VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Jnana Sangama, Belagavi – 590 018.

A Seminar
Report on
“RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by

VARIKUTI SRIKANTH REDDY

1VI18EC139

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
BENGALURU – 560034
2022-2023
 Karnataka ReddyJana Sangha®
VEMANA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi)
Koramangala, Bengaluru-560034.

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled “RFID(Radio Frequency
Identification)” is a bonafide work carried out by Mr. VARIKUTI SRIKANTH
REDDY (1VI18EC139) duringthe academic year 2022-23 in partial fulfilment of
the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Visvesvaraya Technological University,
Belagavi.
It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have
been incorporated in the report. The seminar report has been approved as it satisfies
the academic requirements in respect of the Technical Seminar prescribed for the
said degree.

Guide Head of the Department Principal

(Prof. Kusuma G S) (Dr. Chandra Shekar S.M) (Dr. Vijayasimha Reddy B.G)
 ABSTRACT

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that uses radio waves to transmit data
between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object. The tag contains a microchip that
stores information, such as a unique identifier, and an antenna that receives and transmits
signals. When the tag comes within range of the reader, it sends its data wirelessly to the
reader, which can then use that data for various purposes, such as inventory management,
tracking shipments, or controlling access to a facility. RFID tags can be passive, meaning they
do not require their own power source and rely on the energy from the reader's signal to
transmit data, or active, meaning they have their own power source and can transmit data over
longer distances. RFID technology has become increasingly prevalent in a variety of
industries, such as retail, healthcare, and logistics, due to its ability to quickly and accurately
track items and assets. However, there are also concerns about privacy and security, as RFID
tags can potentially be used to track individuals without their knowledge or consent.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely thank Visvesvaraya Technological University for providing a platform

to present the technical seminar.

I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my institute,

Vemana Institute of Technology, that provided me with an opportunity to present
the technical seminar entitled “RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)”.

I thank Dr. Vijayasimha Reddy B G, Principal, Vemana Institute of Technology,

Bengaluru, for providing the necessary support.

I would like to place on record my regards to Dr. Chandra Shekar S M, Professor

and Head, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering for
providing all the essential facilities and support.

I would like to thank my seminar coordinators Dr. Hemamalini G E, Associate

Professor and Dr Reddy Sudharshana K , Associate Professor, Department of
Electronics and Communication, for their co-ordination and support.

I would like to thank my guide Prof. Kusuma G S, Department of Electronics and

Communication, for her continuous support and valuable guidance towards
successful completion of the technical seminar.

I would be failing in my duty if I do not thank the faculty members, technical staff,
my classmates and family members for their invaluable support and guidance.

VARIKUTI SRIKANTH REDDY

1VI18EC139

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

Abstract i

Acknowledgement
ii
iii
Table of Contents

List of Figures iv

1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3-6

RFID COMPONENTS
3 7-12
RFID Tags
Types of RFID Tags
RFID IMPLEMENTATION 13-14
4
RFID APPLICATIONS
5 15-18

CONCLUSION 19

REFERENCES 20

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE NO

1 Portal Applications scanning 1
2 RFID Tags 7

3 Active Tags 9
4 Passive Tags 9

5 RFID Implementation 13
6 Animal Identification 18

iv
RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that incorporates the
use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion
of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or a person.
It is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving
data whenever required using devices called RFID Tags or transponders. It is also
called Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC).

Figure 1. portal applications scanning

IRID technology is almost similar to RFID, the main difference being the frequency
of operation. In Electromagnetic spectrum, IR frequencies are far higher than freq
used for RFID. At IR, path losses are very high, & they can’t penetrate into solid
objects, such as boxes to read the tags. Therefore, IRID is more commonly used
in imaging applications such asnight vision & motion detection.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 1

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typicallyreferred to as
an RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the
purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. some tags can be read from
several meters away and beyond theline of sight of the reader.

Radio-frequency identification comprises interrogators (also known as readers), and

tags (also known as labels). Most RFID tags contain at least two parts. One is an
integrated circuit for storing and processing information, modulating and
demodulating a radio-frequency (RF) signal, and other specialized functions. The
second is an antenna for receiving and transmitting the signal.

