Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 1.1 6. Identify the pattern and write the next 2

terms.
1. Mathematics also helps in cooking, shopping,
playing games and managing money. (a) 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21
2. It provides tools and framework for problem (adding 4 to previous term)
solving, critical thinking and applying math (b) 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
in real-life situations. (multiplying previous term by 2)
3. (a) Counting numbers. (c) 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (cubes of counting numbers)
Pictorial representation. (d) 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
2 3 4 5 6
5 6 7
(reciprocal of counting numbers)
7. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28
(b) Odd numbers
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
Pictorial representation.
9 11 13 These are called triangular numbers as the
number of dots representing then can be
arranged to form a triangle .
(c) Even numbers 8. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14
Pictorial representation.
10 12 14
These are called square numbers as the
number of dots representing then can be
4. (a) 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 arranged to form a square .
(adding 4, 5, 6) 9. 1, 8, 27, 64…
(b) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 13, 23, 33, 43…
(sum of previous two terms) These numbers are cubes of counting
(c) 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19 numbers.
(adding 3 to previous terms) 10th term = 103 = 1000.
(d) 1, 9, 25, 49, 81, 121, 169 10. 8, 13, 21, 34, x, 89.
(squares of old numbers) Let the missing term be x.
5. 2n – 1 ⇒ 34 + x = 89
1st term, put n = 1 to get 2.1 – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1 ⇒ x = 89 – 34
2nd term, put n = 2 to get 2.2 – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3 ⇒ x = 55
3rd term, put n = 3 to get 2.3 – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5 11. (a) Triangular numbers
4th term, put n = 4 to get 2.4 – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7
5th term, put n = 5 to get 2.5 – 1 = 10 – 1 = 9
1 3 6 10 15
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 (b) Square numbers 2. Draw a square grid picture to find the value
of 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 9 + 10 + 9 + … + 3 + 2 + 1

1
1 4 9 16 25
2
3

(c) 4
5

6
12. 4th term, additional dots = 13
7
Next pentagonal number = 22 + 13 = 35
8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S ince, 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9 + 10 + 9 + ... + 3 + 2 +
1 = 100.
The greatest counting number in the

Exercise 1.2 sequence is 10. Therefore the sum of the
1. (i) 1 + 2 + 1 sequence is 10 × 10 = 100.
Generalising it, since the greatest number
1 in the sequence: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99 + 100 +
;1+2+1 = 22
99 + ... + 3 + 2 + 1 is 100, ∴ the sum of the
1 2 sequence is 100 × 100 = 10000.
3. Adding all 1’s sequence up:
(ii) 1 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 1
1, 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, ... we get 1,
2, 3, 4 ... i.e., counting numbers.
1
2 Adding all 1’s sequence up and down:
2;1+2+3+2+1=9=3
1, 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, ... we get 1, 3,
1 2 3 5, ... i.e., we get sequence of odd numbers.
4. On adding pairs of consecutive triangular
(iii) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 numbers, we get square numbers. i.e., 4, 9,
16, 25, ... pictorial explanation:
1
2;1
 +2+3 +4+3+2+1
3 = 16 = 42 , , , ...
1+3
1 2 3 4 3+6
6 + 10
The LHS of each is obtained by adding the
5. Sequence of triangular number: 1, 3, 6, 10,
dots diagonally and RHS are the square
15, ...
numbers as shown in the above figures.
Multiplying by 6 and adding 1: 7, 19, 37, 61,
91, ... i.e., central hexagonal numbers.
2
Pictorial Explanation (e) Koch Snowflake:
The number of line segments in each
shape of the Koch snowflake follows the
sequence 3, 12, 48, 192,…
Which is 3 times powerful
(1) Start with equilateral triangle with 3
line segments.
1×6+1 3×6+1 6×6+1
(2) Now replace each line segment with 4
6. Triangular numbers
smaller segments, .
i.e., 3 × 4 = 12 line segments.
1 1+2 1+2+3 1+2+3+4 (3) Replace 12 segments with 4 smaller
segments, i.e., 12 × 4 = 48 line
Exercise 1.3 segments and so on.
1. (a) Regular Polygons: 2. Number sequence formed by the number of
Equilateral triangle (3 sides) angles in a regular polygon is 3, 4, 5, 6…
Square (4 sides) Yes, it is same sequence which is formed by
counting the number of sides of the regular
Pentagon (5 sides)
polygon because number of sides of the
Hexagon (6 sides) regular polygon is equal to number of angles.
Heptagon (7 sides) 3. Complete graph of K6.
Octagon (8 sides) 1 2

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 …
Note: Counting the vertices (corners) of 6 3
polygons, we get the same sequence of
numbers.
5 4
(b) Complete Graph:
1 is connected to 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
The sequence formed by the number of
2 is connected to 3, 4, 5, 6
edges is 1, 3, 6, 10…
3 is connected to 4, 5, 6
These are same as triangular numbers.
4 is connected to 5, 6
(c) Stacked Squares:
5 is connected to 6
The sequence of stacked square is 1, 4, 9,
16, 25… It has 15 edges (i.e., 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
These are sequence of square numbers Each vertex is connected to 5 edges
formed by counting the number of unit 4. The sequence of the number of small squares
squares. is 1, 4, 9, 16.
(d) Stacked Triangles: The formula for the nth term = n2 = n × n
The square of stacked triangles is 1, 4, 9, Where n is a natural number.
16, … 5. 2 × 1, 2 × 4, 2 × 9, 2 × 16, ...
This is formed by, the number of small i.e., 2, 8, 18, 36, ...
triangles in sequence of stacked triangles.
4th figure = 2 (42) = 32
These are same as square numbers. 5th figure = 2 (52) = 50
6. 27 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 1 × 768 = 256 cm.
3 3 3 3

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Review Exercises Let’s Evaluate
Multiple Choice Questions 1. (a) 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 (adding 50)
1. (b) 8 + 13 = 21 (b) 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024 (Multiplying by 4)
2. (c) triangular numbers: (c) 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 (square numbers)
1, 1 + 2 , 1 + 2 + 3, ... (d) 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16 (adding counting number)
2. (a) , , ,
i.e., 1, 3, 6 ...
(number of D‘s keep increasing by 1)
3. (d) bunch of litchis
4. (d) 28 (Sequence of triangular numbers) (b)
a6 = 15 + 6 = 21, a7 = 21 + 7 = 28
(number of points on the circle keeps
5. (b) hexagon increasing by 1)
6. (b) 48 (number of line segments = 3 × 4 × 4) 3. Number of small triangles = 9
7. (b) 441 (sum of n terms = n2, so S21 = (21)2) Number of mid size triangles = 3
8. (c) 10 number of edges = Number of large triangle = 1
n(n  1) 5  4 = 10) Total number of triangle = 9 + 3 + 1 = 13

