CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
The focus of this chapter is the research methodology, giving the detailed account of the method
used in collecting the data for this study. It explains the nature of the data that will be collected
and data analytical methods that will be employed in the study. The chapter enumerates the
background by which the findings and conclusion of the study will be based. The characteristics
of the study population will be well explained as well as the data collection instrument.
3.1 Research Design
Research design is the structuring and investigations directed at identifying variables and their
relationship to one another. This is used for the purpose of obtaining data, to test hypotheses or
answers of stated research questions.
The study will adopt a survey design. The major purpose of the research design is to describe the
state of affairs as it exists without influencing it in any way. An excellent definition of survey
was given by Wisemen and Aaron (1970) “as a method for collecting and analyzing social data
via highly structured and often very detailed interviews or questionnaires in order to obtain
information large numbers of respondents presumed to be representative of a specific
population”.
According to Tejumaiye (2003) surveys are cheaper compared with the amount of information
one can gather through it. It provides quantitative data, because it generates data that can be
quantified and analyzed statistically and thus can reach a higher level of precision about the
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group being studied that other forms of research cannot duplicate. Therefore, survey is a method
of collecting information by interviewing or administering questionnaires to a sample of
individuals (Orodho, 2003). It can be used when collecting information about people’s attitudes,
opinions, habits or any of the variety of educational or social issues (Orodho & Kombo, 2002). It
is therefore applicable to this study since both qualitative and quantitative approaches are to be
used.
3.2 Population of the Study
The study population is the census of all items or subjects that pose the feature of all items or
have knowledge of the phenomenon being studied. As a result of this, the knowledge of the
study population would help in the choice of sampling technique to use.
The study will be carried out in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria.
The study population will consist of the entire residents of the Local Government Area which
will be randomly sampled. The total population of this particular study is estimated to be
252,363 (National Population Commission, 2020).
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
Sample size is a selected portion of population representing an entire population which would
produce data that would have been generated from the total population. A formula developed by
the Taro Yamane (1967) is adopted in order to calculate this study’s sample size. The sample
size calculation was formulated by the statistician Taro Yamane in 1967 to determine sample
size from a given population. Below is the mathematical illustration for the Taro Yamane
method:
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n= N
(1+ N( e)2)
Where:
n signifies the population under study
e signifies the margin error (it could be 0.10, 0.05 0r 0.01)
n= 252,363
(1+ 252,363 (0.05)2)
= 399.4
Therefore, 400 respondents are the sample size for this study.
3.4 Sources of Data
In the conduct of this research, secondary data from secondary sources would be used. Thus,
information shall be driven from printed materials like official publications, journals, magazine,
newspapers, text books, constitutions, commission reports, etc. And non-printed electronic
materials from the internet, unpublished materials like; pictures and other sources. In the analysis
of this work, the primary data shall be adopted with the aid of questionnaires.
3.5 Research Instrument
In the course of this study, the research instrument includes a questionnaire. A questionnaire is
an instrument used to collect primary data. The questionnaire construction will be close-ended.
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The questionnaire is one which limits the respondent to the choice of answers provided by the
researcher.
The Likert scale method in which there are options will be used:
SA= Strongly Agree
A=Agree
U=Undecided
D= Disagree; and
SD= Strongly Disagree.
The questionnaire layout is constructed in sections, such that there is Part A, the Bio- Data
section, which takes care of the personal details of the respondent such as the age, sex,
qualifications, and so on. The part B of the questionnaire is where the questions relating to the
research will be asked.
3.6 Method of Data Collection
The research instrument (Questionnaire) will be administered to the residents of Birnin Gwari
Local Government Area of Kaduna State (sample size of 400) online. This will be done in order
to have higher response rate, flexibility and wider applicability. The questionnaires will be
collated by the researcher immediately after respondents finished answering them
3.7 Validity of instrument
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The content and face validity of the questionnaire will be ensured by giving it to my supervisor
who will scrutinized the items, where the irrelevant items are removed and the relevant items
retained. This will help to determine the suitability level of the items.
3.8 Reliability of the Instrument
To adequately ensure empirical reliability of the instrument, the researcher will subject the ideal
questionnaires to supervisor and other experts for approval and correction of areas of
deficiencies in the questions to suit the expected standard before the field study. Cronbach Alpha
reliability test will also be conducted.
3.9 Data analysis techniques
The research will involve quantitative data which will be coded, entered into a database and
analyzed through descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, mean, and range) which are to be
used to describe the population. Study results are presented in textual form and in form of tables.
Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) will be employed. To further provide
mathematical proof for the study, chi-square analysis will be used to test the research hypotheses.