Question 4

A truncated conical dome shown in Fig. 4 is to be constructed from reinforced concrete (C30,
S400) per the latest applicable Ethiopian Building Code Standard. It is to be supported on a
beam (ring beam) along its edges.
With a consistent base span of 32.0m, six options are to be investigated with rises h of. 3.0m,
5.0m, 7.0m, 10.0m, 13.0m and 15.84m.
In addition to the own weight of the dome, waterproofing material (0.5kN/m2) and a vertical
live load of 1.2kN/m2 is assumed for the analysis and subsequent design.

Based on this set of information and clearly specifying any additional assumption you may
make in solving the problems:

Given:

o Data’s to be used
 C-30 concrete and S-400 steel
 Unit weight of concrete(Ɣ )=25kN/m3
 Modulus of elasticity (E)
E cm= 9.5(fck+8)1/3 = 9.5(24+8)3=28847595kN/m2=28.85GPa
 Poisson’s ratio reinforcement concrete (v) =0.3
 Specific compressive strength of concrete (fck)=0.8*30 = 24000kN/m2

 t= 120mm
 h=3m,5m,7m,10m,13m, and 17.5m
 diameter(D)=35m
o loading
 self-weight of the dome
⇒self-weight of the dome= Ɣ *t=25*0.12=3kN/m2
 water proofing material =0.5kN/m2
 a vertical live load = 1.2kN/m2
o Design loading:
⇒Pd=1.35*(3+0.5) +1.5*(1.2)
⇒Pd=6.525KN/m2
a. Establish the membrane stresses N and N for each of the six cases and sketch, to scale,
their respective distributions.

Ѳ=⍺o (varies), x-varies, for all values of the angle, x 1 is fixed

For the design load which acts down ward Nand Ngiven as:

[ ( )]
2 2
−PdS s1
N= 1− , and N= −PdSCos ⍺ o
2 sin ⍺o s sin ⍺o

Determination of S1 and Ѳ=⍺o when height of the cone varies

⇒Ѳ= tan (
h
H=R tanϴ S 1=√ ( H−h )2+ 2.252=√ ( H−h )2+2.25 2,
−1
)
13.75

and S @base= √ H 2 +16 2,where S is slant height.

i. For h=3m

⇒Ѳ= tan (
3
)=12.31 , H=16tanϴ=3.49m, and S 1=√ ( 3.49−3 )2+ 2.252=2.30m, and
−1 0
13.75
S @base= √ 3.492 +16 2 =16.376m
Meridian and hoop forces

⇒ N= 2 sin ⍺o [1− S ] =
( ) ( )
2 2
−Pd∗S S1 −6.525∗S 2.30
0
[1− ]
2sin 12.31 S

⇒ N=
2 2 0
−PdSCos ⍺ o −6.525 SCos 12.31
= 0
sin ⍺o sin 12.31

Case 1, h = 3m
 Pd
Θ S1(m) S(m) (KN/m2) Nɸ(kN/m2) Nθ(kN/m2)
12.44 2.55 2.25 6.525 0 -64.99006841
12.44 2.25 3.25 6.525 -18.9196447 -93.87454325

12.44 2.25 4.25 6.525 -41.19449732 -122.7590181

12.44 2.25 5.25 6.525 -60.75322924 -151.6434929
12.44 2.25 6.25 6.525 -78.8995784 -180.5279678
12.44 2.25 7.25 6.525 -96.21797904 -209.4124426
12.44 2.25 8.25 6.525 -113.0095033 -238.2969175
12.44 2.25 9.25 6.525 -129.4450301 -267.1813923
12.44 2.25 10.25 6.525 -145.6287538 -296.0658672
12.44 2.25 11.25 6.525 -161.6278218 -324.950342
12.44 2.25 12.25 6.525 -177.487456 -353.8348169
12.44 2.25 13.25 6.525 -193.2392263 -382.7192917
12.44 2.25 14.25 6.525 -4.438913354 -411.6037666
12.44 2.25 15.25 6.525 -4.457540409 -440.4882414
12.44 2.25 16.38 6.525 -4.474620956 -473.127698

