CHAPTER III – Research ✓ Detailed study of the culture of a specific

community or group.
Methodology ✓ Data is collected by extended immersion and
close observation.
✓ Focuses on describing and interpreting beliefs,
Research Method: Paraan, pamamaraan conventions, social dynamics, etc.
• Different types of Research Method • Case Study - focuses on organization , individual
1. Quantitative – Measurable (ability to entity or event. Focuses on gaining a holistic
measure a study with the use of understand of the case
statisticala analysis and formula)
- Uses survey questionnaire such as Likert Steps on how to create research design
Scale to know the level of (depende sa 1. You need to state what research design you used
susukatin example: Level of Satisfaction) and its appropriateness in your study.
- You will be able to measure the response 2. Give the conceptual definition. Based on
of your respondents. references such as textbook or online definition of
- It uses Hypothesis research design (give proper citaton – sino
- Uses statistical formula nagbigay ng definition, what year)
2. Qualitative – Experiences ( Ano ba yung 3. Show why you chose the design. Focuses on
naranasan ng mga participants Ninyo) what you employed, its appropriateness and how
- Not measurable this can help in your study.
- The tool it uses to gather data is interview
, Focus Group Discussion or analysis of Example:
artifacts. Or any questionnaire that may This study used phenomenology as it aims to
collect data about their experiences understand the phenomenon and describe the real and
- direct experiences of participants during online learning.
According to Paul B. Armstrong, phenomenology is a
philosophy of experience. It is the ultimate source of all
PARTS OF CHAPTER III meaning and value the actual experience of human
beings. In this study is used to assess the perception of the
1) Research Design – This section enables you students in terms of prevalence of e-cigarettes. In addition,
to tell the reader or panel whether your study used it sets aside biases and assumptions about the
narrative, phenomenological, grounded theory, experiences or feelings of the person involved and
ethnographic or case study. attempts to identify themes or if possible, generalize in
Research Design: Plano, disenyo (na susundan niyo as relation to prevalence of e-cigarettes as perceived or
researcher) experienced.
1. Design for Quantitative
• Descriptive – more on narrating / interpreting through
narration the tables .
• Correlation – relationship two variables 2) Participants of the Study –
• Causal Comparative – impact or influence of variable ➢ Present the respondents of the study
to another. ➢ Why did you choose the respondents
• Experimental ➢ Present the profile of the respondents
▪ Quasi-experimental
▪ True Experimental Example:
The participants of this study is the students of
2. Research Design for qualitative (PUMILI KAYO Saint Columban’s College. The researchers chose the
RITO NG APPROPRIATE SA STUDY NIYO) participants because as it will allow the researchers to
• Narrative – focus on individual experience in collect the needed information in their convenience and
sequence assess the lived opinions about the prevalence of e-
cigarettes.
• Phenomenological – focuses on people who
The Senior High School students of Saint
experience a phenomenon. Ex. Experience of a
Columban’s College will be the participants of this study
teacher amidst the pandemic.
and conducted in the second semester of the academic
o Phenomenon – pangyayari sa society.
year2023-2024.
Iinterview yung mga tao anong naging
experience nila sa situation na yun.
- Aims to understand a phenomenon or event by 3) Sampling Procedure
describing participants’ lived experiences. - In statistics denotes the aggregate from which sample
• Grounded Theory – develop a theory based on your (items) is to be taken
investigation from other theories. - A population can be defined as including all people or
• Ethnography – focuses on the context og culture (ano items with the characteristics one wishes to understand.
yung dahilan bakit ganito ang nangyari) - Sampling Frame – is the list from which the potential
respondents are drawn.
- Sample – is a smaller (but hopefully representative) sampling is a way of selecting participants from the target
collection of units from a populationused to determine
population-based. The researchers used convenience
truths about the population(Field, 2005)
- Sampling – the process of learning about population on sampling according to the availability of the participants
the basis of sample drawn from it.
and their willingness to participate in the research. In
addition, it is the most convenient and effective way in
Three Elements in Process of Sampling
gathering the actual data from participants of the research.
1. Selecting the sample
2. Collecting the information The researcher used interview/ Semi-structured
3. Making inference about population
questionnaire and asked their person of interest during
Types of Sampling Method (PUMILI KAYO NG SA their available time.
TINGIN NIYO APPROPRIATE SA STUDY NINYO)
1. Nonprobability
➢ Purposive Sampling – sample selected
which researcher thinks to be most typical
4) Research Instrument
of the population.
➢ Quota Sampling – you need to divide you Types of Research Instrument you may use for
population of interest into subgroups and qualitative Research
estimate their porpoertions in the 1. Interview is a qualitative research method that
population. collects data by asking questions. It includes three
Ex. Population: 50 participants from SHS main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-
Subgroup: structured interviews.
- 25 students from Grade 11 o Structured interviews include an
ordered list of questions. These questions
- 25 students from Grade 12
are often closed-ended and draw a yes,
➢ Convenience Sampling – population is
no or a short answer from the
selected based on their availability.
respondents. Structured interviews are
➢ Snowball Sampling – relies on referrals
easy to execute but leave little room for
from initial subjects to generate additional
spontaneity.
subjects.
o Unstructured interviews are the
opposite of structured interviews.
2. Probability
Questions are mostly open-ended and
➢ Simple Random – each unit has an equal
are not arranged in order. The
opportunity of being selected.
participants can express themselves
➢ Stratifies Random
more freely and elaborate on their
➢ Systematic
answers.
➢ Cluster
o Semi-structured interviews are a blend
3. Mixed
of structured and unstructured interviews.
➢ Multistage
They are more organised than
➢ Multiphase
unstructured interviews, though not as
➢ Lot Quality Assurance
rigid as structured interviews.
Tools used in interviews may include:
Steps in making Sampling Procedure
➢ Written Response (Paper and Pencil / Google
1. Present the sampling methos used.
Forms)
2. Give the conceptual definition – Definition of the
➢ Audio recorder (face-to-face interview)
sampling method used (you can use references
➢ Cam recorder & video conferencing tools (online
from books or online – always remember proper
interview)
citation)
3. Present the reason why did you choose this
2. Focus group Discussion often consist of one
sampling methods.
moderator and a group of participants.
4. Discuss the procedure in implementing the
Sometimes, there are two moderators, one
sampling method. (narrative presentation-
directing the conversation and the other
observe the proper sequence and organization)
observing. Conducting focus groups are quick,
cheap, and efficient. However, the data analysis
Example of Sampling Procedure
can be time-consuming. Engaging a large group
In this study, the researcher used non-probability
of people is tricky, and many participants may be
sampling specifically convenience sampling to obtain the shy or unwilling to give their opinions.
information needed. According to Jawad Golzaer,
Shagofah Noor and Omid Tajik (2022) convenience
 3. Questionnaire – most common instrument or questionnaire, The questions consist of the Students
tool of research for obtaining the data. It can be struggle and the Institution.
Closed form or Open Form. The researchers selected a few participants as a
➢ Closed Form – It has fixed number of questions way to decimate the question and create a group-based
and a limited choice of answer. The participants result that can be analyzed and organize as a
should choose one or more suitable answers. representation of a whole. The respondents have filled in
➢ Open Form – It consists a number of questions. the necessary questions that the researchers ask, the
The answers are in the form of essay and the respondents are within the survey frame of the
content may vary depending on the participants. researchers.

