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Eng 4sem Guide

The document outlines the syllabus for the Generic English course for B.Com/B.B.A students at Aluru City University, effective from 2021-2022, under the New Education Policy in Karnataka. It includes a focus on receptive and productive skills, featuring works by R.K. Narayan, including an overview of his novel 'The Financial Expert', which explores themes of ambition, wealth, and human nature through the character of Margayya. Additionally, the syllabus provides various activities, grammar exercises, and suggested readings to enhance students' understanding and skills in English.

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34 views112 pages

Eng 4sem Guide

The document outlines the syllabus for the Generic English course for B.Com/B.B.A students at Aluru City University, effective from 2021-2022, under the New Education Policy in Karnataka. It includes a focus on receptive and productive skills, featuring works by R.K. Narayan, including an overview of his novel 'The Financial Expert', which explores themes of ambition, wealth, and human nature through the character of Margayya. Additionally, the syllabus provides various activities, grammar exercises, and suggested readings to enhance students' understanding and skills in English.

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reshmayusuf30
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PEF ‘As Per New Education Policy [NEP] Syllabus [Karnataka] w.e.f. 2021-2022 ALURU CITY UNIVERSITY Iv Semester !- [Link]./B.B.A | ENVISION-IV Generic English HIGHLIGHTS : 7 & Brief [Link] Author Answers to Pre reading Activity # English Summary Kannada Summary le # Additional Glossary {word power] ai && Answers to Questions & Grammar/Language Activity of & Additional Suggested Reading EVERSHINE PUBLICATIONS : Bengaluru le ———_ CONTENTS —_—__— Unit-1 Receptive Skills (Reading and Listening Skills) Chapter : 1. ‘1. The Financial [Link] on 2. Listening and Decoding ~ - POEMS 1. Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening- Robert Frost” 50 2. Vachanas - Basavanna 63 1. How to Make Peace-Get Angry. ATED Talk by Kailash Satyarthi 70 2. Destigmatizing Disability ATED Talk by Preethi Srinivasan 86 Unit-I Productive Skills (Speaking and Writing Skills) 3. Pechakucha Presentat - 98 Group Discussion 103 Public Speaking 125 4 Technical Writing : 143 _ E-Correspondence 162 Social Media Content Writing 184 QUESTION PAPER PATTERN 200 Unit-I Receptive Skills (Reading and Listening Skills) CHAPTER-1 THE FINANCIAL EXPERT ~-by RK NARAYAN . An Overview Rasipuram Krishnaswami lyer Narayanaswami also known as RK Narayan (1906-2001). is famous for simple and subtle narration in his literary works. Along with Raja Rao and Mulk Raj Anand, he was one of the most prominent and well-known writers of early Indian Writing in English. Most of his stories were set in the fictional town of Malgudi. His works captured the essence of ordinary life. His first novel ‘Swaini and Friends’ was published in 1935. Besides novels, he wrote short stories, travelogues, condensed versions of Indian epics in English and his memoir, Born to a schoolteacher father, he took the name R. K, Narayan at the 1 -Scnenecemn eee nonresonant ricer | IV [Link]../B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] _ Evershine suggestion of his close friend and another great author, Graham Greene. There are fourteen novels in the oeuvre of R. K. Narayan, He sent the mariuscript of his novel, ‘Swami and Friends’ toa friend in Oxford, and it eventually landed in the lap of Graham Greene, who helped to get the book published in 1935. Among the best- received Narayan’s novels are: The English Teacher (1945), Waiting for the Mahatma (1955), The Guide (1958), The Man-Eater of Malgudi (1961), The Vendor of Sweets (1967), and A Tiger for Malgudi (1983). Narayan also wrote a number of short stories. The collections include Lawley Road (1956), A Horse and Two Goats and Other Stories (1970), Under the —_ Cast, demonstrates his skill at obtaining interest from his clientele Banyan Tree, and Other Stories (1985), and The Grandmother’s Tale (1993). In addition to works of nonfiction (Chiefly memoirs), he also published shortened modem prose version of two Indian epics, The Ramayana (1972) and The Mahabharata (1978). - He won numerous awards and adulation during his lifetime. These include the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1958, the Padma Bhushan in 1964, the AC Benson Medal by the Royal Society of Literature in 1980, besides the Padma Vibhushan in 2000, He was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1989. This great storyteller passed away on May 13, 2001 at the age of 94. About the novel Margayya, aged forty-two, wants to make money in dishonest and unethical ways. He leads his life by advising and assisting the ordinary peasants who came to Malgudi to take loans from the Central Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank. Majgayya conducts his business while sitting beneath a banyan tree, His business is assisting and advising the residents of Malgudi in obtaining loans from the bank. He carries a tiny box with him that has a pen, an inkpot, blank papers, and bank loan application papers. He is really passionate about accumulating cash. He wants to become wealthy in order to uphold his standing, reputation, and 2 IV [Link]..B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] _ Evershine He fights with the bank secretary whe is enigmatic son Balu dumpshis account honour in the community. jores and taunts him, book in the gutter. His financial career was ended by thesé two occurrences. On the advice of priest, to perform Lakshmi Puja for wealth, he travels to a remote body of water to fetch red lotus. There he encounters Dr. Pal, who invites him to his home and provides him ‘a book on bed life. Margayya was initially apprehensive about the book but eventually invested his iriterést. By selling his Copyrights to his publisher-partner for one-time payment, he demonstrates his brilliance, He launches his money lending business with this, once more. He opens a money-depositinig business. Gur Raj, the blariket ~ vendor, is the first client that his friend Dr. Pal brings. More and more people started coming to Margayya to deposit their money to get attractive twenty percent interest rate that he offers on deposits. People took their cash out of the banks to deposit with him, A virtual downpour of cash came in. Margayya transported the cash in bags. He is unable to count all the money. He was now the wealthiest man and Bank in Malgudi. He has acquired a luxury car and has grown rich. In order to escape the burden of homework, school, and exams, Balu; his son, fled to Madras. A letter is received reporting the death of Balu. To confirm the news, Margayya travels to Madras. Luckily, he finds Balu still alive and brings him back. He then marries him to a beauitful girl Brinda and purchases for the coupleanew villa in Lawley Extension. Dr. Pal, who has helped Margayya, now thom up to be an evil spirit. He develops intimacy with Balu and his wife, visits the residence daily and plays cards with them. Asif itis not enough, he spoils Balu. First, he eggs him on to demand from his father his share of the ancestral property and then takes him to a house of bad repute, inhabited by loose girls. When Margayya comes to know all this from Brinda, he gets enraged. 