Case 2, h=5m
⇒Ѳ= tan (
−1 5 0
)=19.98 , H=16tan19.980=5.82m, and
13.75

S 1=√ ( 5.82−5 ) +2.25 2=2.395m, and S @base= √5.82 +16 =17.03m

2 2 2

Meridian and hoop forces

⇒ N= ( ) ( )
2 2
−Pd∗S S1 −6.525∗S 2.395
[1− ]= [1− ]
2∗sin ⍺o S 2∗sin 17.03
0
S

⇒ N=
2 2 0
−Pd∗S∗cos ⍺ o −6.525∗S∗cos 17.03
= 0
sin ⍺o sin17.03

θ S1(m) S(m) Pd(kN/m2) Nφ(kN/m) Nϴ(kN/m)

18.435 2.635 2.635 6.525 0 -48.933
18.435 2.635 3.635 6.525 -17.7956 -67.5035
18.435 2.635 4.635 6.525 -32.3641 -86.0739
18.435 2.635 5.635 6.525 -45.4237 -104.644
18.435 2.635 6.635 6.525 -57.6565 -123.215
18.435 2.635 7.635 6.525 -69.3874 -141.785
18.435 2.635 8.635 6.525 -80.7909 -160.356
18.435 2.635 9.635 6.525 -91.9687 -178.926
18.435 2.635 10.635 6.525 -102.985 -197.496
18.435 2.635 11.635 6.525 -113.881 -216.067
18.435 2.635 12.635 6.525 -124.685 -234.637
18.435 2.635 13.635 6.525 -135.417 -253.208
18.435 2.635 14.635 6.525 -146.093 -271.778
18.435 2.635 15.635 6.525 -156.723 -290.348
18.435 2.635 16.635 6.525 -167.316 -308.919
18.435 2.635 17.635 6.525 -177.877 -327.489
18.435 2.635 18.447 6.525 -186.433 -342.568
 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
M
E -50
M
B -100
R
A
N -150
E
-200
S Nφ(kN/m)
T -250 Nϴ(kN/m)
R
E
S -300
S
E -350
S
-400
S(m)

The distribution of membrane force with respect to slant height from the top

Case 3, h=7m

⇒Ѳ= tan (
−1 7
)=26.98 , H=16*tan26.980=8.145m, and
13.75

S 1=√ ( 8.145−7 ) +2.252=2.525m, and S @base= √8.145 +16 =17.954m

2 2 2

Meridian and hoop forces

⇒ N= ( ) ( )
2 2
−Pd∗S S1 −6.525∗S 2. 525
[1− ]= [1− ]
2∗sin ⍺o S 2∗sin 26 .98
0
S

⇒ N=
2 2 0
−Pd∗SCos ⍺ o −6.525∗S∗cos 26 .98
= 0
sin ⍺o sin 26.98
 ϴ S1(m) S(m) Pd(kN/m2) Nφ(kN/m) Nϴ(kN/m)
25.017 2.759 2.759 6.525 0 -34.95738
25.017 2.759 3.759 6.525 -13.377288 -47.62769
25.017 2.759 4.759 6.525 -24.374889 -60.298
25.017 2.759 5.759 6.525 -34.232439 -72.96831
25.017 2.759 6.759 6.525 -43.455953 -85.63862
25.017 2.759 7.759 6.525 -52.290579 -98.30893
25.017 2.759 8.759 6.525 -60.869513 -110.9792
25.017 2.759 9.759 6.525 -69.271358 -123.6496
25.017 2.759 10.759 6.525 -77.545492 -136.3199
25.017 2.759 11.759 6.525 -85.724496 -148.9902
25.017 2.759 12.759 6.525 -93.83074 -161.6605
25.017 2.759 13.759 6.525 -101.88009 -174.3308
25.017 2.759 14.759 6.525 -109.8841 -187.0011
25.017 2.759 15.759 6.525 -117.85142 -199.6714
25.017 2.759 16.759 6.525 -125.7886 -212.3417
25.017 2.759 17.759 6.525 -133.70074 -225.012
25.017 2.759 18.759 6.525 -141.59184 -237.6823
25.017 2.759 19.312 6.525 -145.94778 -244.689

