Quality Control_Introduction

Quality Control Tools

Project Quality Management

Chapter Five: Quality Control

Migbaru A. (PhD)
LIC

May 31, 2024

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

 Quality Control_Introduction
Quality Control Tools

1 Quality Control_Introduction

2 Quality Control Tools

Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Pareto Charts
Control Charts
Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management
 Quality Control_Introduction
Quality Control Tools

Introduction_Quality Control

Confusion between Quality assurance and quality control?

Quality control;
an activity to verify that quality standards have been met.
Quality control by itself does not provide quality, although it
may identify problems and suggest ways to improving it.
In contrast, quality assurance;
is a systematic approach to obtaining quality standards
is something that must be planned from the earliest stages of a
project, with appropriate measures taken at every stage.
Absence of quality assurance plan may lead to fail to meet
quality expectations of the donor and beneciaries

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

Quality Control

Hence,
Quality Control:

is the use of techniques and activities that compare actual

quality performance , with goals and dene appropriate action
It is the process that monitors specic project results ,
to determine if they comply with relevant standards and
identies dierent approaches to eliminate the causes for the
unsatisfactory performance.
it includes how the project performs in its eorts to manage
scope, budget and schedule.
 Quality Control_Introduction
Quality Control Tools

Quality Control...Cont"ed
Quality Control is also about the issue of:
1 Acceptance:

the beneciaries, the donor or other key project stakeholders

accept or reject the product or service delivered
Acceptance occurs after the beneciaries or donor evaluated
the product or service
2 Rework;

is the action taken to bring the rejected product or service into

compliance with the requirements, quality specications or
stakeholder expectations.
is expensive that is why the project must make every eort to
do a good job in quality planning and quality assurance to
avoid the need for rework.
Rework and all the costs associated with it, may not
refundable by the donor.
it is the organization may end up covering those costs.
Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management
Quality Control...Cont"ed

3. Adjustments ;
correct or take the necessary steps to prevent further quality
problems or defects based on quality control measurements.
are identied to the processes that produce the outputs and the
decisions that were taken that lead to the defects and errors.
are changes, taken to the Change Control processes of the
project.
 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Quality Control Tools

There are a couple of good tools that can be used to control

quality on a project,
These are;
cause and eect diagrams,
Pareto charts and
control charts:

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams

also named Ishikawa diagrams named after Kaoru Ishikawa,

a Japanese quality control statistician, who developed the
concept in the 1960s
is considered one of the seven basic tools ( Check sheet;
Graph; Histogram; Pareto chart; Scatter diagram; Control
chart; Cause and eect diagram) of quality management
It is named shbone diagram;
because of their sh-like appearance,
it is an analysis tool that provides a systematic way of looking
at eects, and
the causes that create or contribute to those eects.

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

Cont"ed...The Ishikawa Diagram

The Ishikawa Diagram:

is employed by a problem-solving team, as a tool for
assembling all inputs,
i.e., as to what are the causes of the problem they're
addressing; systematically and graphically, with the inputs
usually coming from a brainstorming session.
It enables the team to focus on;
why the problem occurs, and
symptoms of the problem, or
other topics that digress from the intent of the session.
It also displays;
a real-time 'snap-shot' of the collective inputs of the team as it
is updated
 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Cont"ed...The Ishikawa Diagram

The possible causes are;

presented at various levels of detail in connected branches,
with the level of detail increasing as the branch goes outward,
i.e., an outer branch is a cause of the inner branch it is
attached to.
Thus, the outermost branches usually indicate the root causes
of the problem.

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

Cont"ed...The Ishikawa Diagram
The Ishikawa Diagram:
 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Pareto Charts

Pareto Charts;
based on Pareto's rule,
which states that 80 percent of the problems are often due to
20 percent of the causes.
The assumption is that;
most of the results in any situation are determined by a small
number of causes and helps identify the vital few contributors
that account for most quality problems.
The chart;
Is a form of histogram;
that orders the data by frequency of occurrence;
it shows how many defects were generated by a type of
category of identied cause.

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

Cont"ed...Pareto Charts

For example;
to determine the errors in the collection of beneciary data;
the project team identied ve causes and
for each cause the frequency they contained errors, the data is
plotted as shown in the chart below,
the bars represent each category and the line the cumulative
percentage of the errors,
the chart allows to identify that; 80% of the errors could be
reduced just by improving the collection of data in two
categories
instead of focusing eorts to correct all categories.
 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Cont"ed...Pareto Charts

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management

Control Charts

Control Charts:
is a graphical display of data that illustrates the results of a
process over time,
Its purpose is to prevent defects, rather than detect them or
reject them,
the chart allows to determine ;
whether a process is in control or
out of control over specied length of time.

Control charts are often used;

to monitor the production of large quantities of products,
but can also be used,
to monitor the volume and frequency of errors in documents,
cost and schedule variances and
other items related to project quality management.
 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Cont...Control Charts
The gure below illustrates an example of a control chart;
for the process of controlling the weight of products
manufactured by the beneciaries for sale in international
markets.
The customer has a limit tolerance for defects; these are the
upper and lower control limits in the chart.
Random examination of the products is a must,
to reveal necessary data,
Unbiased,
to properly identies quality indicators such as; Weight, time
and other quality parameters
this helps the project determine actions that were outside the
control limits,
Which help the beneciaries to improve the quality of their
work.
Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management
Cont...Control Charts
 Quality Control_Introduction Cause and Eect Diagram/shbone diagrams
Quality Control Tools Pareto Charts
Control Charts

Cont...Control Charts

Control charts can also be used to the project

management areas , such as;
schedule and budget control,
to determine whether the costs varies or
schedule variances are outside the acceptable limits set by the
donor.

Migbaru A. (PhD) Project Quality Management