3 IV [Link]... B.13.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] — Evershine When he is ubout to retum in midnight, he sees the Baby Austin car stopping at the gate of Balu’s house. Balu sets out of the car, whispers something in the ears of Pal, at which the loose girls, sitting in the back, begin to giggle. Margayya loses cool and control. drags Pal fiom the car, and beats him with his sandals so forcefully that blood oozes out from the cuts he received on his face. Pal takes revenge on Margayya. He spreads rumour that Margayya has become bankrupt. People pour in, gherao his house and clamour for their money. Margayya cannot pay all the deposit plus huge interest because he has not invested the deposit money. His life is now in danger. His elder brother, who has always helped him in crisis, brings the police and a lawyer. Margayya fills in the insolvency papers. The story now comes full circle, Margayya is now a poor person and thinks of restarting his, ‘banking business, sitting under the Banyan tree. The Character of Margayya His real name was Krishna but he was known as Margayya. He begins his career as a petty money-lender, doing his business under abanyai tree, in front of the Central Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank in Malgudi. He helps the shareholders of the bank to borrow money ata small interest and lend it: the needy ata higher interest In the process, he makes money for himself. The secretary of the bank and Arul Doss, the peon, seize from his box the loan application forms he has managed to get from the bank through its shareholders; they treat him with contempt and threaten to take action against him, Margayya is unable to carry on his business, after Balu, his son, throws his account book into the gutter. It had all the entries of his business dealings with his clients. He presents his horoscope to an astrologer, who assures him that ifhe performs puja to Lakshmi, the Goddessufweaith, a wonderful time is coming for him. Ash from a red lotus and ghee prepared from milk from a grey cow are used in the forty-day puja. Margayya does the pooja and emerges from it full of expectations for a successful future. 4 IV [Link]. B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] — Evershine Dr. Pal. who solls him the manuseript ofa book named Bed Life, for whatever ready cash Margayya’s purse contains. assures him that the book renamed “Domestic Harmony” will sellin tens of thousands ifonly he can find a publisher. Madan Lal, ‘a man from the North’, reads the script and agrees to print and publish it on a 50-50 partnership basis. The book is at once popular and Margayya’s fortune is made. Margayya is again ruined by his son, Balu. He had put him to school in great style, getting the blessings of his brother and sister in-law next door. His. wealth had enabled him to become the secretary of the School Managing Committee.__ He had engaged a privatettutor for his son and instructed him to thrash the boy wheneyer necessary. But Balu was not good at his studies. He failed to pass S.S.L.C. Margayya attempts to persuade him to take the examination a second time. The result is that Balu seizes the school leaving certificate book, tears it into four quarters, and throws them into the gutter, the same gutter which closed its dark waters over Margayya’s red book of accounts. Now it carries away the school certificate book. Then he runs away from home. A few days later, there is a letter from Madras telling Margayya that his son is dead. The brother's family immediately comes to his help though Margayya feels he can do without their help and ‘wonders whether this will change the existing relationship between them. He leaves for Madras and discovers through the good offices ofa fellow traveler, a police inspector in plain clothes, that his son isnot really dead, traces the boy and brings him home. He wants to marry him to a girl named Brinda, the daughter of the owner of tea estate in Mempi Hills. When a pundit after an honest study declares that the horoscopes of Balu and Brinda do not match, he is curtly dismissed with a fee of one rupee. Another astrologer, whom Dr. Paul finds, gives it in writing that the two horoscopes match perfectly und is paid Rs 75 forhis pains. “Moncy can dictate the very stars in their courses.” Balu and his wife are helped to set up an establishment of their IV [Link].,/B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine own in Lawley Extension, Margayya, wishing to draw Dr. from his son, seeks his help in attracting deposits from Black Marketeers on the promise of interest of 29%. “IfI get Rs. 20.000 deposit each day and pay Rs. 15,000 in interest, [have still Rs. 5,000 day left in my hands as my own,” Margayya calculates. Margayya grows rich. It is now necessary for him to have a car. Every nook and comer of his house is stuffed with sacks full of currency notes. He is on the right side of the police, contributes to the War Fund when driven to do so, and works day and night with his accounts and money bags. though his wife is unhappy at his, straining himself'so much. . ‘One day Margayya visits his son in Lawley Extension. He finds Brinda and her child. The girl cannot hold back her tears while Palaway narrating Balw’s activities. When Margayya gets out of the house, he firids a car halting in front of it out of which emerges Balu. His companions are Dr. Pal and a couple of women of the town. ‘The enraged father pulls Dr. Pal out of the car, beats him and dismisses the two women with contempt. The next day Dr. Pal, with a bandaged face, whispers to all and sundry that things re not going well with Margayya’s concem. Hundreds of people come to Margayya and ask for their deposits. All the accumulated wealth is disbursed: still hundreds of people cannot be satisfied. The run on the bank leads to Margayya’s filing of an insolvency petition. And thus, like a house of cards, the wealth Margayya had accumulated is blown away. He advises his son to take his place under the banyan tree with the old box; and when he says, “How can I go and sit there? What will people-say?” he replies, “Very well, then I will do it.” The theme of the novel is hist for money, but ‘Margayya is no monster of greed and wickedness. R.K. Narayan has succeeded in humanizing him and showing that, despite his lust for money, he is 4 human being like us. The Character of Dr. Pal One of the key figures in the book “The Financial