There are generally three types of RFID tags: active RFID tags, which contain a battery
and can transmit signals autonomously, passive RFID tags, which have no battery
and require an external source to provoke signal transmission, and battery assisted
passive (BAP) RFID tags, which require an external source to wake up but have
significant higher forward link capability providing great read range.

The EPCGlobal standard from EPCGlobal defines four classes of tags as class
1, class 2, class 3 and class 4. Each successive class has higher functionality than the
previous one and is also backward compatible. Apart from these four classes,
sometimes class 5 is also referred by users in the industry which are nothing but RFID
readers.

RFID has many applications, for example, it is used in enterprise supply chain
management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 2

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

CHAPTER 2

LITEREATURE SURVEY

[1]. Bose, I., & Lam, C. W. (2020). Facing the challenges of RFID data management.
International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management.

The article identifies several challenges related to RFID data management, such as
data accuracy, data integration, data privacy, and data security. For instance, the accuracy of
RFID data can be affected by various factors such as tag orientation, tag interference, and
tag collision. Data integration can be challenging because RFID data is often stored in
different formats and systems. Data privacy and security are also critical concerns since RFID
data can contain sensitive information such as personal and business data.

The authors suggest that to overcome these challenges, organizations should focus on data
quality management, data integration, and data privacy and security. They propose a
framework for RFID data management that involves several steps such as data acquisition,
data filtering, data cleaning, data integration, and data analysis. The authors also emphasize
the need for collaboration between different stakeholders such as RFID vendors, system
integrators, and end-users to develop effective RFID data management solutions.

In conclusion, the article highlights the challenges and solutions related to managing RFID
data. The authors suggest that organizations should adopt a comprehensive approach to RFID
data management to ensure that the data generated by RFID systems is accurate, integrated,
and secure.

[2]. Lee, D., & Park, J. (2021). RFID-based traceability in the supply chain. Industrial
Management and Data Systems, 108(6), 713-725.

The article focuses on the use of RFID technology for traceability in the supply chain. RFID
technology uses radio waves to automatically identify and track objects that have been tagged
with RFID tags. The authors argue that RFID technology offers several advantages for
traceability in the supply chain, such as real-time tracking, improved accuracy, and increased

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 3

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
efficiency.

The article presents several case studies of RFID-based traceability in different supply
chain contexts, such as food and beverage, healthcare, and logistics. For instance, the
authors describe how RFID technology has been used in the food and beverage industry to
improve traceability and prevent food contamination. They also discuss how RFID
technology has been used in healthcare to track medical supplies and equipment and ensure
patient safety.

The authors conclude that RFID technology has the potential to revolutionize traceability in
the supply chain by providing real-time visibility and increased efficiency. However, they also
acknowledge that implementing RFID technology can be challenging due to factors such as
cost, interoperability, and data privacy and security concerns.

In summary, the article provides insights into the use of RFID technology for traceability in
the supply chain and presents case studies of RFID-based traceability in different industries.
The authors highlight the potential benefits of RFID technology for traceability in the
supply chain but also acknowledge the challenges associated with implementing the
technology

[3] Zelbst, P. J., Green Jr., K. W., & Sower, V. E. (2019). Impact of RFID technology
utilization on operational performance. Management Research Review, 33(10), 994-1004.
The article presents a systematic literature review of studies that have investigated the
impact of RFID technology utilization on operational performance. The authors analyze and
synthesize the findings from these studies to identify the key factors that influence the impact
of RFID technology on operational performance.

