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Banker's Algorithm Numerical Example

The document outlines the use of the Banker’s Algorithm to determine safe execution sequences for processes in a system with limited resources. It details the steps to calculate available resources, the need matrix, and whether the system is in a safe state, providing examples with specific resource allocations and maximum needs. The final safe sequences for the given examples are also presented.

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98 views7 pages

Banker's Algorithm Numerical Example

The document outlines the use of the Banker’s Algorithm to determine safe execution sequences for processes in a system with limited resources. It details the steps to calculate available resources, the need matrix, and whether the system is in a safe state, providing examples with specific resource allocations and maximum needs. The final safe sequences for the given examples are also presented.

Uploaded by

ayushmishrakkb
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

To solve this, we’ll use the Banker’s Algorithm to determine the order in which processes can safely

execute. The key idea is to:

1. Determine the Available resources.

2. See which process’s Request can be satisfied with Available.

3. If satisfied, simulate its execution by releasing its allocated resources.

4. Repeat until all processes are finished or no progress can be made.

Step 1: Total & Allocated Resources

Total resources:

 X=5

 Y=5

 Z=5

Allocated resources:

 P0: 1 2 1

 P1: 2 0 1

 P2: 2 2 1
Total allocated:

 X=1+2+2=5

 Y=2+0+2=4
 Z=1+1+1=3

Step 2: Calculate Available Resources

Available = Total - Allocated =

 X=5-5=0

 Y=5-4=1

 Z=5-3=2

So, Available = (0, 1, 2)

Step 3: Safe Sequence

Now check each process:

Try P0: Request = (1, 0, 3)

 Not enough Z (needs 3, only 2 available) → ❌

Try P1: Request = (0, 1, 2)

 Needs (0,1,2) ≤ (0,1,2) ✅


→ Can finish. After finishing, releases (2,0,1)

New Available = (0+2, 1+0, 2+1) = (2,1,3)

Try P0 again: Request = (1, 0, 3)

 Needs (1,0,3) ≤ (2,1,3) ✅


→ Can finish. Releases (1,2,1)

New Available = (2+1, 1+2, 3+1) = (3,3,4)

Now P2: Request = (1,2,0)

 Needs ≤ Available ✅
→ Can finish

Final Order of Execution:

P1 → P0 → P2
Thus, P2 finishes last.

Correct Answer: 3. P2.


Question :A system has 3 resource types: A, B, and C. There are 10, 5, and 7 instances of each
resource, respectively. There are 5 processes (P0–P4). The following tables show the Allocation and
Maximum resource needs for each process:

Allocation Matrix:

Process A B C

P0 010

P1 200

P2 302

P3 211

P4 002

Maximum Matrix:

Process A B C

P0 753

P1 322

P2 902

P3 222

P4 433

Question:

1. Calculate the Available resources.

2. Determine the Need matrix.

3. Is the system in a safe state? If so, find the safe sequence.

Solution:

🔹 Given:

Total Resources:

 A = 10

 B=5

 C=7

Step 1: Calculate Total Allocation


Process ABC

P0 010

P1 200

P2 302

P3 211

P4 002

Total Allocated:

 A = 0+2+3+2+0 = 7

 B = 1+0+0+1+0 = 2

 C = 0+0+2+1+2 = 5

Step 2: Calculate Available Resources

Available = Total - Allocated

 A = 10 - 7 = 3

 B=5-2=3

 C=7-5=2

Available = (3, 3, 2)

Step 3: Calculate Need Matrix

Need = Maximum - Allocation

Process A B C

P0 7-0 = 7 5-1 = 4 3-0 = 3

P1 3-2 = 1 2-0 = 2 2-0 = 2

P2 9-3 = 6 0-0 = 0 2-2 = 0

P3 2-2 = 0 2-1 = 1 2-1 = 1

P4 4-0 = 4 3-0 = 3 3-2 = 1

Step 4: Find Safe Sequence

Start with Available = (3, 3, 2)

Try P1: Need = (1, 2, 2) → ✅ YES


→ After finish: Available += Allocated = (3+2, 3+0, 2+0) = (5, 3, 2)

