Scribd
Upload
39 views6 pages

Crop Establishment Methods Overview

The document outlines various crop establishment and planting methods, emphasizing the importance of synchronizing planting times with climatic patterns for both annual and perennial crops. It details specific planting methods for different crops, including direct seeding, transplanting, and various techniques for lowland and upland rice, as well as vegetables and fruit trees. Additionally, it discusses factors influencing planting density and competition in mono- and multicropping systems.

Uploaded by

vinchpulmones08
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views6 pages

Crop Establishment Methods Overview

The document outlines various crop establishment and planting methods, emphasizing the importance of synchronizing planting times with climatic patterns for both annual and perennial crops. It details specific planting methods for different crops, including direct seeding, transplanting, and various techniques for lowland and upland rice, as well as vegetables and fruit trees. Additionally, it discusses factors influencing planting density and competition in mono- and multicropping systems.

Uploaded by

vinchpulmones08
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Crop Establishment/Planting Methods

Planting Time
Annuals

 Synchronize with climatic Examples - Annuals


patterns to maximize  Corn --- downy mildew & weed
productivity problem if planted in May
 Rainfall pattern  Rice ---
 Daylength  Best to be planted in January
 Temperature & July for high yields in dry &
 Program harvesting time wet seasons, respectively
 High yields in DS due to high
 Convenience of harvesting solar radiation & low pest
operation infestation
 Demand for the produce  Low yields in WS due to low
 Evade pest/disease infestation solar radiation & high risk to
pest infestation
 Others
 Watermelon --- planted by mid-
November in CL to evade hot
Perennials weather during fruiting & thrips
 Planting done at the onset of infestation
rainy season or anytime if  Tomato --- planted in cooler
irrigation is available months to synchronize fruiting
 Avoid planting at the height of with cool night temperatures
rainy season or very dry months

If Planting Off-Season Crops (Annuals) Consider the following:


 Potential of the area --- if such production is feasible
 Potential pest & disease infestation
 Specific climatic requirement of the crop --- like cool night temperatures for
pollination
 Tolerance to drought or waterlogging
 Overall production, harvesting & post harvest requirements
 Planting Density/Population

Basis for Selecting Appropriate Planting Density


Competition for Sunlight
 Optimum LAI --- beyond optimum LAI, shading (competition for sunlight)
occurs. Maintenance respiration to photosynthesis ratio increases
 Function of leaf orientation & tillering --- in annuals

Competition for CO2


 Theoretically, occurs under close canopy condition & where wind
movement is minimal

Competition for Soil Factors


 Movement of nutrients/water by diffusion/mass flow rapidly depletes
water/nutrients (mobile nutrients) in the root zone --- may cause a
temporary stress in high density planted crops (often observed in annuals)

Execution of Cultural Practices


 Weeding
 Hillingup & off-barring
 Harvesting
 Others

Other Purposes
 Thinned out hills --- for animal consumption

Competition in mono- and multicropping system


 Yield is reduced in monocrop or both species in multicrop (mutual inhibition)
 Yield is increased in monocrop or both species in multicrop (mutual
cooperation)
 Yield is retained in monocrop or yield of one species increased while the
other decreased in multicrop (compensation)

Planting Method in Annuals

Direct Seeding in the Field


 Broadcast
 Drilled in rows
 Hill method in rows
 Dibbling on unplowed land

Transplanting
 Seedbeds sown in seedbeds or seedboxes then transplanted within 2-4
weeks
 Advantages
 lesser wastage on valuable seeds
 allow more cropping
 more controlled growth during seedling growth --- but with initial
transplanting shock in the field
Planting Methods for Lowland Rice
1. Transplanting
 Wetbed Method
 Pre-germinated seeds sown in seedbeds
 50kg per 400m2 --- for 1 hectare
 transplanted in the field at 25-30 days after sowing

 Dapog Method
 seeds sown in concrete pavements
 50-60kg per 40m2 --- for 1 hectare
 transplanted in the field at 10-14 days after sowing