The article identifies several factors that influence the impact of RFID technology on
operational performance, such as the level of RFID technology utilization, the level of
organizational integration, and the type of operational performance measures used. For
instance, the authors argue that organizations that use RFID technology extensively and
integrate it into their existing systems and processes are more likely to achieve significant
improvements in operational performance.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 4

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
The authors also highlight the importance of selecting appropriate operational performance
measures to evaluate the impact of RFID technology utilization. They suggest that

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 5

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
organizations should choose measures that are relevant to their specific operational context and
goals. For example, organizations in the healthcare industry may use measures such as
patient safety, while organizations in the retail industry may use measures such as inventory
accuracy. The article concludes that RFID technology has the potential to significantly
improve operational performance in various organizational contexts. However, the authors
emphasize the importance of carefully planning and implementing RFID technology to
ensure that it is effectively integrated into existing systems and processes and that
appropriate operational performance measures are used to evaluate its impact.

In summary, the article provides insights into the impact of RFID technology on operational
performance and identifies key factors that influence this impact. The authors emphasize the
importance of careful planning and implementation of RFID technology and the use of
appropriate operational performance measures to evaluate its impact.

[4] Musa, A., &Dabo, A. -.A. (2018). A review of RFID in supply chain management:
2000–2015. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 17(2), 189-228.

The article presents a systematic literature review of studies that have investigated the use of
RFID technology in the supply chain. The authors analyse and synthesize the findings from
these studies to identify the key themes and trends related to RFID adoption and
implementation in the supply chain.

The article identifies several key themes related to the adoption and implementation of RFID
technology in the supply chain, such as the benefits of RFID technology, the challenges
associated with its adoption, and the factors that influence its successful implementation. The
authors argue that RFID technology offers several benefits for supply chain management, such
as increased visibility, accuracy, and efficiency. However, they also acknowledge that there
are several challenges associated with its adoption, such as cost, interoperability, and data
privacy and security concerns.

The article also identifies several factors that influence the successful implementation of RFID
technology in the supply chain, such as organizational culture, supply chain structure, and
stakeholder collaboration. The authors argue that successful implementation requires a holistic

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 6

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
approach that considers these factors and involves collaboration between all stakeholders in
the supply chain.

The authors conclude that RFID technology has the potential to significantly improve supply
chain management by providing real-time visibility and increased efficiency. However, they
emphasize the importance of addressing the challenges associated with its adoption and
implementing it in a way that considers the unique characteristics of each supply chain

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 7

 RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

CHAPTER 3
DESIGN OF RFID
Components of RFID Technology
Tags (Chip + Antenna):

An RFID Tag is an object that can be stuck on or incorporated into a product, animal
or a person for the purpose of identification using radio waves.

Interrogators (Antenna + Reader):

Interrogators are used to read the Tags & in certain cases even write on them.

Middleware:

Middleware is the needed interface between the existing company databases &
information management software. Middleware provides a range of functions:

 Data Filtering

 System Monitoring

 Multiple Reader Co-ordination

Business Application Software:

It is used to manage & process the collected data.

RFID Tags
An RFID Tag is a transponder which
receives a radio signal and in response
to it, sends out a radio signal. Tag
contains an antenna, anda small chip
that stores a small amount of data. Tag
memory can be factory or field
programmed partition able, and
optionally permanently locked.

To communicate, Tags respond to queries generating signals that must not create
interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be
Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 8
 RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
differentiated. Besides backscattering, load modulation techniques can be used to
manipulate the reader's field.

Typically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation applies in
the near field, within a few wavelengths from the reader. Tags can be attached to almost
anything:

 pallets or cases of product

 vehicles

 company assets or personnel

 items such as apparel, luggage, laundry

 people, livestock, or pets

 high value electronics such as computers, TVs, camcorders

Types of RFID Tags

RFID Tags are available in a wide variety of shapes and sizes. Animal tracking Tags,
inserted beneath the skin, can be as small as a pencil leadin diameter and one-half
inch in length. Tags can be screw-shaped to identify trees or wooden items, or credit-
card shaped for use in access applications. The anti-theft hard plastic Tags attached
to merchandise in stores are RFID Tags. In addition, heavy-duty 5X4X2- inch
rectangular transponders used to track intermodal containers or heavy machinery,
trucks, and railroad cars for maintenance and tracking applications are RFID Tags.