2 2 4. 49
9. (d) Centered hexagonal numbers. (1, 7, 19) 1

2
Solve Mentally
3
True or False
4
1. False (as square number 4 is not a triangular
number) 5
2. True 6
3. True
4. False (∴ angles are not equal) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
5. True Sum of dots = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... 6 + 7 + 6 + ... + 1
6. True = 49 (7 × 7 square grid)
5. Regular hexagon; regular polygons
Fill in the Blanks
1. 89 (55 + x = 144, x = 144 – 55 = 8)
2. Nine (∵ 92 = 81)
3. Octagon

4. 3072 (= 3 × 45)
Regular pentagon Regular heptagon
 n(n  1) 9  8 
5. 36  K 9    36 Competency-based Questions
 2 2 
1. (a) Number sequence of pieces = 1, 4, 7, 10, ...
6. 16 (To obtain the next term of the different
(b) Number of pieces after nth cuts = 3n – 2
sequence we have to add).
Number of pieces after 10th cuts = 3 × 10
∴ The terms are 4, 7, 10, 13
= 30.
2. (a) 5 hexagons = 6 + 4 × 5 = 26 needles.
10 hexagons = 6 + 9 × 5 = 51 needles

4
 (b) n hexagons = 6 + (n – 1) 5 = 5n + 6 – 5 figure. As the number of steps continues
= (5n + 1) needles. indefinitely. The areas of black triangles
3. The corresponding number sequence approaches zero.
formed. Case Study
1st sequence: The number of cubes increases 1. To draw the complete graph,
by 1 in every figure. Team (A, B, C, D, E, F) represent as a vertex if a
Thus the sequence = 1, 2, 3, 4 hexagon connect each vertex to every other
2nd sequence: The number of visible faces vertex with an edge.
increases by 6 in next figure. E D
Thus the sequence = 1, 4, 7, 10
4. (a) In Fig. 1, we have 1 black triangle. F C
In Fig. 2, we have 3 black triangles.
In Fig. 3, we have 9 black triangles. A B
In Fig. 4, we have 27 black triangles. 2. Number of edges = 15
From this, we come to know that the Alternately, we can use the formula n (n – 1),
black triangles becomes three times in 2
each successive figure. where n is the number of teams.
3 3
6 (6  1) 65
So in figure 5 we have 27 × 3 = 81 black So,  = 15 matches.
2 2
triangles.
(b) The area of Sierpinski triangles 3. Number of games played by each team is 5. If
approaches zero as the process continues captain of team A gets injured after playing
indefinitely. the first two matches.
The reason for this is at each stage, we He would miss 3 matches.
remove certain D‘s and the remaining
area is 3
4 th times the area of the previous

5
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 2.1 6. (a) There are 3 line segments.

1. (a) Only one line can be drawn passing These are PQ, QR and RP.
P
through two points P and Q.
B
(b) (i) If the points are collinear – only one
line can pass through three points P, Q
and R.
(b) l
(ii) If the points are not collinear then no Q R

line can be drawn passing through

them. A

2. An infinite number of lines can be drawn Two rays are possible starting from R and
through the point O. parallel to PQ.
→ →
Also an infinite number of rays can be drawn 7. (a) Rays OB and OC are same, because they
starting from O. start from same point 0 and are in the
3. Only one line can be drawn passing through same direction.
the point P and parallel to line AB.
A
4. Line segments in the given figure are PQ, QT,
QR and RS.
(a) Points P, T and S lie on one line segment. O B C

(b) R lies on two line segments QR and RS. (b) O, B and C are three collinear points.
(c) Q lies on three line segments PQ, QT and (c) A, O, B and three non collinear points.
QR. → →
(d) Rays OC and OA having same starting
N point O.
S
5. (a) → →
Ray OC is not longer than ray OA as rays
have infinity length.
O R T 8. (a) Point – tip of pen
(b) Line segment – The edge of desk
N (c) Line – Sides of a ruler on extending on
(b) S
both sides.
(d) Ray – A light beam from an LCD projector
O R T 9. (a) P A B Q
(a) Darken O, R, T as shown
→ → → I
(b) Colour ON in green; RS or RT in purple
O
(b) m

6
 n m
O
P

P

l
Q R
(d) Door
Yes, there are 3 points of intersection P, Q, Vertex – O, P.
and R. Rays – Along the edges of the door and
A D the panel.
(c) Arc – Drawn between the door and the
panel.
O
C B

10. (a) Longest line segment is AC.

(b) No, because rays have no definite length.
(c) Two rays can be drawn from point B P
parallel to line l in opposite directions.
(e) Frame
These rays will constitute a line because a
Vertex – D, A, B, C
line extends infinitely in both directions.
→ →
11. (a) line segment RS Rays – DA , DC
→ → → →
(b) RB and SD AD , AB
→ → → →
RA and SC BA , BC
→ →
Exercise 2.2 CD , CB
1. (a) Double ladder Arc – Drawn between the edges.
O D A

C B
A B → → (f ) Table
Two rays OA, OB
Vertex – O
(b) Divider
O → →
Rays – OP , OQ
Arc – Drawn between the edges.
x y→ → P Q
Two rays OX , OY O

(c) Folding partition divider

Vertex – The point where the two panel 2. (a) True
of the divider meet O, P. (b) False – as point is dimensionless
Rays – Along the edges of the panel. (c) False – a line has indefinite length
Arc – Drawn between the panel. (d) False – a ray extends indefinitely in one
direction
(e) False – only one line can pass through
two given points

