UNIT-5 MANOMETER PROBLEMS
Problem 1
A hydraulic press has a ram of 30 cm diameter and a plunger of 4.5 cm
diameter. Find the weight ( W) lifted by the hydraulic press , when the force ( F )
applied at the plunger is 500 N .
Solution :
Area of ram ( A) = 𝜋 D2 = 𝜋 × ( 0.3 )2 = 0.07 m2
4 4
Area of plunger (a ) = 𝜋 d2 = 𝜋 × ( 0.045 )2 = 0.0016 m2
4 4
500
Pressure due to plunger = 𝐹
= = 314465 N / m
2
𝑎 0.0016
Due to Pascal Law , the pressure will be equally transmitted in all direction.
i . e the pressure at ram = 314465 N/ m2
But pressure at ram = W = W
𝑎 0.0016
314465 = W
, W = 22222 N = 22. 222 kN .
0.0016
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Problem 2
The pressure at a point in a fluid is given 3.924 N/cm2. Find the
corresponding height of fluid when the fluid is : ( 1) water , ( 2) oil of sp. gr. 0.9 .
Solution :
P = 3.924 N/cm2 = 3.924 × 104 N /m2
𝜌 3
Soil = 𝜌w𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
, ρoil = Soil ρwater = 0.9 × 1000 = 900 kg / m
.9 4 ×104
(1) P = ρw g hw , hw = = = 4 m water
𝜌w 𝑔 1000 ×9.81
.9 4 × 104
( 2 ) P = ρ oil g hoil , h oil = = = 4.44 m oil
𝜌𝑜i𝑙 𝑔 900 ×9.81
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Problem 3
An open tank contains water up to a depth of 2 m and above it an oil of sp.
gr. 0.9 for a depth 1 m . Find the pressure (1 ) at the interface of the two liquids
and ( 2 ) at the bottom of the tank.
Solution :
( 1 ) At interface :
𝜌𝑜i𝑙
Soil = 𝜌w𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
, ρoil = Soil ρw = 0.9 × 1000 = 900 kg/ m3
P = ρoil g hoil = 900 × 9.81 × 1 = 8829 N / m2
( 2 ) At the bottom ( point B ) :
P = ρw g hw + 8829
P = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 + 8829 = 19620 + 8829 = 28449 N /m2
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Problem 4
The diameter of a small piston and a large piston of a hydraulic jack are 3 cm
and 10 cm respectively. A force of 80 N is applied on a small piston. Find the load
lifted by the large piston , when ( 1 ) the piston are at the same level , ( 2 ) small
piston is 40 cm above the large piston. ( the density of the liquid in the jack is
1000 kg / m3 ).
Solution :
Area of small piston ( a ) = 𝜋 d2 = 𝜋 × 32 = 7.068 cm2
4 4
Area of large piston ( A ) = 𝜋 D2 = 𝜋 × ( 10 )2 = 78.54 cm2
4 4
( 1 ) when the pistons are at the same level :
80
Pressure on small piston = 𝐹
= (1)
𝑎 7.068
W
Pressure on large piston = W
= (2)
𝐴 78.54
pressure on large piston = pressure on small piston
W 80
=
78.54 7.068
W = 888.96 N
( 2 ) when small piston is 40 cm above the large piston :
Pressure on small piston = 80
= 11.32 N/ cm2
7.068
Pressure due to 40 cm of liquid = ρ g h = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.4 N/m2
1000×9.81 ×0.4
= = 0.3924 N/ cm2
104
Pressure at section A – A = 11.32 + 0.3924 = 11.71 N/ cm2
Pressure on large piston = pressure at section A – A
W
= 11.71
78.54
W = 11.71 × 78.54 = 919.7 N
Problem 5
What are the gauge pressure and absolute pressure at a point 3 m below the
free surface of a liquid having a density of 1.53 × 103 kg/m3, if the atmospheric
pressure is equivalent to 750 mm of mercury ? The specific gravity ( S ) of
mercury( Hg ) is 13.6 .
Solution:
Patm. = ρm g hm = 13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.75 = 100062 N/m2
Pgag. = ρL g hL = 1.53 × 103 × 9.81 × 3 = 45028 N/m2
Pabs. = Patm. + Pgag. = 100962 + 45028 = 145090 N/m2
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Problem 6
The right limb ( leg ) of a simple U – tube manometer containing mercury is
open to the atmospheric , while the left limb is connected to a pipe in which a
fluid of [Link].0.9 is flowing. The center of the pipe is 12 cm below the level of
mercury in the right limb. Find the pressure of fluid in the pipe , if the difference
of mercury level in the two limbs is 20 cm.
Solution :
Equating the pressure above A – A in two limbs , we get
P + ρf g hf = ρm g hm
P + 0.9 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.08 = 13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.2
P = 25977 N / m2
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Problem 7 A simple U – tube manometer containing mercury is connected
to a pipe in which a fluid of sp. gr. 0.8 and having vacuum pressure is flowing .
The other end of manometer is open to atmosphere . Find the vacuum pressure
in pipe , if the difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40 cm and the
height of fluid in the left from the center of pipe is 15 cm below.