 Drybed Method
 In rainfed areas
 seeds sown in dry seedbed (1.5m wide)
 50kg per 500m2 --- for 1 hectare
 transplanted in the field 20-42 days after sowing

Transplanting Distances (Wetbed, Dapog, Drybed)


 Square method --- 18-25cm2 at 1-3 seedlings/hill (wetbed & drybed) & 4-6
seedlings/hill (dapog)
 Wide row & closer spacing --- 40cm x 5 cm at 1 seedling/hill or 30cm x
15cm at 2 seedlings/hill
 Double row method --- alternate 20cm & 40cm row spacing with hills 10cm
apart at 2 seedlings/hill
2. Direct Seeding on Puddled Soil (for lowland rice)

 Broadcasting
 pre-germinated seeds sown in puddled soil
 50-100kg per hectare
 usually done during dry season
 Drilling
 pre-germinated seeds drilled in rows (25-30cm spacing) -
drumseeder
 50-100kg seed per hectare
 usually done during dry season
 Dibbling
 pre-germinated seeds dibbled in straight rows
 hill spacing at 15-25cm x 15-25cm at 5-8 seeds/hill
 50-100kg per hectare
 usually done during dry season
3. Dry seeding (submerged after seedling stage)

Planting Methods for Upland Crops (upland rice, corn, legumes)

Drill Method
 spacing, seeding rate & seed requirement in attached table

Hill Method
 spacing, seeding rate & seed requirement in attached table

Planting Methods for Vegetables

Onion, leek, lettuce, broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, mustard, pechay, Chinese


cabbage, tomato, eggplant, sweet pepper, celery, etc.

1. Raising of Seedlings

Seedbed Method
 seedbed is sterilized (burning, fumigation, chemical drip)
 row spacing --- 5-7cm
 2-3 seeds per 5-7cm row length
Seedbox Method
 seeds are sown in seedbox --- dimension = 50 x 33 x 7 cm
 seedlings are grown until transplanted or sometimes transferred to
another seedbox or seedbed (pricking) before transplanted to the field
 soil --- sand, compost, garden soil --- sterilized before sowing
 row spacing --- 7-8cm
 2-3 seeds per linear cm

2. Transplanting
pechay & lettuce --- 3 weeks old
cabbage, broccoli --- 4-5 weeks old
tomatoes, pepper, eggplant --- 5-7 weeks old
Pricking
 seedling are transferred to another seedbox or seedbed

Blocking & Hardening --- start at 7-10 days before transplanting


 cutting soil (5cm x 5 cm) at full depth at 7-10 before seedlings are
transplanted
 gradual withdrawal of water
 gradual exposure to sunlight

Transplanting
 done in the afternoon or cloudy days
 pre-planting fertilizer application --- organic or inorganic

Planting System (Fruit & Plantation Crops)

1. Square
2. Quincunx or Diagonal
3. Hexagonal or Triangular
4. Contour system

Basis of Selecting Planting System

1. Species/Variety
2. Use of fillers (monocropping or multiple cropping system)
3. Land topography
4. Degree of farm mechanization
5. Preference of grower

Square System
 Most common of planting system
 If filler trees are added --- e. g. 1 filler between row and/or 1 filler between
trees in arrow

Computation for number of trees


Np = A/S2
Np = no. of plants
A = area
2
S = square of planting distance

Quincunx or Diagonal System


 Makes use of a square with an additional tree in the center
 Maximum area utilization during early growing & fruiting years
 Fifth tree usually removed hen tree become large --- overcrowding
 Mechanized cultural operation --- difficult specially in sloping areas

Computation for number of trees


Np = A/S2 + (L/S – 1) (W/S – 1)
Np = no. of plants
S2 = square of planting distance
A = area
L = length in area
S = planting distance
W = width in area

Hexagonal or Triangular
 Trees are planted at equidistant to one another from every direction to form
and equilateral triangle
 Greater number of trees per unit area
 Planting of filler trees --- not favorable

Computation for number of trees


Np = A/(S2 * 0.866)
A = area
Np = no. of plants
S2 = square of planting distance

Common questions

Powered by AI

When planting off-season annual crops, it is important to consider the potential of the area to determine if such production is feasible, potential pest and disease infestations, and the specific climatic requirements of the crop, such as cool night temperatures for pollination. Additionally, one should assess the crop's tolerance to drought or waterlogging and evaluate the overall production, harvesting, and post-harvest requirements .