Expert™ is Dr. Pal. He has a really complicated personality. He gave Margayya 6 IV [Link]. B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine unselfish assistance as he rose to success. He offered him the draft of his book “Bed life” in exchange fora pitiful quantity of money. He wanted him to make a lot of money off the book. He is a journalist and has a wealth of knowledge. In the beginning, we witness his ambitious side where he tells ‘Margayya about his plan to launch a “sociology clinic” for solving domestic problems of husbarid and wife. He told him he was a sociologist. Margayya finds his ideas vulgar. Pal has no regard for a settled life. He has no fixed aim in life, He lives [Link]. He holds rational thoughts and emotions play no role. Perhaps, that’s why he didn't marry. Money is not his concern and if he wanted money, hecoutd-eana lot. [tis undisputed because his one book brought immense wealth to Margayya. He could write more books but his changing interests or lack of focus pievented him to leada stable life. He was revered as a learned man. Interestingly, Pal became both the cause of Margayya’s success and undoing, Pal involves Balu in immoral activities which infuriated ‘Margayya and he attacked him. Later, Margayya came to know that Pal was Balu’s companion and he indulged him in playing cards, drinking aléohol and womanizing. Margayya knew Pal’s mightand he was thinking of sending Pal to another city for some errands to protect his son from his béd company but the plan didn’t work out. Ultimately, Margayya’s spar with Pal ended with disastrous implications for Margayya and he lost all his wealth and became poor. Itcan be said that the character of Pal was nota simple ora conventional one. He has some merits but some flaws as well. His flaws became the reason for parting with Margayya. The Character of Meenakshi Margayya’s wife named Meenakshi is a modest, homely and traditional woman. She is untouched by any sort of ambition. Her circle of worries is circumscribed [Link] chores, welfare of her husband and her son Balu and a moderate desire for money which is enough to pull them through. Thisaspect of her personality 7 ewe. treme meneame LV [Link]./B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCL] Evershine comes in glaring contrast with that ofher husband who is relentlessly obsessed by an unlimited desire formoney. His insatiable avarice for money is described by the auther like the desire of"a fanatical ‘mountaineer who sets his heart on reaching the summit of Everest”. He might be standing on the highest peak. Yet he can never feel that he has attained the highest. Their contrasting attitudes in this regard become more pronouncedly clear in tlie reaction that each one shows when their son Balu runs away from home. Margayya ” is able to withstand the loss af his son because of the external strength and prowess he gets frombhis wealth. His possession of wealth has supplanted a natural fatherly instinct for the truant son. His rank materialistic attitude is depicted in strong words. ‘Margayya asks his wife to demand from him any amount ofmoney because he thinks that money wil! divert her attention from the son’s loss. Buthe is sadly mistakenin this regard as she spums his proposal saying, “What will do with money?” Margayya’s wife is, a patient, tolerant person who bears the occasional overbearing moods and tantrums of her husband. She asks Margayya about Balu when [Link] in the kitchen where she is busy cooking something. He replies to her ill-temperedly, “Probably-rolling in the gutter”. She remains coolheaded to the exchange of hot words that takes place between Margayya and his son, when the latter has failed repeatedly in the $.S.L.C. She knows thather husband has become more peremptory in his manners because of his affluence. She attributes his temperemental irascibility to over-work. and tension he has to undergo in his profession. Her accommodating and peaceful disposition is evidert in her understanding that the best way “to attain some peace of mind in life was to maintain silence: ultimately, stie found that things resolved themselves in the best manner possible or fizzled out”. She proves very helpful to —tvfargayyarduring his penance for forty days undertaken by him for the propitiation of goddess Lakshmi. Sometimes, a quarrel takes place between the two but generally she avoids such scenes. He spends one hundred rupees out of the two hundred rupees he has got. IV [Link]. B.B.4. Generic English [NEP-BCU] — Evershine He hopes that he will get money as amiracle immediately after the conclusion of the puja. He does not move out of the house in pursuit of earning. She urges upon him to go out of the house to earn something. A quarrel ensues between the duo over this point. Further, Margayya tells her that he is giving up the publication of the book. “Domestic Harmony” for two reasons. First, the sale of the book has gone down. Secondly. the book is vicious and corrupting for the young minds and hence he does not want his ame to be associated with itany longer. Her love for her onlyson, Balu. is inexhaustible. She gives birth'to him adecade after her mattiage. She undergoes a course of penance and hardship for the well-being of the child-She along-with-hier- husband, goes to the God at Tirupathi “dressed in a saffron dyed saree, had carried the infant in arms and walked behind him; as he went to ten houses and begged alms”. There are other instances in which she reiterates her deeply affectionate feeling for the son. ‘She quarrels with her husband for his negligence in not protecting the child after Balu’s repeated failures in the S.S.L.C. She prepares for him extra-nourishing dishes and gives him extra dose of milk and fruits during the examination days, so that he is able to stand the strain, Sheremains lost in ideas about her son. Her condition is, described in subtle words. 7 ‘The anonymous post-card bearing the news of Balu’s death tires out whatever patience is left in her. She weeps, cries and rolls over the floor. Her hair is untied and her eyes are swollen. She looks like “a stranger, with her face swollen and disfigured with weeping” ‘Anumber of women, neighbours, Margayya’s brother and his sister- in-law gather round her in order to console her. She prevails upon Margayya to go to Madras to verify the news. Despite his unwillingness, he goes there and discovers Balu in a cinema theatre with the help ofa Police Inspector whom he meets coincidentally in the railway compartment while travelling to Madras. He brings Balu back home with a promise that he need not bother about the examination. He tells him, “You eat, rest and grow fat - that is all you are expected to do, and take as much money as you like” 9 IV [Link] CU], Evershine Balu's coming back home alive is a matter of unbounded joy for Meenakshi. The very style of her life underggesasea-change. She isno more morose and reserved. She wears well, keeps