7
 (f ) False – infinite points lie on a line segment 4. Greatest = ∠A; Smallest = ∠C
A
5. By observation we know ∠BOC > ∠AOC
∴ ∠AOD coincides with ∠BOC
E
∴ ∠AOD = ∠BOC
3. Exercise 2.4
D B
1. Descending order of magnitudes.
∠RQP, ∠DOC, ∠AOB, ∠XYZ
C
i.e., (∠3 > ∠2 > ∠1 > ∠4)
(a) 10; AB, BC, CD, DE, EA, AD, AC, BE, BD, EC 2. (a) Do it yourself (Show ∠1 = ∠2 = ∠3)
(b) Do it yourself (Show ∠P = ∠Q = ∠R = ∠S)
(b) four
3. All figures other than quadrilateral are
regular polygons. Verify all angles of a regular
polygon are equal.
Exercise 2.5
4. ;
1. Do by tracing paper yourself. (CD > AB)
2. Sides:
AB = 2.7 cm, BC = 2.2 cm, CA = 3.5 cm
Minimum points = 1   Maximum points = 3 (a) AB + BC > CA
2.7 + 2.2 = 4.9
∠QOP Q
P CA = 3.5 cm.
5. ∠QOA ∠BOQ Thus statement is true.
A O
AB + BC > CA, i.e., 4.9 > 3.5
Exercise 2.3 (b) BC + CA > AB
1. Ascending order: ∠XYZ, ∠PQR, ∠RST, ∠AOB.
2.2 + 3.5 = 5.7 cm
O B
P AB = 2.7 cm
Thus statement is true.
A BC + CA > AB, i.e., 5.7 > 2.7
Q R
(c) CA + AB > BC
R
3.5 + 2.7 = 6.2 cm
X Z
BC = 2.2 cm
Thus statement is true.
T
S CA + AB > BC, i.e., 6.2 > 2.2
Y
2. (a) ∠ROU Verify using a ruler (sum of two sides of a ∆ is
(b) ∠SOU greater than the third side.)
3. By tracing – ∠QRS = Acute angle. Exercise 2.6
∠SPQ = Right angle.
1. Rewrite the given alphabets label the
Also ∠QRS lies in the interior of ∠ SPQ
vertices and use different coloured sketch
∴ ∠ QRS < ∠ SPQ
pens to darken the rays containing each type
Hence Raman’s claim is not correct. Priya is of angles.
correct.
8
 (a) acute angles ∠1, ∠3 Relation: ∠AOB and ∠BOC are adjacent
(b) right angles ∠5, ∠6, ∠8, ∠9 angles and ∠AOB + ∠BOC = ∠AOC
(c) obtuse angles ∠4 7. ∠LOM = 60°
∠MON ∠LON – ∠LOM = 125° – 60° = 65°
(d) straight angles ∠7
∠LON = 125°
(e) reflex angles ∠2
7 8. Yes, ∴∠1 = ∠360° – obtuse angle formed at O
A C E ∴∠1 = ∠235°
5 6
8 Also, ∠2 = 360°– acute angle formed at O
B D
1 3 F G
4 9 hence, ∠2 = 349°
2
9. (i) Triangle
R R ∠P = 60°
2. Q Q R P Q ∠Q = 60°
P P
∠R = 60°
S S Sum of angles
(a) (b) (c)
∠P + ∠Q + ∠R = 60° + 60° + 60° = 180°
3. (a) (ii)
Conclusion – Sum of angles of triangle is
(b) (iii) 180°
(c) (v) (ii) Quadrilateral
(d) (i) ∠A = 85°
(e) (iv) ∠B = 65°
4. We can use method of superimposition ∠C = 115°
or circular tracing paper to know ∠PQR is ∠D = 95°
greater than ∠AOB. Sum of angle
B ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D
5. (a) = 85° + 65° + 115° + 95° = 360°
A Conclusion – The sum of angles of
O quadrilateral is 360°.
10. Sum of angles: A
∠AOB = 90°.

∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
Q
(b)
A C
O P B C
∠POQ = 108°.
11.
Y
O B
(c)
O X Verify that ∠AOB = ∠AOC + ∠COB
We do not need to measure all the 12. (a) 1 of a revolution clockwise N
angles, as in a regular polygon all angles 4
are equal. = East
6. ∠AOB = 30° (b) 1 of a revolution W E
∠BOC = 90° 2
∠AOC = 120° anticlockwise = South
(c) one revolution = North S

9
13. Hands of a clock stops at: 21. Supplement
(a) 9 (a) 30°, 60°
(b) 3 = Complementary because 30° + 60° =
(c) 3 90°
14. (a) 150° (b) 57°, 33°
(b) 90° = Complementary because 33° + 57° =
90°
(c) 105°
(c) 111°, 69°
15. acute = 35°, 67.5°, 89.5°
= Supplementary because 111° + 69°
obtuse = 110°, 135°
= 180°
right = 90°
(d) 44°, 46°
straight = 180° = Complementary because 44° + 46° =
reflex = 270°, 350° 90°
zero angle = 0° (e) 119°, 61°
16. It turns 90° clockwise (right angle) towards = Supplementary because 119° + 61°
North. = 180°
N (f ) 155°, 25°
= Supplementary because 155° + 25°
= 180°
W E
Review Exercises
S Multiple Choice Questions
17. A full turn = 4 right angles 1. (d) infinite
A half turn = 2 right angles 2. (a) 1

So three and a half turn = 3 × 4 + 1 × 4 = 12 + 3. (b) acute
2 2
4. (b) 120°, 160°
= 14 right angles 5. (d) 45°
18. (a) Estimate = 110° (estimate may vary) 6. (b) 2 right angles
Actual measure = 120° 7. (b) 150°
(b) Estimate = 60° 8. (c) 115°
Actual measure = 60° 9. (a) 30°, 60°
19. Complement of 10. (d) 12
(a) 60° is 90° – 60° = 30° 11. (a) 360°
(b) 62° is 90° – 82° = 8° 12. (c) P, S, Q
(c) 25° is 90° – 25° = 65° 13. (c) 30°
20. Supplement of 14. (d) 120°, 60°
(a) 168° is 180° – 168° = 12°
(b) 62° is 180° – 62° = 118°
15. (b)
(c) 5° is 180° – 5° = 175°

10
Solve Mentally (c) through 3 points a line cannot be
guaranteed.
True or False (d) one line
1. False – a point is dimensionless. 3. No, it is not possible to find the midpoint of a
2. False – a ray extends in one direction endlessly. line because a line does not have endpoints.
3. False – a ray does’nt have fixed length. 4. Acute angle: = 10°, 55°
4. True Obtuse angle: = 135°, 130°, 179.5°
5. True – because it is endless. Right angle: = 90°
6. False – there are infinite points between two Straight angle: = 180°
points. Zero angle: = 0°
7. True Reflex angle: = 270°, 250°
8. False – concurrent lines intersect each other
Complete = 360°
in same fixed point.
5. Measure Type
9. True
10. False – Sum of two acute angles 70° and 80° is 180° Straight angle
150° which is obtuse. 90° Right angle
11. True 45° Acute angle
12. True 270° Reflex angle

Fill in the Blanks 6. Yes (a ∆ with angles 1°, 9° and 170°.)