There are two basic types of RFID Tags:

1. Active Tags

2. Passive Tags

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 9

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
Active Tags
Active RFID Tags are powered by an internal battery and are typically read/write,
i.e., Tag data can be rewritten and/or modified. An Active Tag's memory size varies
according to application requirements; some systems operate with up to 1MB of
memory. In a typical read/write RFID work-in-process system, a Tag might give a
machine a set of instructions, and the machine would then report its performance
to the Tag. This encoded data would then become part of the tagged part's history.
The battery-supplied power of an Active Tag generally gives it a longer read range.
The trade off is greater size, greater cost, and a limited operational life (which may
yield a maximum of 10 years, depending upon operating temperatures and battery
type).

Passive Tags
Passive RFID Tags operate without a separate
external power source and obtain operating
power generated from the reader. Passive
Tags are consequently much lighter than
Active Tags, less expensive, and offer a
virtually unlimited operational lifetime. The
trade off is that they have shorter read ranges
than Active Tags and require a higher-
powered reader. Read-only Tags are typically
passive and are programmed with a unique
set of data (usually 32 to 128 bits)
that cannot be modified. Read only Tags most often operate as a license plate into

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 10

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
a database, in the same way as linear barcodes reference a database containing
modifiable product-specific information.

Active tags Passive tags

Transmit a stronger signal Transmit a weaker signal

Have a longer “read” range, can exceed

Read distance ranges of 10 cm. to a few
100 meters, depending onantenna size
meters

Operate at higher frequencies- commonly

Typical operating frequencies- 128
455 MHz, 2.45 GHz, or 5.8 GHz
KHz, 13.6 MHz, 915 MHz, or 2.45 GHz

Expire after battery power runs out Operate until damaged or discarded

Cost 7.9 cents per tag when purchased in

Cost a few dollars per tag quantities of 1 million(as of May 2006)

Size is typically slightly larger than a

Can be as small as a grain of rice
deck of playing cards

The EPC Code

The objective of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) is to provide unique
identification of physical objects. The EPC will be used to address and access
individual objects from the computer network, much as the Internet Protocol (IP)
Address allows computers to identify, organize and communicate with one
another.

Due to the lack of global standards, there was no standard range of the EPC
Code. It could range from a mere 36 bits to 128 bits. But recently a globally
standardized standard, named as the EPC Global, has been devised which
suggests the standard length of EPC Code of 96 bits.

Example: 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits)

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 11

 RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
 Header – defines data type (8 bits)

 EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer)

(34 bits)

 Object Class - Could describe the product type (20 Bits)

 Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (34 Bits)

Interrogators
An RFID Interrogator (or Reader) is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID Tag.
The reader has an antenna that emits radio waves; the Tag responds by sending back
its data

The reader has two basic components:

 A scanning antenna

 A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data

Readers can be at a fixed point such as:

 Entrance/exit

 Point of sale

 Warehouse

Readers can also be mobile, tethered, hand-held, or wireless.

Antenna Types
The Antennas used for an RFID Tag are affected by the intended application and the
frequency of operation. Low-frequency is 30–300 kHz.
LFID or LowFID Passive Tags are normally inductively coupled, and because the
voltage induced is proportional to frequency, many coil turnsare needed to produce
enough voltage to operate an integrated circuit. Compact LowFID Tags, like glass-
encapsulated Tags used in animal and human identification, use a multilayer coil (3
layers of 100–150 turns each) wrapped around a ferrite core.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 12

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
High frequency is 3-30 MHz. At 13.56 MHz, a HFID or HighFID Tag, using a
planar spiral with 5–7 turns over a credit-card-sized form factor can be used to
provide ranges of tens of centimeters. These coils are less costlyto produce than
LF coils, since they can be made using lithographic techniques rather than by wire
winding, but two metal layers and aninsulator layer are needed to allow for the
crossover connection from the outermost layer to the inside of the spiral where the
integrated circuit and resonance capacitor are located.