cheerful, sticks jasmine flowers in herhair and, looks youthful. She is all the time plying Balu with her persistent enquiry, what else he likes to take. The transformation in her look and manner is well- depicted. Balu’s,departure from home aftér marriage for a new house in Lawley Extension makes her feel sad and lonely. Balu goes to live, there along with his wife, Brinda. Margayya arranges for a separate house for them against her will. He does it for two feasons. First, Balu’s wife is'a modem girl who should live:iti amiodem house ina ~ new locality. Secondly, Since Balu is a grown-up young man,’hé /B.B.A, Generic English [N “7 ———shoutd establish his own independent house. She is like Narayan’s many women characters who reinain contented with their household life and consider the fulfilment of the interests of their family asend. ~ in itself. Such women are; aga class, known by their homé-bound, traditional and conservative commitments. The Character of Balu Baltiis the only child of his parents, Margayya and Meenakshi. He isborn after twelve years of their marriage; he is the only child, But his father is always [Link] his financial transactions. He has neither the time'nor the intention to come back home in time to spend a few momients of leisure with his son. His mother is busy with the domestic chores and has hardly any time forhim. Thus, Balu grows neglected and isolated in his early childhood, This has an adverse impact'on his later growth. Batu turns into astubborn and obstinate child because of the utter negligence by his parents. ‘He nins away with his father’s valuable accounts book and throws itinto the gutter and stands there siniling. He reaps the childish joy by teasing his parents. ‘examination despite tuition at home. Margayya encourages his child IV [Link]./B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine his questions and get him good marks only to keep their job intact. Balu drinks and wastes money lavishly in restaurants. This is perhaps . the biggest blunder committed by Margayya. When the boy performs badly, Margayya shouts wildly at him and the boy runs away to freedom in Madras. He dictates his terms which his father -religiously observes after his return to Malgudi. He is married to Brinda only to be corrected. Balu is left free to do whatever he likes. He comes under the evil influence of Dr. Pal. He indulges himself in drinking, gambling, womaztizing and smoking, He remainsaway from home tllinidnight. He demands the share of his property in a threatening way. He ‘speaks the language of a hooligan or ruffian. At the instance at Dr. Pal, Balu witnesses against his father for latter's assault on Dr. Pal. Balu is rudderless and aimless. He has no achievements, except his fathei"s unbourided wealth, that too he loses towards the énd. Margayya cannot be absolved of the responsibility of spoiling his son. Hes eallously indifferent to the fatherly duties of upbringing a child. The Character of Brinda . ‘The other woman character in the novel is Brinda, the wife of Balu. She is said to be ‘extremely fair’. Her father is the owner ofa tea estate in Mempi Hills. Margayya considers her tobe a good match for his son. He induces the priest to declare the horoscopes of the two as compatible on a temptation of payment of extra fee. She gives birth to achild. She remains confined inside her room with Balu for the most part of the day. She is equally respectfill to her father-in-law, Margayya, when he visits them in their new house in Lawley Extension atnight after his tiff with Balu in his office during the day. She keeps on standing as a mark of respect to him while talking to him. Margayya has to ask her to sit. Balu hates books, studies, teacheis and schools. He failed the ah — In spite of her good qualities, Brinda falls a victim to idle Balu’s evil to insult his teachers. He becomes the secretary of the school. He instigates him to boss others. Balu’s teachers are in the awe of him ashe is the son of the secretary of the school. His teachers solve 10 habits in the company of Dr Pal. Brinda discloses these movements of Balu to Margayya when the latter insists upon her to expose the facts to him, Margayyais justout of the main entrance of the house when Balu gets‘out of the car. She calmly opens the door to let her " rshine husband come in and puts off the lightof the house. Brinda shows aremarkable capacity for adaptability to changing circumstances or to ups and downs of life. Similarly, she. views Balu’s wrong activities with accommodating attitude so that the peacé and normalcy of their household is maintained. Moreover, when ‘Margayya goes bankrupt and the new house has to be sold off, she returns with Balu to her in-law’s house. She is unrufiled and takes itas a part of life. ‘The author's central concem in this novel is to build up Margayya’s character who is queerly:posséssed with a desire for establishing a financial empire. He seems to reach the crest all at once. But ironically, his so-called financial empiresollapses innosime simply byhis one misdoing i.e; the beating of Dr. Pal, who later on spreads rumors against his financial transactions. He is reduced to insolvency ‘and advises his somto start his career like him in front of the Central Land Mortgage Co-operative Bank under the banyan tree. He ‘goes through the full cycle of fate and meets the situation of square one. Viewed against such a thematic pattern, the role of women characters becomes crucial. . SUMMARY: - The Financial Expert is a 1952 novelby.R. K. Narayan. It takes place, as do many other novels and short stories by this author, in the town of Malgudi. The central character. in this book is the financial expert Margayya, who offers advice to his fellow townspeople from under his positionat the banyan tree. He is a man of many aspirations and this novel delves into some level of psychological analysis. The Financial Experttells the story of the rise and fall of Margayya. Theme ‘The theme of the novel is lust for money. But Margayya is no monster of greed and wickedness. In his depiction of Margayya, Narayan humanises him and shows thai despite his lust for money, ‘heis still a human being, ‘The protagonist of the novel, Margayya begins his career as a 2 ~ mene nr 1V [Link].,/B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine petty money-lender doing his business under the Banyan tree, in front of the Central Co-operative Land Mortgage Bank in Malgudi. He helps the shareholders of the bank to boirow money at a small interest and lends it to the needy ata higher interest. In the process, he makes money for himself. ‘The Secretary of the Bank andl Arul Doss, the peon, seize from his box the loan application forms he has managed to get from the Bank through its shareholders; they treat him with contempt and threaten to proceed against him. This sets the path to improving his position, : Balu, his spoilt-child throws his account book, containing allthe entries