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
M
E
M -50
B
R
A -100
N
E
-150
S Nφ(kN/m)
T Nϴ(kN/m)
R -200
E
S
S -250
E
S
-300
S(m)

The distribution of membrane force with respect to slant height from the top
Case 4, h=10m

−1 10 0
Ѳ= tan ( )=36 .03 , H=16*tan36.030=11.64m, and
13.75

S 1=√ ( 11.64−10 ) +2.25 =2.78m, and S @base= √ 11.64 +16 =19.79m

2 2 2 2

Meridian and hoop forces

⇒ N= ( ) ( )
2 2
−Pd∗S S1 −6.525∗S 2 .78
[1− ]= [1− ]
2 sin ⍺o S 2sin 36 .03
0
S

⇒ N=
2 2 0
−Pd∗S∗cos ⍺ o −6.525∗S∗cos 36 .03
= 0
sin ⍺o sin36 .03

ϴ S1(m) S(m) Pd(kN/m2) Nφ(kN/m) Nϴ(kN/m)

33.69 3.005 3.005 6.525 0 -24.47188
33.69 3.005 4.005 6.525 -10.294576 -32.6156
33.69 3.005 5.005 6.525 -18.825711 -40.75932
33.69 3.005 6.005 6.525 -26.474392 -48.90304
33.69 3.005 7.005 6.525 -33.618544 -57.04675
33.69 3.005 8.005 6.525 -40.447246 -65.19047
33.69 3.005 9.005 6.525 -47.06559 -73.33419
33.69 3.005 10.005 6.525 -53.536652 -81.47791
33.69 3.005 11.005 6.525 -59.900582 -89.62163
33.69 3.005 12.005 6.525 -66.184152 -97.76535
33.69 3.005 13.005 6.525 -72.405898 -105.9091
33.69 3.005 14.005 6.525 -78.579065 -114.0528
33.69 3.005 15.005 6.525 -84.713364 -122.1965
 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
M -20
E
M -40
B
R
A -60
N
E -80

S -100 Nφ(kN/m)
T Nϴ(kN/m)
R -120
E
S
S -140
E
S -160

-180
S(m)

The distribution of membrane force with respect to slant height from the top

Case 5, h=13m

⇒Ѳ= tan (
−1 13 0
)=43 .4 , H=16tan43.40=15.13m, and
13.75

S 1=√ ( 15.13−13 ) + 2.25 =3.0983m, and S @base= √ 15.13 +16 =22.02m

2 2 2 2

Meridian and hoop forces

⇒ N= 2∗sin ⍺o [1− S ] = ( ) ( )
2 2
−Pd∗S S1 −6.525∗S 3.0 983
0
[1− ]
2∗sin 43.4 S
 ⇒ N=
2 2 0
−Pd∗S∗cos ⍺ o −6.525∗S∗cos 43 .4
= 0
sin ⍺o sin 43 .4

θ S1(m) S(m) Pd(kN/m2) Nφ(kN/m) Nϴ(kN/m)

40.914 3.308 3.308 6.525 0 -18.82112
40.914 3.308 4.308 6.525 -8.8066325 -24.5107
40.914 3.308 5.308 6.525 -16.171988 -30.20027
40.914 3.308 6.308 6.525 -22.781518 -35.88985
40.914 3.308 7.308 6.525 -28.945496 -41.57943
40.914 3.308 8.308 6.525 -34.82481 -47.269
40.914 3.308 9.308 6.525 -40.511207 -52.95858
40.914 3.308 10.308 6.525 -46.060835 -58.64816
40.914 3.308 11.308 6.525 -51.509977 -64.33773
40.914 3.308 12.308 6.525 -56.883126 -70.02731
40.914 3.308 13.308 6.525 -62.197413 -75.71689
40.914 3.308 14.308 6.525 -67.46518 -81.40646
40.914 3.308 15.308 6.525 -72.695544 -87.09604
40.914 3.308 16.308 6.525 -77.895386 -92.78562
40.914 3.308 17.308 6.525 -83.069995 -98.47519
40.914 3.308 18.308 6.525 -88.223507 -104.1648
40.914 3.308 19.308 6.525 -93.359199 -109.8543
40.914 3.308 20.308 6.525 -98.479705 -115.5439
40.914 3.308 21.308 6.525 -103.58716 -121.2335
40.914 3.308 22.308 6.525 -108.68332 -126.9231
40.914 3.308 23.158 6.525 -113.00727 -131.7592
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
M
E -20
M
B
R -40
A
N
E -60