7. (a) one
1. no
2. two (b) one
3. line segment 8. Octagon is a polygon with 8 sides.
4. Infinite The formula to calculate the sum of interior
5. rotation angles is (n – 2) × 180°. (When n is number of
6. parallel, intersecting sides)
7. triangle Since octagon has 8 sides.
8. diameter Sum = (8 – 2) × 180°
9. 1, 6 = 6 × 180°
10. 4 = 1080°
11. equal Therefore the sum of the angles of an octagon
is 1080°.
Let’s Evaluate
9. (a) If the circle is divided into 6 parts.
1. True or False
1 part = 360° = 60°
(a) True 6
(b) True x = 2 parts = 60° × 2 = 120°
(c) False – The lines can be neither parallel y = 1 parts = 60°
nor concurrent. (b) If the circle is divided into 9 parts.
(d) False – A ray has only one point. 360°
1 part = 9 = 40°
(e) True
y = 3 parts = 3 × 40° = 120°
2. (a) infinite
x = 1 parts = 40°
(b) one

11
10. (i) Total number of small triangles = 9. 3. Type of Angles Angles Marked in Picture
Each triangle is having 3 acute angles Acute ∠5
Total number of acute angles = 9 × 3 = 27 Obtuse ∠1, ∠3
(ii) If ∠DFL some as ∠BFM or ∠AFG Right ∠4
Yes, because these vertex angles have Reflex ∠2
same F and same arms.
Integrated Learning
(iii) No, These different angles having the
1. (i) Number of acute angles:
same measure.
P = 1, Q = 2, R = 2, S = 1.
Competency-based Questions (ii) Number of obtuse angles:
1. (b) 2 P = 1, Q = 1, R = 2, S = 0.
2. (a) Acute: ∠R, ∠P (iii) Number of right angles:
(b) Obtuse: ∠Q P = 2, Q = 0, R = 0, S = 1.
(c) Right: ∠S (iv) Number of reflex angles:
(d) Reflex: ∠U, ∠T P = 0, Q = 0, R = 0, S = 0, T = 1
(e) Straight: ∠V (only 1 reflex angle in T.)

12
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 3.1 this arrange them in order of increasing

weight this way, no pyramids will have
1. Yes, the sequence will be different from the
a heavier neighbour, resulting in a
earlier one. The earlier sequence was based
sequence of 0’s.
on the number of shorter sports persons
adjacent to a player, the while this one is (c) 
No, it is not possible to arrange the
based on the number of taller sports persons pyramids in a line so that the sequence
adjacent to a player. has four 0’s followed by a 1.
(a) No, one sports persons cannot be arrange (d) 
Yes, the number assigned would be
themselves so that the boxes at the ends different if it represents the number of
have ones or two. Because the person taller cones as it neighbour.
at each end will always have only me Exercise 3.2
adjacent person, so they can only have
a maximum of me taller person next to 1. 47 87 39 64 98 73 95
them.
(b) No, the Sports persons cannot be arrange 2. 410 508 401 140 143 104
themselves of form the sequence 1,1,1,
1,1,1,1 because if players have different (i) The biggest number is 508
heights there will always be at least (ii) The smallest number is 104
one person who is taller than both their Which is not odd because odd digit have 1 at
adjacent neighbors, insulting in a box ones place.
with a value of 2 in the sequence.
3. 26 45 34 72 19
2. (a) Sequence denoting the number of taller
neighbors 1, 0, 2, 0, 1 56 62 27 90 57
(b)  Sequence denoting the number of
shorter neighbors 0, 2, 0, 2, 0 45 67 31 45 22
(c) The sum of corresponding terms of the 56 23 52 77 69
two sequence is 1, 2, 2, 2, 1 4 . You can use any number
 Yes, there is a pattern the sum of Do it yourself
the corresponding terms of the two
sequences is always equal to the number 12078 87201 27108 71028
of neighbours.
One neighbour on each side i.e., one to 10287 12708 70218 18207
the left and one to the right and the end
trees have only one neighbours. 18720 10782 70182 17802
3. (a) The sequence based on the weight of the
pyramid, from lightest to heaviest would 18702 10872 12087 10728
be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
(a) The greatest number in the table is 87201.
(b) Yes, we can arrange the pyramids in a
line to get a sequence of all 0’s. To do (b) Smallest even number in the table is
10287.
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 (c) Prime number (known) No prime number, Exercise 3.4
To check if a number is prime, divide by 2 1. (a) 1, 2, 3, - - - , 500 → 500 numbers
up to the square root of that number.
(b) 7, 8, 9, 10, - - - , 111 → 111 numbers
Exercise 3.3 (c) 342, 343, 344, - - - , 642 → 301 numbers
1.
20 250 380
280 540 (d) 10, 20, 30, 40, - - - , 500 → 50 numbers
100 200 300 400 500 600 2. 90,000 → 5 digit numbers
100 3. 900 → 3 digit numbers
Gap = = 20
5 900
120, 250, 380, 540 Even (3 digit numbers) half = = 450
2
2. (a) 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006
4. 2 digit numbers = 90
(b) 2 digit prime numbers = 21
690 700 710 720 730 740 750
P
2 digit composite numbers = 65
3. (a) So more composite 2 digit numbers
1000 3000 5000
5. 4 digit numbers = 9000
P = 3000.
Q R 3 digit numbers = 900
(b)
100 200 300 400 500
There are 8100 more 4 digit number
Q = 200 compared to 3 digit numbers
R = 300 8100
Odd numbers = = 4050
S 2
(c) 6. There are seven such numbers.
40 50 60
S = 60 This gives us 1 and 6, 2 and 5, 3 and 4, 7 and
T U V 0.
(d) i.e., - 16, 25, 34, 82, 43, 52, 61 and 70.
2 3 4 5 6
T = 3 The smallest = 16
U = 5 Greatest = 70
V = 6 7. (a) The smallest number whose sum of the
4. (a) 45 digits is 17 is 89.
40 41 42 43 44

Smallest = 40 (b) The greatest 3-digit number whose sung

the digits its 17 is 980.
Largest = 45
(c) You can form an infinitely large number.
(b)
120 130 140 150 160 170 Whose sum of the digit is 17.
Smallest = 120  For example: 98 followed by any numbers
Largest = 170 of zero.
(c) 30
8. 20 times
5 10 15 20 25 35 40
(7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 70, 71, 72,
Smallest = 5
73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79)
Largest = 40
9. Largest number = 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(d) 92400 92450 92500 92560 92600 Smallest number = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Smallest = 92400 Sum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Largest = 92600 yes, the sum of digits same.
It is 45.

