Direction key to save the current
location and direction
D. Move to the next location and repeat step 5B. You now have two lines on the
screen and an idea of where the interfering signal is located. Pan & Zoom as
needed (if using an AZM map).
Summary
 Spot
 Raised receive noise floor
 Receiver De-sense
 Know signal types
 Spectrogram
 Find
 Spotting interference on a receive
antenna
 Spotting the signal at ground level
 Locating the source
 Fix and Report
 Generating a report
 Resolving the problem

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Q&A

159
Support Tools
• Helpful for learning the job
– Videos
– Webinars
– Application Notes
– Articles
– Troubleshooting Guide
– White Papers
– Classes

160
Interference Hunting Application Note Resources