Ultrahigh-frequency or UHF is 300 MHz-3 GHz. UHFID and microwave Passive

Tags are usually radiatively-coupled to the reader antenna and can employ
conventional dipole-like antennas. Only one metal layer is required, reducing cost
of manufacturing. Half-wave dipoles (16 cm at 900 MHz) are too big for many
applications; for example, Tags embedded in labels must be less than 10 cm (4
inches) in extent. To reduce the length of the antenna, antennas can be bent or
meandered, and capacitive tip- loading or bowtie-like broadband structures are also
used.

Patch antennas are used to provide service in close proximity to metal surfaces, but
a structure with good bandwidth is 3–6 mm thick, and theneed to provide a
ground layer and ground connection increases cost relative to simpler single-layer
structures. HFID and UHFID Tag antennas are usually fabricated from copper
or aluminium. Conductive inks have seen some use in Tag antennas but have
encountered problems with IC adhesion and environmental stability.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 13

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

CHAPTER 4

RFID IMPLEMENTATION

Sequence of Communication:

 Host Manages Reader(s) and Issues Commands.

 Reader and Tag communicate via RF signal.

 Carrier signal generated by the reader (upon request from the host
application).

 Carrier signal sent out through the antennas.

 Carrier signal hits Tag(s).

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 14

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
 Tag receives and modifies carrier signal & sends back a modulated signal
or reflects back the incoming signal depending upon the type of the
Tag.

 Antennas receive the modulated signal & send them to the Reader.

 Reader decodes the data & results are returned to the host application.

RFID vs. Bar Code

RFID Barcode
Forging is difficult Forging is easy
Scanner not required. No need to bring the Scanner needs to see the barcode to
tag near the reader read it
RFID is comparatively fast

Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time
Relatively expensive as compared to Bar
Codes
(Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents apiece)
Can be reusable within factory Cannot be reused
premises

RFIDs are easy to conceal or incorporate in other items. For example, in 2009
researchers at Bristol University successfully glued RFID micro transponders to
live ants in order to study their behaviour. This trend towards increasingly
miniaturized RFIDs is likely to continue as technology advances. However, the
ability to read at distance is limited by the inverse-square law.

Hitachi holds the record for the smallest RFID chip, at 0.05mm x 0.05mm. The Mu
chip tags are 64 times smaller than the new RFID tags. Manufacture is enabled by
using the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) process. These "dust" sized chips can store 38-
digit numbers using 128-bit Read Only Memory (ROM). A major challenge is the
attachment of the antennas, thus limiting read range to only millimetres.

Potential alternatives to the radio frequencies (0.125 –0.1342, 0.140– 0.1485, 13.56,
and 840–960 MHz) used are seen in optical RFID (or OPID) at 333 THz (900 nm),
380 THz (788 nm), 750 THz (400 nm). The awkward antennas of RFID can be
replaced with photovoltaic components and IR- LEDs on the ICs.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 15

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

CHAPTER 5

RFID APPLICATIONS
RFID is becoming increasingly prevalent as the price of the technology decreases. In
January 2003 Gillette announced that it ordered 500 million tags from Alien
Technology. Gillette VP Dick Cantwell, now an employee of Cisco says the company
paid "well under ten cents" for each tag. The Japanese HIBIKI initiative aims
to reduce the price to 5 Yen (4 eurocents). And in January 2009 Envego
announced a
5.9 cent tag.

1. Payment by mobile phones

Credit card companies are now looking for payment solutions for adding contactless
payment cards to any mobile phone. A carrier solution that satisfied the industry's
needs is now available, developed in partnership with CPI Card Group and First Data
Corporation. Less than 3mm thick, the sub-card will withstand its environment for 2
years, protected from the elements and secured in the carrier once inserted.

Since summer 2009, two credit card companies have been working with Dallas,
Texas, based Device Fidelity to develop specialized microSD cards. When inserted
into a mobile phone, the microSD card can be both apassive tag and an RFID reader.
After inserting the microSD, a user's phone can be linked to bank accounts and
used in mobile payment.

Dairy Queen in conjunction with Vivotech has also begun using RFIDs on mobile
phones as part of their new loyalty and rewards program. Patrons can ask to receive
an RFID tag to place on their phone. After activation, the phone can receive
promotions and coupons, which can be read by ViVOtech's specialized NFC devices.