14
Exercise 3.5 (b) 540 (Number)
1. (ii) 44 (iv) 373 045 (Reverse)
(vi) 13831 (vii) 2005002 585 (Palindromic)
A palindromic number to one which remains
the same when its digits are reversed, (c) 491 (Number)
194 (Reverse)
2. The next two palindromic years after 2002
are 2020 and 2112. 685 (Sum)
3. 997 586 (Reverse)
1271 (Sum)
4. (a) 14 (Number)
1721 (Reverse)
41 (Reverse)
2992 (Palindromic)
55 Palindromic (1 time)

(b) 37 (Number) Reversing and adding numbers usually

results in a Palindromic. But not always.
73 (Reverse)
110 (Sum)
6. (a) L = 7651  L= 8640
011 (Reverse) S= –1567 S= –4068
121 Palindromic (2 time) N= 6084 N= 4572

L= 7542  L= 8550
(c) 59 (Number) S= –2457 S= –5058
95 (Reverse) N= 5085 N= 3492
154 (Sum)
451 (Reverse) L= 9432  L= 8730
605 (Sum) S= –2349 S= –3078
506 (Reverse) N= 7083 N= 5652
1111 Palindromic (3 time)
L= 6552  L= 9963
S= –2556 S= –3699
(d) 63 (Number) N= 3996 N= 6264
36 (Reverse)
L= 6642  L= 7641
99 Palindromic (1 time)
S= –2466 S= –1467
(e) 91 (Number) N= 4196 N= 6174
19 (Reverse) We reached the Kaprekar constant in 10
110 (Sum) rounds
011 (Reverse) (b) 6006
121 Palindromic (2 time) L= 6600  L= 9540
S= –6006 S= –4059
5. (a) 172 (Number)
N= 0594 N= 5481
271 (Reverse)
443 (Sum)
L= 8541  L= 8730
344 (Reverse)
S= –1458 S= –3078
787 (Palindromic)
N= 7083 N= 5652

15

L= 6552  L= 9963 Exercise 3.6
S= –2556 S= –3699 1. The digital watch shows a time. 10:10
N= 3996 N= 6264 It is a palindromic time.
After that the next one 11 : 11 occurring after

L= 6642  L= 7641 61 minutes.
S= –2466 S= –1467 2. 3:33 — Palindrome and Repeated digits
N= 4176 N= 6174 12:12 — Repeated digits
23:23 — Repeated digits.
We reached the Kaprekar constant in 8
rounds 15:51 — Palindrome
(c) 4601 11:11 — Palindrome and Repeated
21:12 — Palindrome
L= 6410  L= 6543
13:31 — Palindrome
S= –1046 S= –3456
13:13 — Repeated digits
N= 5364 N= 3087
09:09 — Repeated digits

L= 8730  L= 6552 05:50 — Palindrome
S= –3078 S= –2556 04:44 — Palindrome and Repeated
N= 5652 N= 3996 3. Largest 4 digits = 12 : 59
Smallest 4 digits = 00 : 00
L= 9963  L= 6642
Sum = 12 : 59
S= –3699 S= –2466
N= 6264 N= 4176
Largest 4 digits = 12 : 59
Smallest 4 digits = 00 : 00
L= 7641
Difference = 12 : 59
S= –1467
N= 6174 4. (a) 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 1
We reached the Kaprekar constant in 7
rounds (b) 1 3 0 2 2 0 3 1
(d) 7159
L= 9751  L= 8721 (c) 2 7 0 2 2 0 7 2
S= –1579 S= –1278
5. Last palindromic date September 2, 2092
N= 8172 N= 7443 (09-02-2092) of the 21st century, (09-02-2092)
in format (DD/Month/Year)
L= 7443  L= 9963
6. No, 20-09-2009 is not a palindromic date.
S= –3447 S= –3699
Yes, 02-02-2020 is a palindromic date is
N= 3996 N= 6264 common in both date format (12-02-2021) is
palindromic date.
L= 6642  L= 7641
7. (a) 14 different calendars
S= –2466 S= –1467
7 for non leap years. Starting on each day
N= 4176 N= 6174 of the week.
We reached the Kaprekar constant in 6 7 for leap years starting on each day of
rounds the week.

16
 (b) 2 different February calendars. (iii) 5 digits number = 10000
One for a regular year, and one for a leap 3 digits number = 999
year with 29 days.
Difference 4- digits number = 9001
We should prepare 14 types of February
Calendars to serve all the possibilities in (iv) 5 digits number = 99999
future. 3 digits number = 10000
(c) To cover all future years with tune Sum smallest 5- digits number = 1 0 9 9 9 9
calendar, we print one calendar because
4. (a) Sometimes true
the arrangement of days within the
mount of June will always be the same (b) Sometimes true
(30 days) regardless of the year. (c) Never true
The single June calendar can be used for (d) Never true
any future year by simply adjusting which
Exercise 3.8
day of the week the month start on.
1. 3 4 5 1 2 Number of dots
Exercise 3.7
5 1 4 2 3 Now add 1st column
1.
2 5 1 3 4 3 + 4 + 5 + 1 + 2 = 15
20000
4 2 3 5 1 Now we have 6 column
49000 28000
1 3 2 4 5 i.e., 15 × 6 = 90
8000
20000 + 20000 + 8000
+ 500 + 500
13245
So the total number dots in the given figure
21000 500 9300 = 90
(20000 + 500 + 500) The easier way to calculate the sum is multiply
300 (8000 + 500 + 500 + 300)
2. (1) There are Twenty two 8’s in the table and
2. 22 × 8 = 176
20000 12000 5000 300 700 (2) There are seven 16’s in the table and 7 ×
16 = 112
7600 20400 23000 2400
Also add the both 8’s, and 16’s in
So the sum 176 + 112 = 288
5000 + 300 + 700 + 300 20000 + 5000 – 300
+ 700 + 300 + 300 – 700 – 300 – 700
The sum of all the numbers in the table is
288.
20000 + 700 – 300 700 + 700 + 700 + 300
Exercise 3.9
3. Give
1. (a) 12
(i) 4 digits number = 9999 12
4 digits number = 9999 12 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =6
2
Sum 5 digits number = 1 9 9 9 8 6 is even, divide by i.e., 6 = 3
2
(ii) 4 digits number = 6789 3 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 = 3 ×
3 = 9 + 1 = 10
4 digits number = 6690
10
Difference a greatest 10 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =5
2
2- digits number = 99 5 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 = 5 ×
3 = 15 + 1 = 16