Steps in making research instrument

1. Present the instrument used.
2. Give the conceptual definition of the instrument
used
3. Present the reason why did you choose the
instrument and its appropriateness.
4. Discuss the creation and validation of the
instrument (paano niyo ginawa, finormulate yung
tanong)

Example
In this study, the researchers used interview as an
instrument in gathering the actual data from the
participants. According to M. Easwaramoorthy & Fataneh
Zarinpoush (2006), An interview is a discussion aimed at
gathering information. A research interview typically
involves an interviewer who guides the conversation by
posing questions and an interviewee who provides
responses. These interviews can take place in person or
over the phone. The researchers used interview due to its
suitable approach for gathering comprehensive insights
into individuals' opinions, thoughts, experiences, and
emotions. Interview is valuable on investigating effect that
demand intricate questioning and extensive exploration.

5)Data Gathering Procedure – defines as

the procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing
accurate insights for research using standard validated
techniques.

Steps in creating data gathering procedure

1. Narratively discuss and present the sequence of
steps that you did in order to gather data. In
Sequence (narrative, paano niyo nagather iyong
data)
- From distribution of questionnaire
to collection of actual data
Example 1:
The data gathering procedure for this study was
subdivided into phases to answer the researchers’
statement of the problem. The approval and agreement
between the target respondents and researchers were
considered. Upon the approval of request, the researchers
selected the student-respondents in accordance with their
availability and willingness to participate in the study. As
the first phase, survey questions were proposed and
validated by the research adviser. Next, survey
questionnaires were produced through Google Forms. The
google form link is send to the participants that are
selected by the researchers. The researchers have put
necessary instructions for every section of the