Unit 4
4.1 Charter of Rights & Freedoms
Important Events
Constitution 1982: Gave Canada full control over its laws, Quebec didn’t
sign, but still follows it
Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Guarantees individual and group rights in
the constitution.
Individual Rights:
Fundamental Freedoms: Speech, religion, association.
Democratic Rights: Right to vote and run for office.
Mobility Rights: Move/live anywhere in Canada
Legal Rights: Fair treatment under the law
Equality Rights: No discrimination (gender, race, etc.).
Language Rights: Protects French and English language use.
Meech Lake & Charlottetown Accords: Failed attempts to give Quebec and
provinces more power.
Constitution & Indigenous Peoples: Recognized land claims and Indigenous
rights.
Constitution & Individuals: Helped expand equality for women, minorities,
and LGBTQ+ groups.
Key Terms
Constitution: The highest law that outlines how a country is governed and
citizens’ rights.
British North America Act (1867): Canada’s original constitution, created by
Britain, uniting provinces.
Veto: The power to reject a decision or law.
Unit 4 1
Entrenched: Permanently protected in law (hard to change).
Fundamental Freedoms: Basic rights like freedom of speech, religion, and
assembly.
4.2 Peacekeeping & Peacemaking
Key People
Lester Pearson: Canadian Prime Minister and Nobel Peace Prize
winner; created Canada’s peacekeeping role.
Roméo Dallaire: Canadian general who led UN peacekeepers during the
Rwandan Genocide.
Important Events
Suez Crisis: 1956 conflict; Canada (Lester Pearson) created UN
peacekeeping to defuse the crisis.
Gulf War (1991): Canada joined U.S.-led forces to push Iraq out of Kuwait.
Peacekeeping vs. Peacemaking:
Peacekeeping: Monitoring ceasefires, usually between countries (e.g.,
Yugoslavia, Somalia, Rwanda 1994).
Peacemaking: Using military force to stop conflict (e.g., Afghanistan, Iraq
War).
Shift: Canada moved from peacekeeping in international conflicts to
peacemaking in civil wars and unstable regions.
Which is more effective?
Peacekeeping works when both sides agree to peace.
Peacemaking is more forceful but can stop violence in ongoing conflicts
Key Terms
Peacekeeping: Sending troops to maintain peace between groups.
Peacemaking: Using force to stop conflict and create peace.
United Nations (UN): Global group formed after WWII to keep peace.
NATO: Military alliance for mutual defense (mainly Western countries).
Unit 4 2
Commonwealth: Group of former British Empire countries, including
Canada.
NORAD: Canada–U.S. air defense system.
League of Nations: Pre-UN group to keep peace after WWI (failed).
War Crimes: Serious violations of war rules (e.g., killing civilians).
4.3 The Age of Terror
Key People
Osama Bin Laden: Leader of Al Qaeda; planned 9/11 attacks.
Al Qaeda: Terrorist group behind 9/11.
George W. Bush: U.S. President during 9/11 and wars in Afghanistan and
Iraq.
Jean Chrétien: Canadian Prime Minister; kept Canada out of Iraq War.
Tony Blair: UK Prime Minister; supported U.S. in Iraq War.
Saddam Hussein: Dictator of Iraq; overthrown in 2003.
The Taliban: Militant group that ruled Afghanistan; fought against NATO.
Stephen Harper: Canadian Prime Minister; supported stronger military
and stayed in Afghanistan war.
Important Events
9/11 Attacks (2001): Al-Qaeda, led by Bin Laden, attacked the Twin
Towers and Pentagon, killing nearly 3,000.
War in Afghanistan (2001): NATO invaded Afghanistan to find Bin
Laden and remove the Taliban after 9/11.
Gulf War (1991): Coalition war against Iraq after it invaded Kuwait;
Canada sent troops.
WMD Conspiracies: False reports of Iraq having weapons of mass
destruction influenced public and media support for war.
Quebec Mosque Shooting (2017): Hate-motivated attack killed 6
Muslim worshippers in Quebec.
Unit 4 3
Omar Khadr: Canadian teen captured in Afghanistan; detained at
Guantanamo Bay and denied legal rights.
Anti-Terrorism Act (2001): Gave Canadian government more powers
for national security, especially in surveillance and airports.
Key Terms
Terrorism: Use of violence to instill fear and achieve political goals.
Act of Terror: Specific violent event meant to terrorize people or
governments.
War on Terror: Global military campaign led by the U.S. after 9/11 to
combat terrorism.
Islamophobia: Prejudice and fear against Muslims or Islam.
WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction): Extremely destructive
weapons, like nuclear, chemical, or biological.
Anti-Muslim Sentiment: Hostility or bias toward Muslims, often rising
after terror attacks.
Deportation and Torture: Forcibly sending someone out of a country;
using pain to extract information.
Guerrilla Warfare: Small, mobile, hit-and-run tactics used by irregular
military groups.
Anti-Terrorism Act: Canadian law (2001) increasing government
powers to prevent terrorism.
Unit 4 4