of his transactions with his clients into the gutter, and it beéomes impossible for Margayya to resume his old practice. He shows his horoscope to-arrastrologerand’is assured that good times will come for him if he offers puja to Lakshmi, the Goddess of Wealth. The puja is done for forty days, with ash from a red lotus and ghee made of milk from a grey cow. Margayya goes through the puja with all rigour and at the end of itis full ofa , prosperous career, DrPal, who sells him the manuscript ofa book on Bed Life, for whatever ready cash Margayya’s purse contains, assures him that the book named Domestic Harmony will sellin tens of thousandsif only he can find a publisher. Madan Lal, “a inan fromthe North”, reads the manuscript and agrees to publish it on a fifty-fifty partnership basis. Tlie book is-at once popular and sells like hotcakes and Margayya hits a fortune. Margayya is again ruined through his son Balu. He hati admitted him in school in great style, getting the blessing of his brother and sister-in-law next door. His wealth had made him become the Secretary of the School Managing Committee. This had armed him with enough power over the Headmaster and the School Staff. He had engaged a private tutor for his son and instructed him to thrash the boy whenever necessary. But Balu was not good at his studies. He could not clear his S.S.L.C. He tried to persuade him to take the examination for the second time. The result was that 13 IV [Link]./B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] _ Evershine Balu seized the Schoo! Leaving Certificate Book, tore ii into quarters and threw them into the gutter the same gutter which closéd its dark waters over Margayya’s red account book, carrying away the School Leaving Certificate Book. Then Balu ran away from home. oo. A few days later there was a letter from Madras telling Margayya that his son was dead. The brother's family immediately comesto his help, though Margayya felt that he could do without theirhelp ‘and wonderediftthat would change the existinigrelationship between them. He left for Madras, discovered through the good offices ofa fellow travellera police inspector in plain clothes that his son was not really dead, traced the boy and brought him home. ‘He wanted to marry him to a girl named Brinda, the daughter of the owner of tea estate in Memphis Hills. When a pundit, after an’ not match, he was curtly dismissed with a fee ofone rupeé. Another astrologer, whom Dr Pal found, gave it in writing that the two horoscopes matched perfectly and was paid Rs. 75 for his pains. Balu and his wife were helped to set up an establishment of their ‘owniri Lawley Extension. Margayya, wishing to draw Dr Pal away from his son, sought his help in attracting deposits from Black, Marketers on the promise of interest of 29%. If he got Rs. 20,000 deposit each day afid paid Rs. 15,000 in iiterest, he had still Rs. 5,000 day left in his hands as his own: Margayya became rich. It ‘was now necessary for him to own a car. Every nook and corner ofhis house was stuffed with sacks full of currency notes. He was on the right side of the police, contributed to the War Fund when driven to do so, and worked day and night with his accounts and money bags, though his wife was unhappy at his straining himself somuch. ‘One day Margayya visited his son in Lawley Extension. He found Brinda and her child. The gir! could not hold back her tears while narrating Balu’s nocturnal activities: When Margayya got out of the house, he found a carhalting in front ofit. Outof which emerged 44 " hionest study, declared that the horoscopes of Balu and Brinda did * IV [Link].,/B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU], Evershine Balu, His companions were Dr Pal and a couple of women in the town, “The enraged Margayya pulled Dr Pal out of the car, beat him and. dismissed the two women with contempt. The nextday Dr Pal with a bandaged face whispered to all and sundry that things were not going well with Margayya’s concerns. Hundreds of pedple swarmed Margayya and pressed him to return their deposits forthwith, All the accumulated wealth was disbursed. Still, hundreds of people could not be satisfied. ‘Therunon tie Bankled to Maragayya'sfilingan insolvency petition ‘And thus like a house of cards, the wealth that Margayya had ‘accumulated was Blown away. He advised his son to take his place » under the Banyan tree with the old box. When Balu hesitated to do that for fear of what people would say about ity Margayye--—~ offered to do sohimself. sides: : 5 ‘siromand de 19528 maclowdoss SOE, SOVODETERID CesrECD. Br ScsES Ghee socdonorich adh aig deirivd SER! BYPTD Sdoings, ot syed boa), engsocid ere sy avriroh, god shud se bee say eRsdSSON Xow AecHaAe. o13 - abaiegmogad aigatency, &: mtionoat dow) aoss saan Dgfeirladah, BOBWOMYS. ae vociowoodD steriraks abedsiah, sebass, Oaiob c midondod Kérsobous aoc ex. vid awrirah, choot heh Chava GsmeNddy, seri ahs wgpetig, meeabrrsi eaidah, SRAdOX Ds rod chootod Radsonobe, vse pany Bundiss socd daroniennd, sace08 : moondah mobs tornrok, sieegRob kod Aaimo Ke ecsies mpi Shogeriddchss Cod shoo Set Rie Seemded SwAoaIsIEEN Sa, 5,3 sests SoOmAES. Hs nos Stchonoor each LGA me zdowen sianoh sicbeas we a LV [Link]../B.B.A: Generic English [VEP-BCU] Evershine erignceanort ays egy aren wrest, : mots UBER ate: rostayRED echo, ere secboROS sheos sdoingq, mon ede sabadnivm, ass Beyricsod suman ougegt sstcorith steriragae®, b0ng0O0 saeos 58s obo) Hiocbsibomnabaan tia08 eodegs. cb Sa, MARS gogsbradien senotecow. ° men, oS qeved—abrh 3x, MEBEGAOON J & sigchong’ sais Ssmnorvs, Fohach dondis anda sbatakh, wdoaN foie. added sserlrok, da, avo emmpiaim, sdoodogAeD exogiserbys. dei, mada, bey dassan deerme, AosgS Seas OF zines ROAGS gob xabow erchaynen goss Aedoieh. sedlodes, 40 OgHY woo FOS waidad ead day ocd age abas Beds HABor swadieend, Sariodah,’ SwasA Swe, Sadobd Aah, a,geensood sonwEyS. Soriroh, VHD BOobGcds sind eAiwn dat dae, sys + Bmsedah, [Link] dashye aaEdrA DoW SHAK) szE mburvg steostisnrdgd-noc HOSA Detach. wogs garidos odode shcistewe’, BxeSabs, LO, edie, 50 : 50 meenae08 ends shes, Wperon Lakeys. ebxteh NemedQ wayods doch mes éewtrides amonvaorbgd. waded aiorirohs exis ahodoinys. Srirok, abd Sa, brides serbans. sES sSodgR org abi eartoh Ubeemrcs stich ectaimh, DoS AedAcie. BSS -nosidy Ualsiah, BSdob Atewre oGahg wosdr aterosos (BMAD, adoors mad sosiggmonpbd shay rejoory Hoes mossy wOmd Coder. storirak, sah, sbriat sewn Bnedday, See, eg nUyN wbrisseh, GerdsIos Keesacscd EOd mOIaE Lich EMTS, asd aT dvarrcds, Series Done, AUaSe aud Woepwdebeatod adap odIAT. cree mosoabdeodd oes ae OES BAweasS abuse, Hex@Adwom, meg cenriven wood, seriroys sos apdo> Eogtsiay, cogs tzywegD Aros wce OB oxciD. sos sien shHowod LB aaccs. . : 16 venereal IV [Link]./B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine band dosd aimriraks stn maaan Hg node. AEeecds Hibousy sereske 1s Aeros oy. SmniFGR, GAC AaOS sowed wieeriusasdoe: Secession. aadriy xeohagS wd, aeolwendons ceoseRs. sterir oS, soomank dowaas. saws, wabadog, Heder wae, We Bosmwss vege vekrord shave Ja, sort AuemNOe XYe Both tows bch, sesh, wy ay, aba sésoriss. hogsf bers we asset aeOeds aries wT Aon BoranekaoGH Shits Dhaba sieclen wocbsdeys. Howgs-encs mpptertésen wGjobs sex, meen Sey wommdsd weste) Baommiseswrosjog aoc Fever, eda, wor domect SORZOON sisoriovAch, a, Tae doubsoods aban, cases ndzh ender Nosierrann Beodscinrdys aoc ods DeAdH adsy VION die. 75 DecieowcDd. - + mo a Gds Bows BY SHANG sayHe oS iano magnon evo science. sieriros, Brood cadacdsiod oben. gad xwcboor sa} Bmcbeigpodood desires, SearAReReyS. aoa ws smordsion 29% emabio, Deeded Ligeia Biss BAH 20.000 Goo, decid aiid adey, 15,000 de, WE HeAdS, Sa, He TAR, 5,000 aries Sash eveainse, toert sori, Brsbosmed=, dit EBON weds, DOODS |erigde, aes sodob asec chadabog 66g dneinrd eke, dome Hd Aedex wowmrig od aineh DON acbh Arbstod HeScarenctow, SE erie shsy Bred ticoribabo airien oeg Chast, sa dods Say, ore eacbabeim, Hor egg Beco noth Od aeriroh, da, abrinah, coo omHatpag Hels SPAS 9 nipoe abe UAY sorivad, Homa, WEDS TASOTRHEI, Heoawrt ead vefech sdodog, svarirow, sdetavod ead omen achOn waco AoSdajc> sows. woos GPP Soren. ap, sO abe ctyed Lod shbevobe acid Bosnese. mdood wWaskeod stericoh, GE. seTdsdy, woRcT Bndheco Gen aro ablododdae, SUABIDO BecaPscics. 7 mapetdsda, 34,’ i Eschod enodees’ aosabeod steadckcoOr me. seotUsi, seri ok, ‘ovecons Dears soos iBosszesions eabrbyysc. secs Baw shenroycA, HOA, sy seateeriveh; Sipe otcsNsbalog expended, HontoaT xosigse " ggorenches. eddie Mens shoON Askeqedaridg. oe08d bese BeortF 039, Omesss etroba, TOA seUremobe, was weatrridos aerirok, RaaLI Nomey wed Bacotos. sroriros, 3a, Beeb Brsiodiaoon Ba, arian Gud Bod een Ba, 5, ping, ypdorsso$ Hea Read, acid ex, a Oe Bevsagdor “gow Bobhod 2900 eda, Sedeo booTsees mpscon, sheriroh, at wort ssomen sonedien. Hig ———eeg.-cdoesan ; sroriroy, — Bore Sty, ween — shortrots sort wer 7 7 so nome — seeds sons ecbetoext — mots raed Go, TOF ~ TABS wags shoves shomsiaiab. GLOSSARY: A cadaverous man: a living skeleton/stim ‘An aphrodisiac maker: arousing/intensifying sexual desire ‘An uncanny fellow: strange, and mysteriously unsettling/careless Antecedents: the relationship of preceding something in time or - order vocation: a calling away; a diversion Bantered: sharp, good- humored, playful Boor: a peasant, un cultured person Brambles: any thomy shrub Cantankerous: bad-tempered Chastised: to punish or criticize someone strongly Dandling: bounce Darting: to move quickly or suddenly advantage Deprecating: expressing disapproval Dialectician: someone able to arrive at logical conclusions through reasoned argument » [Link]:/B.B.A: Generié English [NEP-BCU] Evershine + “. . Deceitfully: ina way that keeps the truth hidden, especially to get an IV [Link]./B.B.A. Generic Eriglish [NEP-BCU] , Evershine Eccentric ways: deviating from the norm; behaving unexpectedly or differently Ecstasy: violent emotion or distraction of mind; madness Exertion: use of lot of mental or physical health Feud: a state of long-standing mutual hostility Furore: anger/excitement expressed towards something by a public Grumbled: complain, " Gutter! a ditch along with the road side Hemmed: piece of cloth Hobnob: friendlymanner ——, Honorific: a title or word implying or expressing respect Indecorous: improper orindecent Indignant: dissatisfied Jow!: the jaw, jawbone Jutkas: horse-drawn'cart : “Lacquered: a glossy, resinous material used as a surface coating Miniature: very small ofits kind Mollifying manner: to ease a burden or make less painful; to comfort ‘Nincompoop: a foolish of stupid person ‘Ogle: to stare at, especially impertinently, amorously Oppressed: persecute Patched: repair Patronizingly: offensively condescending : Perverse: showing a deliberate and obstinate desire to behave ina way that is unreasonable or unacceptable Placating: intended tomake someone less angry or hostile Plebei common person Poltergeist: a ghost or other supematural being supposedly responsible for physical disturbances such as making loud noises and throwing objects about Propitiate: make peace with someone Prostrated: reduce to helplessness Rebelliously: a person who resist an established authority, often violently Ruminating: act of pondering over, meditation or reflection Rummaging: search Sallies: excursion - ‘Sanctum: a private room or private place Sorcerer: man, who does 19 ee ann a nnnenenrennnatetspnteinmeet IV [Link]./B.B-A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] _ Evershine LV [Link].2B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine magic using evil spirit Sullenness: having | brooding ill temper; sulky to take him to the prostitutes and thus he wrested from him a lot of ‘Swayed: influence . money. He actually wanted to take a heavy amount of money from ‘Tapestry: a heavy cloth that has design Balu, and therefore he had instigated him to demand from his father ‘Tramping: the act or sound of one who walks heavily Trivialities: the his shate of the ancestral property. F } state or quality of being trivial Undaunted: difficulty/discouraged ‘After his quarrel with his son on the issue of the share of property, i Unobtrusively: not noticeable or blatant Margayya felt very restless. After closing his accounts, putting away 5 : ‘ne cash and gobbling his food he started for his son’s house. He Vernacular: toa particular group of people Vulgar: f ie fernaculars: language unique toa particular group of PeoP¢ WINER thought that he was very severe to his son as he had slapped his | _ debased : ea i face, He thought he ought to be more sympathetic to his son and [2 Winard:one whois especially skilled orunusually talented ina particular should have considered his vpoblemssympathei lly. He thought field ; . Ly that hisson was really hard up and he should investigate into his Comprehension : . problems. He thought of taking him into his business so that he } L Answer the following quéstions in about two pages: might have a better position andstanding. But, he thought, Balu t 1., Describe the conflict between Margayya and Dr. Paland its’ ‘should have had more sense, and Balu had no business to upset ~ I consequences. him, When he remembered the demand for theshare of property he became so angry that he thought of turning back again. But he then thought that he had no other time to meet him and to know what ailed him. He reached the house of Balu. As the door creaked Brinda his daughter-in-law came. Margayya asked her where Balu was. Brinda replied that he had not returned home as yet. When Margayya asked where he had gone, she told that he had gone to cinema, When he sympathised with her she burst into tears and ‘Ans: After Balu settled ih his new liouse Dr. Pal-became a regular “visitor there. Whenever Margaya went there he saw Pal there sitting, on the half 200 sofa. He played cards-with Balu and his wife. He suspected that Pal took money from Balti. He did not like that a writer of obscene book shouldremtain in the company of his young Balu and daughter-in-law, Brinda, He feared that Pal would be iting to them 0 tic Harmony, th i . 