S Nφ(kN/m)
-80
T Nϴ(kN/m)
R
E -100
S
S
E -120
S
-140
S(m)

The distribution of membrane force with respect to slant height from the top
 Case 6, h=15.84m

−1 15.84 0
Ѳ= tan ( )=49.0 4 , H=16tan49.040=18.432m, and
13.75

S 1=√ ( 18.432−15.84 ) + 2.25 =3.43m, and S @base= √ 18.432 +16 =24.41m

2 2 2 2

Meridian and hoop forces

⇒ N= ( ) ( )
2 2
−Pd∗S S1 −6.525∗S 3. 43
[1− ]= [1− ]
2∗sin ⍺o S 2∗sin 49.04
0
S

⇒ N=
2 2 0
−PdSCos ⍺ o −6.525 SCos 40.0 4
= 0
sin ⍺o sin 40.0 4

θ S1(m) S(m) Pd(kN/m2) Nφ(kN/m) Nϴ(kN/m)

49.106 3.819 3.819 6.525 0 -14.1282
49.106 3.819 4.819 6.525 -7.7362375 -17.82766
49.106 3.819 5.819 6.525 -14.296907 -21.52711
49.106 3.819 6.819 6.525 -20.199195 -25.22656
49.106 3.819 7.819 6.525 -25.695712 -28.92601
49.106 3.819 8.819 6.525 -30.924489 -32.62546
49.106 3.819 9.819 6.525 -35.96733 -36.32491
49.106 3.819 10.819 6.525 -40.875792 -40.02436
49.106 3.819 11.819 6.525 -45.683985 -43.72382
49.106 3.819 12.819 6.525 -50.415375 -47.42327
49.106 3.819 13.819 6.525 -55.086634 -51.12272
49.106 3.819 14.819 6.525 -59.709937 -54.82217
49.106 3.819 15.819 6.525 -64.294377 -58.52162
49.106 3.819 16.819 6.525 -68.846887 -62.22107
49.106 3.819 17.819 6.525 -73.372842 -65.92052
49.106 3.819 18.819 6.525 -77.876476 -69.61998
49.106 3.819 19.819 6.525 -82.361167 -73.31943
49.106 3.819 20.819 6.525 -86.829645 -77.01888
49.106 3.819 21.819 6.525 -91.284139 -80.71833
49.106 3.819 22.819 6.525 -95.726488 -84.41778
49.106 3.819 23.819 6.525 -100.15822 -88.11723
49.106 3.819 24.819 6.525 -104.58062 -91.81668
49.106 3.819 25.819 6.525 -108.99477 -95.51614
49.106 3.819 26.731 6.525 -113.01407 -98.89004

M 0
E 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
M
B -20
R
A -40
N
E
-60
S Nφ(kN/m)
T Nϴ(kN/m)
R -80
E
S -100
S
E
S -120
S (m)

The distribution of membrane force with respect to slant height from the top
b. Sketch to scale the distributions of Nand Nat the base, quarter points and at the
top with rise h for 3.0 ≤ h ≤ 17.32.

top distribution
0 For top
-10 1 2 3 4 5 6
h Nɸ Nθ
-20
-30 3 0 -67.1917
-40 5 0 -40.3955
-50
7 0 -28.8409
-60
-70 10 0 -20.1687
-80 13 0 -15.5329
Nɸ Nθ 15.84 0 -12.7356

base distribution

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
-100
For Base
-200
-300 h Nɸ Nθ
-400 3 -245.65 -478.405
-500 5 -159.388 -287.238
-600 7 -126.557 -205.073
-700 10 -107.599 -143.575
-800
13 -102.488 -110.394
Nɸ Nθ 15.84 -103.375 -90.6344
c. Determine the tensile force T, if any, developed in the ring beam for each of the cases
and sketch to scale the variation of T with rise h for 3.0 ≤ h ≤ 17.5. Discuss your
observation.