Similarly, 7-Eleven has been working alongside MasterCard to promote a new touch-
free payment system. Those joining the trial are given a complimentary Nokia 3220
cell phone - after activation, it can be used asan RFID-capable MasterCard credit
card at any of 7-Eleven's worldwide chains.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 16

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
Nokia's 2008 device, the 6212, has RFID capabilities also. Credit card information
can be stored, and bank accounts can be directly accessed using the enabled handset.
The phone, if used as a vector for mobile payment, has added security in that users
would be required to enter a passcode or PIN before payment is authorized.

2. Transportation payments

Governments use RFID applications for traffic management, while automotive

companies use various RFID tracking solutions for product management. Many of
these solutions may work together in the future, though privacy regulations
prevent many initiatives from moving forwardat the same pace that technology
allows.

3. Economical alternative to car-ownership: Car-

sharing
The Zipcar car-sharing service uses RFID cards for locking and unlocking cars
and for member identification.

4. Season parking tickets

Following a successful pilot, Housing & Development Board (HDB) Singapore
called two tenders in 2006 to implement RFID to replace the paper Season
Parking Ticket (SPT). The successful tenders have distributed RFID tags to SPT
holders since March 2007. In VietNam, Futechhave auto checking ticket system
apply for many building in this country.

5. Toll roads
RFID is being used for E - Tolling in Motorways, Pakistan, and Implemented by
NADRA. In Dubai, UAE, RFID is being used for E - Tolling - SALIK in
Motorways, Implemented by RTA. In Turkey, RFID has been used in the
motorways and bridges as a payment system since [Nov 2008]; it is alsoused
in electronic bus tickets in Istanbul.
RFID is used in Malaysia Expressways payment system. The name for the system
is Touch 'n Go. As the system's name indicates, the card is designed to only
function as an RFID card when the user touches it. In Norway, all public toll roads
are equipped with an RFID payment system known as Auto PASS. In Ireland, the
eToll system uses RFID tags for payments on all road tolls, including the barrier-

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 17

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)
free M50 toll between exits 6 and 7. In Singapore, public transportation buses and
trains employ passive RFID cards known as EZ-Link cards. Traffic into crowded down
town areas is regulated by variable tolls imposed using an active tagging system
combined with the use of stored-value cards (known as CashCards).
In Toronto, Ontario, Canada and surrounding areas, Electronic Road Pricing systems
are used to collect toll payments on Highway 407. RFID tags are used for electronic
toll collection at toll booths with Georgia's Cruise Card, California's FasTrak,
Colorado's E-470, Illinois' I-Pass, Oklahoma's Pikepass, the expanding eastern states' E-
ZPass system (including Massachusetts's Fast Lane, Delaware, New Hampshire
Turnpike, Maryland, New Jersey Turnpike, Pennsylvania Turnpike, West
Virginia Turnpike, New York's Thruway system, Virginia, the Maine Turnpike, and
Rhode Islands Newport Bridge),Central Florida also utilizes this technology, via its E-
PASS System. E-PASS and Sunpass are mutually compatible.

6. Public transit (bus, rail, subway)

Throughout Europe, and in particular in Paris (system started in 1995 bythe
RATP), Lyon, Bordeaux, Grenoble, Nancy and Marseilles in France, in the whole
of the Portuguese highway system and in many Portuguese public car parks, Milan,
Turin, Naples and Florence in Italy, and Brussels in Belgium, RFID passes
conforming to the Calypso international standard are used for public transport
systems. They are also used now in Canada (Montreal), Mexico, Israel, Bogotá and
Pereira in Colombia, Stavanger in Norway, Luxembourg, etc.
a. In South Korea, T-money cards can be used to pay for public transit. It can
also be used in some stores as cash. T-money replaced Upass, first introduced
for transport payments in 1996 using MIFARE technology.
b. In Hong Kong, mass transit is paid for almost exclusively through the use of an
RFID technology, called the Octopus Card. Originally it was launched in
September 1997 exclusively for transit fare collection, but has grown to be
similar to a cash card, and can still be used in vending machines, fast-food
restaurants and supermarkets. The card can be recharged with cash at add-value
machines or in shops, and can be read several centimetres from the reader.
The same applies for Delhi Metro, the rapid transit system in New Delhi, capital
city of India.