0 oe Mont tionable ee reamed a then shenarrated the whole story. The story ran like this. He wondéred what Balu would do under the circumstances. He Dr. Pal, the Villain of the Story > therefore wanted to separate Pal from Balu and his wife. In order She told that Balu used t6 go every day and retumed late. Dr. Pal ‘was his conistant companion. They gathered in a house and played cards. Itwas the house ofa man who called himself theatrical agent, She had learnt from their servant that there were a lot of girls also in the building. Pal had something or the other to do with theSe people and picked Balu up in his car. They sat there continuously playing cards till midnight. They chewed tobacco and betel leaves. Sometimes they drank also. All of them, men and women were very free with one another, They dropped down where : they satand slept. They were sick when they drank too much. The description she gave was revolting, Brinda hadi leamtall this from 20 . “oa to wean away Balu from Pal he thought of employing Pal in some business. Itwas the only way of making it unnecessary for Pal to go to his son and daughter for money. . So he offered Dr. Pal to work with him to eam thousand rupees. ‘When Pal readily agreed to work for him, Ma-gayya delivered + him a lecture on money conditions in the market created by war. He made him a tout in his new business of banking. But his plan disassociating Pal from the youngsters failed. Dr. Pal became : successfull in corrupting the good- for-nothing Balu and he began 1V [Link]./B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine the maid-servant whose uncle worked in that house. When Margayya asked her for how long this had been going on, she teplied that it was going for months. When Margayya asked her wlty She did not tell him about all this, she told that Balu had threatened her to drive her out from the house if she told all this. She told that it was all Pal’s doing, and asked him if he could separate Pal from her husband. Margayya brooded over it darkly. ~ “He now understood why Balu was demanding his share of the property. Itwas Dr. Pal who had instigated him. He became restless to punish Pal. But Pal was a strong man and the backbone of his business. He was tom between Cautiori and iage. God knew where it would lead ifhe alienated Pal’s sympathies, the fellow might do anything. He planned to separate his son from Pal without a fuss, and then to deal with his son separately. He would tempt Pal to go out of the town on the pretext of contract. But if trust was gone, he thought, it would be dreadful. Margayya’s problem was that he could keep Pal neither in the city nor ouitside the city: Whatever, hie had to use utmost caution. He asked Brinda not to worry and assured her that he would set Balu right. Hetold her that he would see this the next day and send hier mother-in-law. He then asked htr to shut the door. The Scene of Pal’s Punishment The conflict has already taken piace. Tension has mounted high. The scene, in which Dr. Pal is thrashed, comes a bit earlier. As Margayya was closing the wicket gate, Dr. Pal’s Austin Car drew up. The moment the rattling of its engine was heard the verandah light was switched on again and the bolt was drawn with a pat. Balu got down from the car. He leaned his elbow on the door and whispered something to Dr, Pal. At this Pal burst into laughter. The girls giggled from the back seat of the car. They did not see ‘Mangayya. Margayya now could notrestrain himself. Alll his caution and discretion were swept away. He dashed to the other door of the carnear the driving seat and dragged him out as Balu on the other side was bidding hint good night. Itcame suddenly. Dr. Pal staggered out. Margayya took offone of his sandals and hit him 2 1V [Link]./B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine with it. He continued hitting him with such a tremendous force that Pal coitld neither protest nor could protect himself. He was blinded by pain. Blood oozed out from the cuts on his face. The girls began to scream. When Balu asked his father what had come over him, Margayya called him an idiot and pushed him towards the gate. ‘Balu’s wife came forward and asked him where he was hurt. Balu asked her “when father had come ?” In the meanwhile the baby was awakened by the noise, and, as she howled, Brinda ran into the house, Meanwhile the girls in the car began to cry for help. “Margayya addressed them as whores and shouted at them to be~ quiet, and threatened them. Dr. Pal wriggled himself free, dashed into the car, started it and was off. Margafya hesitated for amoment to decide whiéther he should follow his son. But he saw his son bolting the door, which was sign enough that he was not welcome. ‘The Consequences . The consequences of this event are far-reaching and fatal to Margayya’s business. Dr. Pal first reported to the police against Margayya. Then he and Balu went to Guru Raj, the blanket dealer, the first cliént of Margayya to deposit his money. As Pal and Balu poisoned his ears against Margayya’s business, he was the first person t withdraw his money. Andas Pal whispered this poison into hundreds of ears, the bankiuptcy of Margayya became the talk of the town, A crowd of clients clamored for their money at the house of Margayya. Margayya was financially, completely destroyed. " 2. Describe the Indian life treated in the novel, The Financial Expert. - Ans: The Financial Expert is essentially an Indian novel. It described the Indian atmosphere, the Indian way oflife and the very Indianness of things in an Indian tone and treatment. Though R.K. Narayan ‘writes in English language, he expresses in his novels the Indian sensibility. And even though he writesin English, his English is un- - English and Un-American. Even the English language of Narayan ig Indian, with its Indian idioms and expression. The lore and the ‘myth in the novels savours of Indianness. There is Indian flavour in 23 are ponent 1V [Link].,/B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine the,content and manner of the novels. Even the lore and aroma of the novels is Indian. His ndvels breathe the Indian air and feed on Indian life and its mythology. Natayan exprésses in his novels the flavour of economic, social aiid religious atmospliere. Malgudi, whigh is the microcosm of India, corties alive in his tales and novels. He expresses in his novels the-Indian way of life, its vices and virtues; its sanctity and comiption, its family ties, the rituals, beliefs, customs, traditions and myths. The novel creates the Indian atmospheré and ethos in all its aspects: Let us examine this Indian ethos and atmosphere we find in The Financial Expert. Indianness in The Financial Expert ‘The banyan tree, unider