Try P3: Need = (0,1,1) → ✅ YES

→ After finish: Available += (2,1,1) = (7, 4, 3)

Try P4: Need = (4,3,1) → ✅ YES

→ After finish: Available += (0,0,2) = (7, 4, 5)

Try P0: Need = (7,4,3) → ✅ YES

→ After finish: Available += (0,1,0) = (7, 5, 5)

Try P2: Need = (6,0,0) → ✅ YES

→ After finish: Available += (3,0,2) = (10, 5, 7)

✅ Safe Sequence:

P1 → P3 → P4 → P0 → P2

Question:

System:
 Total resources: A = 7, B = 2, C = 6

 Processes: P0, P1, P2

Allocation Matrix:

Process A B C

P0 010

P1 201

P2 303

Maximum Matrix:

Process A B C

P0 312

P1 413

P2 315

Questions:

1. Calculate the Available resources.

2. Compute the Need matrix.

3. Determine if the system is in a safe state and find one or more safe sequences.

📗 Example 2: 4 Processes, 3 Resource Types

System:

 Total resources: A = 10, B = 5, C = 8

 Processes: P0, P1, P2, P3

Allocation Matrix:

Process A B C

P0 010

P1 200

P2 303

P3 211

Maximum Matrix:
Process A B C

P0 632

P1 322

P2 904

P3 422

Questions:

1. Calculate the Available vector.

2. Derive the Need matrix.

3. Check if a safe sequence exists. If yes, find it.

Common questions

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The Banker’s Algorithm evaluates a request by initially checking if the requested resources do not exceed the needs indicated in the Need matrix. Then, it verifies if the Available resources can satisfy the request. If both conditions are met, the request can be granted, and the system checks for a new safe state post this allocation .

The Available resources in the Banker’s Algorithm are calculated by subtracting the total allocated resources from the total resources initially present in the system. This represents the resources that are currently free to be allocated to the processes. For example, if the total resources are X=5, Y=5, Z=5, and total allocated resources are X=5, Y=4, Z=3, then the Available resources are calculated as (0, 1, 2).

The Need matrix helps determine which processes can proceed as it indicates the additional resources each process requires to complete. Only processes whose needs are less than or equal to the available resources can be executed. Thus, it guides the safe sequence of process execution, ensuring that once a process finishes, it releases resources allowing other processes to proceed .

Yes, different safe sequences can exist if different processes can be executed based on the current available resources. For example, in one scenario, starting with Available (3,3,2), you might execute P1, P3, then P4, while another safe sequence could execute P3, P0, then P1, depending on process needs and available resources at each step .

To determine if a system is in a safe state using the Banker’s Algorithm, follow these steps: 1) Initially calculate the Available resources. 2) Determine which process's requests can be satisfied with the Available resources. 3) Simulate the execution of these processes by releasing their allocated resources to the available pool. 4) Repeat the process until all processes are completed or no more processes can be executed safely. A safe sequence confirms the system is in a safe state .

A safe sequence is determined by repeatedly choosing a process whose Need is less than or equal to Available resources, executing it, and then updating the Available resources. For instance, in a given system, the safe sequence was found to be P1 → P0 → P2 by checking and confirming each process's request against the Available resources .

The Need matrix is calculated by subtracting the Allocation matrix from the Maximum matrix for each resource used by every process. It is critical as it shows the remaining resource needs for each process to complete execution. For instance, for a process with maximum needs (3, 2, 2) and current allocation (1, 0, 1), the Need would be (2, 2, 1).

Factors leading to unfulfilled process needs include excessive current allocation that exhausts Available resources, incorrect initial allocation decisions that don't account for maximum needs, and multiple processes competing for the same set of limited resources. These lead to a deadlock or gridlock situation where no process can proceed without breaching safety constraints .

Verifying if a system is in a 'safe state' ensures that all processes can complete execution without causing a deadlock. An unsafe state implies that some processes may not be able to complete, leading to potential deadlocks where processes are indefinitely waiting for resources, thereby crippling system operations .

Releasing resources by a finished process increases the Available resources, which may allow pending processes to execute. This release alters resource distribution and can create new opportunities for subsequent processes to proceed, fundamentally affecting the ability to execute more processes safely and avoid deadlocks .

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