c. In the United States, the Chicago Transit Authority has offered the Chicago
Card and the Chicago Card Plus for rail payments across the entire system since
2002 and for bus payments since 2005. The MBTA introduced the RFID
enabled CharlieCard across Boston's subway, streetcar, and bus system in 2006,
replacing the decades old token based fare collection system.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 18

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

7. sAsset management and retail sales

RFID combined with mobile computing and Web technologies provide a way for
organizations to identify and manage their assets. Initially introduced to major retail
by Craig Patterson, Knoxville, TN. Mobile computers, with integrated RFID readers,
can now deliver a complete set of tools that eliminate paperwork, give proof of
identification and attendance. This approach eliminates manual data entry.

Web based management tools allow organizations to monitor their assets and make
management decisions from anywhere in the world. Web based applications now mean
that third parties, such as manufacturers and contractors can be granted access to
update asset data, including for example, inspection history and transfer documentation
online ensuring that the end user always has accurate, real-time data. Organizations
are already using RFID tags combined with a mobile asset a management solution to
record and monitor the location of their assets, their current status, and whether they have
been maintained.

RFID is being adopted for item-level retail uses. Aside from efficiency and product
availability gains, the system offers a superior form of electronic article surveillance
(EAS) and a superior self checkout process for consumers. The first commercial,
public item-level RFID retail system installation is believed to be in May 2005 by
Freedom Shopping, Inc. in North Carolina, USA.

8. Animal identification
RFID tags for animals represent one of the oldest
uses of RFID technology. Originally meant for
large ranches and rough terrain, since the
outbreak of Mad Cow Disease, RFID has become
crucial in animal identification management. An
implantable variety of RFID tags or
transponders can also be used for animal
identification. The transponders are more well-
known as passive RFID technology, or simply
"Chips" on animals.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 19

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

CONCLUSION

Developments in RFID technology continue to yield larger memory capacities, wider

reading ranges, and faster processing. The technology has the potential to ultimately
replace barcode. Even through with inevitable reduction in raw materials coupled with
economics of scale, the integrated circuit in RF tag will never be as cost effective as
barcode label but the overall benefits achieved from an RFID will definitely outscore a
barcode system. The RFID will continue to grow in its established niches where
barcode or other optical technologies are not effective and the spin off benefits from
the RFID system is immense.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 20

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification)

REFERENCES

[1]. Bose, I., & Lam, C. W. (2020). Facing the challenges of RFID data management.
International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management.
[2]. Lee, D., & Park, J. (2021). RFID-based traceability in the supply chain. Industrial
Management and Data Systems, 108(6), 713-725.
[3] Zelbst, P. J., Green Jr., K. W., & Sower, V. E. (2019). Impact of RFID technology
utilization on operational performance. Management Research Review, 33(10), 994-1004.
[4] Musa, A., &Dabo, A. -.A. (2018). A review of RFID in supply chain management: 2000–
2015. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management, 17(2), 189-228.
[5] Finkenzeller, K. (2010). RFID Handbook: Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless
Smart Cards, Radio Frequency Identification and Near-Field Communication, 3rd Edition.
Wiley.
[6] Khan, S. M. A., & Bhattacharyya, S. K. (2013). RFID and Sensor Network Automation
in the Food Industry: Ensuring Quality and Safety Through Supply Chain Visibility. IGI
Global.
[7] Uckelmann, D., Harrison, M., & Michahelles, F. (Eds.). (2011). Architecting the Internet
of Things. Springer.
[8] Minerva, R., & Damiani, E. (2013). RFID Technology Integration for Business
Performance Improvement. IGI Global.
[9] Zhu, Q., & Liu, Y. (2010). RFID-based Manufacturing: A Survey. International Journal of
Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 23(4), 328-342.

Department of ECE, Vemana IT 2022-23 21