17
 16 116
16 is even divide by 2 i.e., =8 116 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 58
2 2
8 58
8 is even divide by 2 i.e., = 4 58 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 29
2 2
4
4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 2 29 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
2
i.e., 29 × 3 = 87 + 1 = 88
2
2 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 1 88
2 88 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 44
So, 12 is collatz conjecture. 2
44
(b) 512 44 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 22
2
512
512 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 256 22
2 22 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 11
2
256
256 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 128 11 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
2
i.e., 11 × 3 = 33 + 1 = 34
128
128 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 64 34
2 34 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 17
64 2
64 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 32 17 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
2
i.e., 17 × 3 = 51 + 1 = 52
32
32 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 16 52
2 52 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 26
2
16
16 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =8 26
2 26 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 13
2
8
8 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 4 13 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
2
i.e., 13 × 3 = 39 + 1 = 40
4
4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 2 40
2 40 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 20
2
2
2 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 1 20
2 20 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 10
2
So, 512 is collatz conjecture. 10
(c) 204 10 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =5
2
204 5 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
204 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 102
2
i.e., 5 × 3 = 15 + 1 = 16
102 16
102 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 51 16 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =8
2 2
51 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
8
i.e., 51 × 3 = 153 + 1 = 154 8 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 4
2
154
154 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 77 4
2 4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 2
77 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 2
i.e., 77 × 3 = 231 + 1 = 232 2
2 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =1
232 2
232 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 116
2 So, 204 is collatz conjecture.

18
 (d) 7 14
14 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =7
7 is odd, multiply by 3 and 1 2
i.e., 7 × 3 = 21 + 1 = 22 7 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
22 i.e., 7 × 3 = 21 + 1 = 22
22 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 11
2 22
22 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 11
11 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 2
i.e., 11 × 3 = 33 + 1 = 34 11 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
34 i.e., 11 × 3 = 33 + 1 = 34
34 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 17 34
2 34 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 17
17 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 2
17 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
i.e., 17 × 3 = 51 + 1 = 52
52 i.e., 17 × 3 = 51 + 1 = 52
52 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 26 52
2 52 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 26
26 2
26 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 13 26
2 26 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 13
13 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 2
i.e., 13 × 3 = 39 + 1 = 40 13 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
40 i.e., 13 × 3 = 39 + 1 = 40
40 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 20
2 40
20 40 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 20
20 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 10 2
2 20
10 20 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 10
10 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =5 2
2 10
5 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 10 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =5
2
i.e., 5 × 3 = 15 + 1 = 16 5 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
16
16 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =8
2 i.e., 5 × 3 = 15 + 1 = 16
8 16
8 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 4 16 is even, divide by 2 i.e.,=8
2 2
4 8
4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 2 8 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 4
2 2
4
2 4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 2
2 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 1 2
2
So, 7 is collatz conjecture. 2
2 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 1
(e) 36 2
36 Therefore collatz conjecture holds for all
36 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 18
2 the given numbers.
18
18 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =9 2. (a) 57
2
9 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 57 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
i.e., 3(57) + 1 = 172
i.e., 9 × 3 = 27 + 1 = 28
28 172
28 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 14 172 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 86
2 2

19
 86 13 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
86 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 43
2 i.e., 13 × 3 = 39 + 1 = 40
43 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 40
40 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 20
i.e., 3(43) + 1 = 130 2
130 20
130 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 65 20 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 10
2 2
65 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 10
10 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =5
i.e., 3(65) + 1 = 196 2
196 5 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
196 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 98
2 i.e., 5 × 3 = 15 + 1 = 16
98 16
98 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 49 16 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =8
2 2
49 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 8
8 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =4
2
i.e., 3(49) + 1 = 148
148 4
148 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 74 4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =2
2 2
74 2
74 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 37 =1
2 is even, divide by 2 i.e.,
2 2
37 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 So the sequence ends by 32 steps as
i.e., 3(37) + 1 = 112 shown.
112 (b) 62
112 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 56
2 62 is even, so 62 ÷ 2 = 31
56 31 is odd, so 31 × 3 + 1 = 94
56 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 28
2 94 is even, so 94 ÷ 2 = 47
28 47 is odd, so 47 × 3 + 1 = 142
28 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 14
2 142 is even, so 142 ÷ 2 = 71
14 71 is odd, so 71 × 3 + 1 = 214
14 is even, divide by 2 i.e., =7
2
214 is even, so 214 ÷ 2 = 107
7 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
107 is odd, so 107 × 3 + 1 = 322
i.e., 7 × 3 = 21 + 1 = 22
322 is even, so 322 ÷ 2 = 161
22
22 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 11 161 is odd, so 161 × 3 + 1 = 484
2
(10)
11 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1
484 is even, so 484 ÷ 2 = 242
i.e., 11 × 3 = 33 + 1 = 34
34 242 is even, so 242 ÷ 2 = 121
34 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 17 121 is odd, so 121 × 3 + 1 = 364
2
17 is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 364 is even, so 364 ÷ 2 = 182
i.e., 17 × 3 = 51 + 1 = 52 182 is even, so 182 ÷ 2 = 91
52 91 is odd, so 91 × 3 + 1 = 274
52 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 26
2 274 is even, so 274 ÷ 2 = 137
26 137 is odd, so 137 × 3 + 1 = 412
26 is even, divide by 2 i.e., = 13
2
20
 412 is even, so 412 ÷ 2 = 206 479 is odd, so 479 × 3 + 1 = 1438
206 is even, so 206 ÷ 2 = 103 1438 is even, so 1438 ÷ 2 = 719
(10 + 10 = 20) 719 is odd, so 719 × 3 + 1 = 2158
103 is odd, so 103 × 3 + 1 = 310 2158 is even, so 2158 ÷ 2 = 1079
310 is even, so 310 ÷ 2 = 155 1079 is odd, so 1079 × 3 + 1 = 3238
155 is odd, so 155 × 3 + 1 = 466 3238 is even, so 3238 ÷ 2 = 1619
466 is even, so 466 ÷ 2 = 233 (50 + 10 = 60)
233 is odd, so 233 × 3 + 1 = 700 1619 is odd, so 1619 × 3 + 1 = 4858
700 is even, so 700 ÷ 2 = 350 4858 is even, so 4858 ÷ 2 = 2429
350 is even, so 350 ÷ 2 = 175 2429 is odd, so 2429 × 3 + 1 = 7288
175 is old, so 175 × 3 + 1 = 526 7288 is even, so 7288 ÷ 2 = 3644
526 is even, so 526 ÷ 2 = 263 3644 is even, so 3644 ÷ 2 = 1822
263 is odd, so 263 × 3 + 1 = 790 1822 is even, so 1822 ÷ 2 = 911
(20 + 10 = 30) 911 is odd, so 911 × 3 + 1 = 2734
790 is even, so 790 ÷ 2 = 395 2734 is even, so 2734 ÷ 2 = 1367
395 is odd, so 395 × 3 + 1 = 1186 1367 is odd, so 1367 × 3 + 1 = 4102
1186 is even, so 1186 ÷ 2 = 593 4102 is even, so 4102 ÷ 2 = 2051
593 is odd, so 593 × 3 + 1 = 1780 (60 + 10 = 70)
1780 is even, so 1780 ÷ 2 = 890 2051 is odd, so 2051 × 3 + 1 = 6154
890 is even, so 840 ÷ 2 = 445 6154 is even, so 6154 ÷ 2 = 3077
445 is odd, so 445 × 3 + 1 = 1336 3077 is odd, so 3077 × 3 + 1 = 9232
1336 is even, so 1336 ÷ 2 = 668 9232 is even, so 9232 ÷ 2 = 4616
668 is even, so 668 ÷ 2 = 334 4616 is even, so 4616 ÷ 2 = 2308
334 is even, so 334 ÷ 2 = 167 2308 is even, so 2308 ÷ 2 = 1154
(30 + 10 = 40) 1154 is even, so 1154 ÷ 2 = 577
167 is odd, so 167 × 3 + 1 = 502 577 is odd, so 577 × 3 + 1 = 1732
502 is even, so 502 ÷ 2 = 251 1732 is even, so 1732 ÷ 2 = 866
251 is odd, so 251 × 3 + 1 = 754 866 is even, so 866 ÷ 2 = 433
754 is even, so 754 ÷ 2 = 377 (70 + 10 = 80)
377 is odd, so 377 × 3+1 = 1132 433 is odd, so 433 × 3 + 1 = 1300
1132 is even, so 1132 ÷ 2 = 566 1300 is even, so 1300 ÷ 2 = 650
566 is even, so 566 ÷ 2 = 283 650 is even, so 650 ÷ 2 = 325
283 is odd, so 283 × 3+1 = 850 325 is odd, so 325 × 3 + 1 = 976
850 is even, so 850 ÷ 2 = 425 976 is even, so 976 ÷ 2 = 488
425 is odd, so 425 × 3 + 1 = 1276 488 is even, so 488 ÷ 2 = 244
(40 + 10 = 50) 244 is even, so 244 ÷ 2 = 122
1276 is even, so 1276 ÷ 2 = 638 122 is even, so 122 ÷ 2 = 61
638 is even, so 638 ÷ 2 = 319 61 is odd, so 61 × 3 + 1 = 184
319 is odd, so 319 × 3 + 1 = 958 184 is even, so 184 ÷ 2 = 92
958 is even, so 958 ÷ 2 = 479 (80 + 10 = 90)