whose shace Margayya sits to transact his - business creates the Indian atmosphere. The semicircle of peasants sifting tound Margayya offers us a peep into the life of the Iniditin villagers, theis problems, litigations and marriage problems. Then there is raised the problem of dowry which prevails throughout India’ The peasants take loah because they have to marry off their daughters, and hiave to give handsome dowry'to the father ofthe bridegroom. Margayya relates tfie miserable plight in which hehas fallen because his father had to give handsome dowry in the marriage ceremonies of three daughters. This discussion of the dowry problem throws flood light on the economic problem of India. Wher Margayya wants to tidy himself up, he wears the lac edged dhoti. The dhoti is worn in India, and offers the foreigners a Jook into the fashions of dress prevailing in India. Margayya feels sad because his wife looks plebeian in herpatched, discoloured saree. The saree is typically Indian dres’. The dhoti in India is, wom in different ways. Narayan differentiates between two styles of wearing dhot in the following words: “Margayya had elaborately tied up his dhoti, with folds going up, in the dignified Poona style, instead of the Southern fashion, looked down upon by p&OpTe™ other provinces.” He offers us a peap into the working of the handloom weavers as follows: “All along the lane they had set up weaving frames with yarns dyed in blue and hung out to dry on them.” . +24 San esnntnnitisnnsenenamnanmnesieteinenm| IV [Link].,/B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine The description of tlie modem India cannot be completed without Mahatma Gandhi. In The Vendor of Sweets thereis the exhaustive description of Mahatma Gandhi. his weaving of Charkha, his nonviolent movement and his addresses. This novel is inspired by the spirit of Gandhi. In The Financial Expert we do not have the spirit of Gandhi but there is a mention about him. The Police Inspector, who meets Margayya in a train bound to Madras, mention about Gandhi’s arrest warrant. The police officer'said, “Do you know I had to carry a notice of arrest even to Mahatma Gandhi once? . L, Narayan describes the economic, social and religious aspects of Indian life. He tells us about the prosperity and poverty of India. He tells us how during the world war the businessmen hoarded all kinds of goods and then sold them at exorbitant price to the needy ‘persons, evadéd income-tax, and accumulated lot of money. He * tells us how people are corrupt and built huts which did not stand to the guarantee period. But the contractor got his bill passed before the huts collapsed, by bribing the concérned officers. Thus on the~ cone side money was being accumulated but on the other hand there was poverty. The poor peasants used to take loans from the banks and other institutions and remained always in debt: There ‘were other factors also responsible for their utter poverty. They had to give a handsome dowry to the fathers of the bridegrooms in order to marry off their daughters. They also used to drink wine and spent a lot of money on this iteti. Then they spent a lot of ‘money in litigation. Thus poverty and prosperity multiplied side by side during the world war. Many factors which contribute to prosperity ‘and poverty are social customs. Thus economic and social side, meet and mingle. There ‘are many social evils like litigation, drinking and begging. Narayan describes how persons take hold of a dead body, display it for burial on the street, and beg mohtey for its burial in earthen plates. Atthe end of the day they collect so much money that after giving a gorgeous burial to the dead body they save alot of money for 25 1V [Link]./B.B.A. Generic’English [NEP-BCU] _Evershine drinking and merrymaking. Thus Narayan, while describing the econofnic and social life of India, highlights its rampant evils, Narayan describes the véry names of Indian vocabulary. By doing so he credits the very spirit of India in the manner in which Keats describes the very spirit of the Greek by using the names from Greek mythology. Narayan uses the Indian names like banyan, puja, Sanskrit, Tamil, Shastras, divan and jilebi: These words are + not mere words. They unfold the style, fashion, tradition and customs of Indian. 5 ‘Then there is religious side which finds fallet desciption: Naraian describes in detail the penance which Margayya underwent to propitiate gods to make him rich. He quotes the Geeta about our duty “As they saw in Bhagavad Gita, God tielps those who do “\ theirduty*. 3. Write'a note on the humour in The Financial Expert. Ans: Humour, like poetry, springs spontaneously from the mind. But it does not thrive in idle heads. We often describe episodes or persons in real life as comic because they appeal to our sense of humour. But there is nothing in life categorically or positively comic. Whether a person and an objeét is comic or not deperids on how we look at them or what we make of then. - Humour, whether light or farcical or ironical or satiric, runs throughout the novels of R. K. Narayan. The aim of Narayan is not to expose, flog and reform. That is why he is, ike Chaucer, Jane Austen and Shakespeare, sweet, and not bitter like Langland, Pope and Swift. Bitter and satirical passages are very rare and far between, Narayan’s humour is fulsome and sweet like the Hybla- bee. He accepts life as it is, full of follies and foibles, shortcomirigs - and weaknesses. Like Chaucer and Shakespeare he possesses Catholic spirit sind pure humour. His humour is varied and arises out of character, situation and dialogue. : ‘Most of thé humour of Narayan is light with sweet ripples arising. from it. Letus now illustrate from the novel. 26 IV [Link].,/B.B.A. Generic English [NEP-BCU] Evershine Humorous Way R.K. Narayan specialises in the way of speaking humorously. He speaks of Kanda, a gambler. 1. He was a gambler and drank heavily, and he always asked for money on the pretext of having to marry his daughters of whom he had a great many. 2. Hereis another such expression. ‘You give the four and a half percent to his father-in-law. Margayya always referred to the Cooperative Bank as father-in-law. 3. Here is another such way of expression: ‘At the end of the meal Margayya picked up his plate as usual to wash and restore it to a comer in the kitchen, Buthis wife at once ‘Will aitéid to it?” He got up grandly and washed his hands, wiping them on a towel reaily brought to his side by his wife. ‘The humour lies in “got up grandly” and “readily brought”. 42 “Do you think [like a change of wife each day ?” 5. The humour in the following words ligs in the innocence of the _question Margayya asks about the reason of the flies coming: “Hie (Guru Raj) sat there all day chasing the flies. ‘Flies come here, God knows why,’ Margayya reflected” 6. Thesame sort of humour is found in the following words: “

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