tensile force

1 2 3 4 5 6

- -
- 1185.89475757361
1303.13632077659
1522.78815965022
-
1973.70779743304
-2621.4023882991

-
4200.03681973853 Series1

tensile force
Height ɸ Nɸ t = Nɸ * cosɸ T = t * span/2
3 12.31 -245.65 -240.002104 -4200.03682
5 19.98 -159.39 -149.7944222 -2621.402388
7 26.98 -126.56 -112.7833027 -1973.707797
10 36.03 -107.6 -87.01646627 -1522.78816
13 43.4 -102.49 -74.46493262 -1303.136321
15.84 49.04 -103.37 -67.76541472 -1185.894758

d. Design the shell proper based only on membrane stress resultants and checking
buckling conditions.

Assumed E=33∗10 6 N /mm

Case 1. h=3m

() ( )
2 2
s 2 32 2
+h +3
2 2
R= = =44.167
2h 2∗3

3
Et 33∗10 ∗120
σcr = = =¿51.77 N/mm
R √ 3 44160∗√ 3
 51.77
With safety factor 4, σcr = =12.94 N /mm
4

706.29 −3
Maximum Meridian stress ¿− =−5.88∗10 N /mm
1000∗120

Hence, it is very safe against buckling.

Case 2. h=10m

() ( )
2 2
s 32
+h ¿ ¿ = +10 ¿ ¿ =17.8 m
2 2
a=
2 2h 2 2∗10

3
Et 33∗10 ∗120
σcr = = =¿128.44 N/mm
R √ 3 17800∗√ 3

128.44
With safety factor 4, σcr = =32.11 N /mm
4

309.37 −3
Maximum Meridian stress ¿− =−2.578∗10 N /mm
1000∗120

Hence, it is very safe against buckling.

Case 3. h=15.84m

() ( )
2 2
s 32
+h ¿ ¿ = ¿
2 2
a= +15.84 ¿ =16 m
2 2h 2 2∗15.84

3
Et 33∗10 ∗120
σcr = = =¿142.89 N/mm
R √ 3 16000∗√ 3

142.89
With safety factor 4, σcr = =35.72 N /mm
4

297.21 −3
Maximum Meridian stress ¿− =−2.47∗10 N /mm
1000∗120

Hence, it is very safe against buckling.

e. Design the ring beam for different rises

T
a) Areaof steel=
fyd
 4200∗1000 2
Case 1. h=3m, Areaof steel= =12075.9 mm
347.8

Use ф16 as=201.06 mm2

as 201.06
S= ∗1000= ∗1000=16.6 mm , Provide ф16 c/c 15mm
As 12 075.9

Concrete cross-section

T 12075.9∗1000 2
Ac= − ( m−1 ) Ast= − (6.06−1 )∗12075.9=6195838 m m
fctd 1.93

Provide 1400*1400 mm of ring beam

15 22.78∗1000 2
Case 2. h=10m, Areaof steel= =4 , 378 .32 m m
347.8

Use ф16 as=201.06 mm2

as 201.06
S= ∗1000= ∗1000=4 5.9 mm , Provide ф16 c/c 40mm
As 4,378.32

Concrete cross-section

T 1522.78∗1000 2
Ac= − ( m−1 ) Ast= − ( 6.06−1 )∗4,378.32=766850 mm
fctd 1.93

Provide 875*875 mm of ring beam

1185.89∗1000
Case 3. h=15.84m, Areaof steel= =3409.7 mm
347.8

Use ф16 as=201.06 mm2

as 201.06
S= ∗1000= ∗1000=59 mm , Provide ф16 c/c 55mm
As 3409.7

Concrete cross-section

T 1185.89∗1000 2
Ac= − ( m−1 ) Ast= −( 6.06−1 )∗3409.7=597197 m m
fctd 1.93

Provide 775*775 mm of ring beam

f. Design for shear between the shell proper and the ring for the different dome rises