21
 92 is even, so 92 ÷ 2 = 46 19 is odd, so 19 × 3 + 1 = 58
46 is even, so 46 ÷ 2 = 23 58 is even, so 58 ÷ 2 = 29
23 is odd, so 23 × 3 + 1 = 70 29 is odd, so 29 × 3 + 1 = 88
70 is even, so 70 ÷ 2 = 35 (10 + 10 = 20)
35 is odd, so 35 × 3 + 1 = 106 88 is even, so 88 ÷ 2 = 44
106 is even, so 106 ÷ 2 = 53 44 is even, so 44 ÷ 2 = 22
53 is odd, so 53 × 3 + 1 = 160 22 is even, so 22 ÷ 2 = 11
160 is even, so 160 ÷ 2 = 80 11 is odd, so 11 × 3 + 1 = 34
80 is even, so 80 ÷ 2 = 40 34 is even, so 34 ÷ 2 = 17
40 is even, so 40 ÷ 2 = 20 17 is odd, so 17 × 3 + 1 = 52
(90 + 10 = 100) 52 is even, so 52 ÷ 2 = 26
20 is even, so 20 ÷ 2 = 10 26 is even, so 26 ÷ 2 = 13
10 is even, so 10 ÷ 2 = 5 13 is odd, so 13 × 3 + 1 = 40
5 is odd, so 5 × 3 + 1 = 16 40 is even, so 40 ÷ 2 = 20
16 is even, so 16 ÷ 2 = 8 (20 + 10 = 30)
8 is even, so 8 ÷ 2 = 4 20 is even, so 20 ÷ 2 = 10
4 is even, so 4 ÷ 2 = 2 10 is even, so 10 ÷ 2 = 5
2 is even, so 2 ÷ 2 = 1 5 is odd, so 5 × 3 + 1 = 16
(100 + 7 = 107) 16 is even, so 16 ÷ 2 = 8
So applying steps collatz conjecture 107 8 is even, so 8 ÷ 2 = 4
steps will result into the number 1. 4 is even, so 4 ÷ 2 = 2
(c) 315 2 is even, so 2 ÷ 2 = 1
315 is odd, so 315 × 3 + 1 = 946 (30 + 7 = 37)
946 is even, so 946 ÷ 2 = 473 So applying steps collatz conjecture 37
473 is odd, so 473 × 3 + 1 = 1420 steps will result into the number 1.
1420 is even, so 1420 ÷ 2 = 710 (d) 1024
710 is even, so 710 ÷ 2 = 355 1024 is even, so 1024 ÷ 2 = 512
355 is odd, so 355 × 3 + 1 = 1066 512 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 512 ÷ 2 = 256
1066 is even, so 1066 ÷ 2 = 533 256 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 256 ÷ 2 = 128
533 is odd, so 533 × 3 + 1 = 1600 128 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 128 ÷ 2 = 64
1600 is even, so 1600 ÷ 2 = 800 64 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 64 ÷ 2 = 32
800 is even, so 800 ÷ 2 = 400 32 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 32 ÷ 2 = 16
(10) 16 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 16 ÷ 2 = 8
400 is even, so 400 ÷ 2 = 200 8 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 8 ÷ 2 = 4
200 is even, so 200 ÷ 2 = 100 4 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 4 ÷ 2 = 2
100 is even, so 100 ÷ 2 = 50 2 is even, divide by 2 i.e., 2 ÷ 2 = 1
50 is even, so 50 ÷ 2 = 25 (10)
25 is odd, so 25 × 3 + 1 = 76  So applying steps collatz conjecture 10
76 is even, so 76 ÷ 2 = 38 steps will result into the number 1.
38 is even, so 38 ÷ 2 = 19

