Chapter 2: Java Fundamentals

Operators
 Content

• Group of Operators
• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operator
• Order of Precedence
• Increment/Decrement Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators

Page 2 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Operators

• Operators are special symbols used for:

– mathematical functions
– assignment statements
– logical comparisons
• Examples of operators:
–3+5 // uses + operator
– 14 + 5 – 4 * (5 – 3) // uses +, -, * operators
• Expressions: can be combinations of variables
and operators that result in a value

Page 3 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Groups of Operators
• There are 5 different groups of operators:
– Arithmetic Operators
– Assignment Operator
– Increment / Decrement Operators
– Relational Operators
– Logical Operators

Page 4 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Java Arithmetic Operators

Addition +
Subtraction –
Multiplication ∗
Division /
Remainder (modulus ) %

Page 5 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Arithmetic Operators

• The following table summarizes the

arithmetic operators available in Java.

This
Thisisisan
aninteger
integerdivision
division
where
where the fractionalpart
the fractional part
isistruncated.
truncated.

Page 6 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example

Example of division issues:

10 / 3 gives 3
10.0 / 3 gives 3.33333
As we can see,
•if we divide two integers we get an integer
result.
•if one or both operands is a floating-point
value we get a floating-point result.

Page 7 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Modulus

™Generates the remainder when you

divide two integer values.
5%3 gives 2 5%4 gives 1
5%5 gives 0 5%10 gives 5
™Modulus operator is most commonly used
with integer operands. If we attempt to
use the modulus operator on floating-point
values we will garbage!
Page 8 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Order of Precedence

( ) evaluated first, inside-out

∗, /, or % evaluated second, left-to-right

+, − evaluated last, left-to-right

Page 9 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Basic Assignment Operator

• We assign a value to a variable using the basic

assignment operator (=).
• Assignment operator stores a value in memory.
• The syntax is
leftSide = rightSide ;

Allways eitheraaliteral
ItItisiseither literal| |aa
Allwaysititisisaa variable
variable variableidentifier
identifier| |
variableidentifier.
Examples: identifier. ananexpression.
expression.
i = 1;
start = i;
sum = firstNumber + secondNumber;
avg = (one + two + three) / 3;
Page 10 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 The Right Side of the
Assignment Operator
• The Java assignment operator assigns
the value on the right side of the
operator to the variable appearing on
the left side of the operator.
• The right side may be either:
• Literal: ex. i = 1;
• Variable identifier: ex. start = i;
• Expression: ex. sum = first + second;

Page 11 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Assigning Literals
• In this case, the literal is stored in the
space memory allocated for the variable
at the left side. A.
[Link]
Variablesare
are
allocated in memory.
allocated in memory.

firstNumber 11
A
A
secondNumber ???
???
int firstNumber=1, secondNumber;
firstNumber = 234;
secondNumber = 87; B
B B.
B. Literals
Literalsare
are
assigned
assignedtotovariables.
variables.

firstNumber 234
Code secondNumber 87

State of Memory
Page 12 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Assigning Variables
• In this case, the value of the variable at
the right side is stored in the space
memory allocated for the variable at the
left side. A.
[Link]
Variablesare
are
allocated in memory.
allocated in memory.

firstNumber 11
A
A
i ???
???
int firstNumber=1, i;
firstNumber = 234;
i = firstNumber; B
B B.
B. values
valuesare
areassigned
assigned
totovariables.
variables.

firstNumber 234
Code i 234

State of Memory
Page 13 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Assigning Expressions
• In this case, the result of the evaluation of
the expression is stored in the space
memory allocated for variable at the left
side. A.
[Link]
Variablesare
are
allocated
allocatedininmemory.
memory.

first 11 second ???

???
A
A
int first, second, sum; sum ???
???
first = 234;
second = 87; B
B B.
B. Values
Valuesare
are
Sum = first + second assigned
assignedtotovariables.
variables.

first 234
234 second 87
87
Code
sum 321
321

State of Memory
Page 14 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
 Updating Data
A.
[Link]
Thevariable
variable
isisallocated
allocatedinin
memory.
memory.
number ???
???

B.
[Link]
Thevalue
value237
237
isisassigned
assignedtoto
number.
number
number.

number 237
int number; A
A
number = 237; B
B C.
[Link]
Thevalue
value35
35
number = 35; C
C overwrites
overwritesthe
previous
the
previous value237.
value 237.

number 35

Code State of Memory

Page 15 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example: Sum of two integer
public class Sum {

// main method
public static void main( String args[] ){
int a, b, sum;
a = 20;
b = 10;
sum = a + b;
[Link](a + ” + ” + b + “ = “ + sum);

} // end main

} // end class Sum

Page 16 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

Arithmetic/Assignment Operators

Java allows combining arithmetic and

assignment operators into a single
operator:

Addition/assignment +=
Subtraction/assignment −=
Multiplication/assignment ∗=
Division/assignment /=
Remainder/assignment %=
Page 17 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP
Arithmetic/Assignment Operators
• The syntax is
eitheraaliteral
ItItisiseither literal| |aa
leftSide Op= rightSide ; variable
variableidentifier
identifier| |
ananexpression.
expression.

Allways
Allwaysititisisaa
variable
variableidentifier.
identifier. anarithmetic
ItItisisan arithmetic
operator.
operator.

• This is equivalent to:

leftSide = leftSide Op rightSide ;

• x%=5; ⇔ x = x % 5;
• x*=y+w*z; ⇔ x = x*(y+w*z);

Page 18 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Increment/Decrement Operators

Only use ++ or − − when a variable

is being incremented/decremented
as a statement by itself.
x++; is equivalent to x = x+1;

x--; is equivalent to x = x-1;

Page 19 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Relational Operators
• Relational operators compare two values
• They Produce a boolean value (true or
false) depending on the relationship
Operation Is true when

a >b a is greater than b

a >=b a is greater than or equal to b

a ==b a is equal to b

a !=b a is not equal to b

a <=b a is less than or equal to b

a <b a is less than b

Page 20 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example

• int x = 3;
• int y = 5;
• boolean result;
result = (x > y);
• now result is assigned the value false
because 3 is not greater than 5

Page 21 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Logical Operators
Symbol Name
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT

&& T F || T F

T T F T T T

F F F F T F

Page 22 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Example
boolean x = true;
boolean y = false;
boolean result;

result = (x && y);

result is assigned the value false

result = ((x || y) && x);

(x || y) evaluates to true
(true && x) evaluates to true
result is then assigned the value true

Page 23 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP

 Operators Precedence

Parentheses (), inside-out

Increment/decrement ++, --, from left to right
Multiplicative *, /, %, from left to right
Additive +, -, from left to right
Relational <, >, <=, >=, from left to right
Equality ==, !=, from left to right
Logical AND &&
Logical OR ||
Assignment =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Page 24 Dr. S. GANNOUNI & Dr. A. TOUIR Introduction to OOP