Climatic patterns such as rainfall, daylength, and temperature significantly impact the growth and productivity of perennials. Farmers can synchronize planting to coincide with favorable climatic conditions, maximizing productivity and minimizing risks of pest infestation. For harvesting operations, aligning them with periods of high market demand and optimal weather conditions can enhance efficiency and reduce losses, allowing crops to be marketed at their best .

Tomatoes benefit from being planted during cooler months as this aligns fruiting with cool night temperatures, reducing heat stress and synchronizing with lower pest pressure. Watermelon planting in mid-November can bypass periods of hot weather during fruiting, minimizing thrips infestations. These examples demonstrate that strategic timing can optimize climatic conditions and reduce pest risks, ensuring healthier plant development and higher yields .

Transplanting distances influence light interception, resource allocation, and air circulation. In the wetbed and drybed methods, transplanting at 18-25 cm2 with 1-3 seedlings per hill allows for balanced resource uptake and minimizes competition. The dapog method uses more seedlings per hill (4-6), which can lead to better early-stage growth but may require careful nutrient and water management to avoid overcrowding. Wider row spacing can improve aeration and reduce disease risk, impacting overall growth positively .

High planting density in annual crops can lead to competition for sunlight, reducing the productivity as shading occurs beyond the optimum Leaf Area Index (LAI). This increases the maintenance respiration to photosynthesis ratio. To mitigate this, strategies such as adjusting leaf orientation and tillering can be employed to optimize light interception. Additionally, managing soil factors like nutrient and water availability is crucial as high density can rapidly deplete resources, causing temporary stress .

When selecting a planting system, the degree of farm mechanization is crucial as it affects operational efficiency and cost. In flat terrains, systems like square and hexagonal are more feasible, whereas quincunx is less suited due to mechanical operational difficulties. In sloped terrains, systems should minimize erosion and maximize water use, often necessitating contour planting. Overall, the choice should align with mechanization plans while accommodating the natural landscape .

The square system is most common and allows for efficient space utilization and flexibility in adding filler trees. The quincunx system adds a center tree to a square grid, maximizing early utilization but making mechanization challenging, especially in slopes, due to increased complexity. The hexagonal system achieves high density and equidistant planting, which maximizes area use but is less favorable for fillers and can complicate mechanization. In sloping terrains, mechanization difficulties are exacerbated in the quincunx and hexagonal systems due to the intricate layout .

The wetbed method involves pre-germinated seeds being sown in seedbeds, requiring 50kg per 400m2 for one hectare, transplanted at 25-30 days after sowing. It allows for effective seedling management and uniform growth. However, it may necessitate more water management compared to the drybed method, which is used in rainfed areas. Unlike the dapog method, which uses concrete pavements and allows for earlier transplanting at 10-14 days, the wetbed method offers a balance between resource use and optimal seedling size at transplantation .

In monocropping, competition usually leads to yield reduction due to overuse of similar resources. In multicrop systems, mutual cooperation can enhance yields of both species by optimizing complementary resource use and pest/disease resistance. However, mutual inhibition can occur if both crops compete intensely for the same resources, reducing overall yields. Compensation might also happen, where one crop's yield is affected negatively while the other's increases. These dynamics highlight the importance of strategic crop selection and spacing .

Transplanting vegetables allows for precise control of seedling growth conditions, reducing wastage of valuable seeds and enabling more cropping cycles. It can offset initial transplanting shock with controlled, healthy seedlings ready for field conditions. However, it requires additional labor and resources for seedbed or seedbox management. In contrast, direct seeding is less labor-intensive but can result in uneven germination and potentially increased seed wastage .

You might also like