Solution :
Equating pressures above datum line A – A in two limbs , we get
P + ρ f g hf + ρ m g h m = 0
P + 0.8 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.15 + 13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.4 = 0
P = - 54543.6 N / m2
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Problem 8
A U - tube manometer is used to measure the pressure of water in a pipe line,
which is in excess of atmospheric pressure. The limb of manometer contains
mercury and is open to atmosphere . The contact between water and mercury is
in the left limb. Determine the pressure of water in the main line , if the
difference in level of mercury in the limbs of U- tube is 10 cm and the free
surface of mercury is in level with the center of the pipe . If the pressure of water
in pipe line is reduced to 9810 N/m2 , calculate the new difference in the level of
mercury.
Solution :
Case ( 1) : Pressures at B = Pressures at C
PA + ρw g hw = ρm g hm
PA + 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1 = 13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1
PA = 12360.6 N / m2
Case ( 2 ) :
If the value of PA is becomes is 9810 N/ m2 , i.e is less than the 12360.6 N/m2,
hence mercury in left limb will rise , this rise of mercury in the left limb is equal
to the fall of mercury in the right limb, because the volume of mercury remains
same .
Let X rise of mercury in left limb in cm , the points B , C and D , show the
initial conditions whereas points B ٭, C ٭and D ٭show the final conditions .
Pressure at B = ٭Pressure at C٭
PA + ρw g hw = ρm g hm
9810 + 1000 × 9.81 × ( 10−𝗑 ) = 13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × ( 10−2𝗑 )
100 100
X = 1 cm
New difference of mercury = 10 – 2x = 10 – 2 × 1 = 8 cm .
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Problem 9
A single column manometer is connected to a pipe containing a liquid of sp.
gr. 0.9 . Find the pressure in the pipe , if the area of the reservoir is 100 times the
area of the tube for the manometer reading . The sp. [Link] mercury is 13.6.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜i𝑟 𝐴
= = 100
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟i𝑔𝑡 𝑙i𝑚𝑏 𝑎
Consider the datum Y –Y , and equating the pressure of two sides :
PA + ρ1 g ( h1 + Δh ) = ρ2 g ( h2 + Δh )
PA = ρ2g ( h2 +Δh ) – ρ1g ( h1 + Δh )
P A = ρ2 g h2 + ρ2 g Δh – ρ1gh1 – ρ1g Δh
PA = Δh ( ρ2 g – ρ1g ) + ρ2 gh2 – ρ1 g h1
But , A Δh = a h2
Δh = 𝑎2
𝐴
P = 𝑎2 (ρ g -ρ g) +ρgh –ρgh
A 2 1 2 2 1 1
𝐴
0.4
PA = ( 13600 × 9.81 - 900 × 9.81 ) + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.4
100
- 900 × 9.81 × 0.2
P A = 52134 N / m2
Problem 10
A differential manometer is connected at the two points A and B of two
pipes. The pipe A contains a liquid of sp. gr. 1.5 while pipe B contains a liquid of
sp. gr. 0.9. The pressures at A and B are 1 kgf / cm2 and 1.8 kgf /cm2 respectively.
Find the difference in mercury level in the differential manometer ( h ) .
Solution :
PA = 1 kgf / cm2 = 1 × 104 kgf / m2 = 1× 104 × 9.81 N / m2
( because 1 kgf = 9.81 N )
PB = 1.8 × 104 × 9.81 N /m2
Taking X - X as datum line
PA +ρA g ( 3 + 2 ) + ρm g h = PB + ρB g ( 2 + h )
1 × 104 × 9.81 + 1500 × 9.81 × 5 + 13600 × 9.81 × h = 1.8 × 104 × 9.81
+ 900 × 9.81 ( 2 + h)
h = 0.181 m = 18.1 cm
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Problem 11
A differential manometer is connected at the two points A and B as shown in
Fig. At B air pressure is 9.81 N/cm2 ( abs. ) . Find the absolute pressure at A .
Solution :
PB = 9.81 × 104 N / m2
Taking datum line at X - X
PA + ρoil g × 0.2 + ρm g × 0.1 = PB + ρw g × 0.6
PA + 900 × 9.81 × 0.2 + 13600 × 9.81 × 0.1 = 9.81 × 104
+1000×9.81×0.6
PA = 88876.8 N / m2
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Problem 12
Water is flowing through two different pipes to which an inverted differential
manometer having an oil of [Link]. 0.8 is connected. The pressure head in the pipe
A is 2 m of water. Find the pressure in the pipe B for the manometer reading as
shown in Fig. ?
Solution :
PA = ρw g h = 1000 × 9.81 × 2 = 19620 N / m2
Equating the pressures in two sides , below X - X ,
PA – ρw g hw = PB - ρw g hw - ρoil g hoil
19620 – 1000 × 9.81 × 0.3 = PB – 1000 × 9.81 × 0.1 – 800 × 9.81×0.12
PB = 18599.76 N / m2
Problem 13
An inverted differential manometer is connected to two pipes A and B which
convey . The fluid in manometer is oil of [Link]. 0.8. For the manometer reading ,
find the pressure difference between A and B .
Solution :
Equating the pressures in two sides , below X - X ,
PA – ρw g hw = PB – ρw g hw – ρoil g hoil
PA - 1000×9.81× 0.3 = PB - 1000×9.81× 0.3 – 800 ×9.81× 0.2
PA - 2943 = PB - 4512.6
PB - PA = 4512.6 - 2943 = 1569.6 N / m2
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