22
 3. The collatz conjecture has not been prove 7. (b) 2088
mathematically true all numbers. It is 8. (h) Between 25,000 to 35,000
considered only theorem (Only computer
testing shown that it holds of very large Solved Mentally
number)
True or False
Exercise 3.10
1. False
1. Students are expected do to it on their own.
2. False
2. Post office mails letter in 1 day = 104
3. True
Post office mails letter in 48 day = 104 × 48
4. False (because 39 reversed 93 sum = 132
Estimate = 5000 letters not a palindromic)
Actual = 4992 5. False (collatz conjecture has not been
3. Calculated by students (Do it) proven)
Example: If 5 hours students stays in school 6. True
Working days in year in school = 300 7. False
(Estimated) 8. False (6174 kaprekar constant)
Estimate 5 × 300 = 1500 hours.
Fill in the Blanks
4 (a) less than 500
1. 20
Example: If height of book is 1 cm
2. 101
Height of box = 2 feet = 60 cm
3. 9 digit
So option (a) is correct.
4. 2 6642   7641
5. We will add the spectators
So estimate spectators will be 50,000. – 2466 – 1467
6. Estimate unread pages = 200 4176 6174
Example: Subtract 532 – 328 = 204 5. Students are expected do to it on their
7. Estimate number of units in February own.
(leap year) = 600 units
Estimated (less than 50)
Example: 21 units = 1 day
6. (a) 17
21 × 29 units = February (29 days)
609 units in February (leap year) Answer in One Word
1. No, we cannot have two adjacent super
Review Exercise cells in a table
1. (a) 1, 1, 1 , 1, 1, 1, 0 2. No, repeatedly and adding 2-digit number
The tallest cadet has no taller neighbour. will not always result in palindromic.
Each cadet except the tallest one, has 3. One stage goes to
one neighbour taller than them. 6174 → 6174
2. (d) 1, 0, 1 4. 15 → 100 = 1500
3. (d) 123421 5. 10998
4. (b) 6174 6. 121
5. (b) 8, 4, 2, 1
6. (d) 123431

23
 7. In 7 steps, 3 reaches 1 applying collatz 6. Circle – 1 = 400
conjecture Circle – 2 = 100 × 4 = 400
3 is odd, so 3 × 3 + 1 = 10 Circle – 3 = 50 × 8 = 400
10 is even, so 10 ÷ 2 = 5 Circle – 4 = 25 × 16 = 400
5 is odd, so 5 × 3 + 1 = 16 So sum of number
16 is even, so 16 ÷ 2 = 8 400 + 400 + 400 + 400 = 1600
8 is even, so 8 ÷ 2 = 4
4 is even, so 4 ÷ 2 = 2 Competency-based Questions
2 is even, so 2 ÷ 2 = 1 1. 8 × 4 = 32
32 × 4 = 128
Let’s Evaluate So total number of dots is 128
1. Estimated = 150 students. 2. 3 × 5 = 15 Ist row
actual number = 22 × 6 = 132 4 × 3 = 3 × 2 IInd row
Good Estimate 12 + 6 = 18 dots
2. 4 + 5 + 6 = 15 18 dots IIIrd row
3. 300 times 15 dots IVth row
4. 18 dots Vth row
6 5 4 8
So total = 15 + 18 + 18 + 15 + 18
2 1 7 3 Interchange in row I and II we add quickly
10 9 11 12 So, 18 + 15 + 18 + 15 + 18 = 33 + 33 + 18 = 66
(Answer may vary) + 18 = 84 dots
6174 7641 3. (b) 800
5.
5685 P 6663 7152 R

7641 – 6174 = 1464 Case Study

1467 ÷ 3 = 489 • Yes
So, 6174 + 489 = 6663 • The player who starts the game first
6663 + 489 = 7152 • Wining pattern is 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21
and 6174 – 489 = 5685

24
In-text Questions

Exercise 4.1 3.
1.
Number of Number of
Number of Number of families Month
Frequency students students (faces)
children (Tally marks)
April 2
1 7
May 3
2 12 June 1
July 0
3 5
August 3
4 1 September 7
October 6
(a) The minimum number of children in a November 5
family is 1.
December 4
(b) The maximum number of children in a
family is 4. January 1
(c) The most common number of children in February 1
a family of the colony is 2. March 2
(d) 12 families have 2 children.
(a) In September maximum birthdays fall.
2. Score Number of
Tally marks (b) In July none of the student have their
obtained times
birthday.
1 2
4. Number of
Class =6
students
2 8
I 40
3 3 II 31
III 47
4 3
IV 60
5 5
V 48
6 3
(a) Ten circles are represent class IV.
(b) Six circles with 6 radii each and one circle
(a) The score (2) occurred maximum number
with 4 radii.
of times.
(c) Hexagon can be used to represent 6
(b) The score 1 occurred minimum number
students.
of times.
(c) The numbers 3, 4 and 6 appear 3 times
i.e. equal number of times.

25
Exercise 4.2 4.
Y Scale: 1 unit = 5 candidates
1. The graph showing the marks obtained by a 40
student in y-axis and subjects in x-axis. 35

Number of Candidates
Y 30
Scale: 1 unit = 10 marks
100 25
90 20
80
Marks Obtained

15
70 10
60 5
50 0
40 Difficult Average Easy No comments X
Difficulty Level of Competitive Examination
30
20
10
Review Exercises
0
English Hindi Maths Science S. St. X Multiple Choice Questions
Subjects
1. (b) investigator himself
2.
Y Scale: 1 unit = 50 students 2. (a) one-dimensional
600
3. (a) frequency
550
500 4. (d) all of these
Number of Students

450
5. (c) 120 students
400
350 6. (d) III
300
250 Solve Mentally
200
150 True or False
100
50 1. False 2. False    3. True
2012– 2013– 2014– 2015– 2016– 2017– X
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 4. True 5. False    6. True
Growth of school

3. Fill in the Blanks

Y
1000
Scale: 1 unit = 100 Literates 1. same/equal 2.
900 3. pictograph 4. 7
Literacy Rate per 1000

800 5. 10 6. Info graphics

700
600
Let’s Evaluate
500 1. Picture are not as interesting as bars in a bar
400
graph.
300
200 In pictograph one count all the symbols then
100 multiply with the scale factor.
0
Madhya Bihar Mizoram Uttar Kerala X
But in bar graph one has to read the value
Pradesh
States
Pradesh written next to the bar.

26
2. (a) The age group 60–74 has maximum
S. No. Height Number of students
persons vaccinated.
1. 143 cm
(b) The age group 30–44 and 45–59 has the
2. 144 cm same number of persons vaccinated.
3. 145 cm (c) 1 lakh 60 thousand senior citizens are
vaccinated.
4. 146 cm
(d) 6 units will be represented on y-axis for
5. 147 cm population 1 lakh 20 thousand.
6. 148 cm
5. Material
Article = 20 Articles
7. 149 cm used
8. 150 cm Wood 30

9. 151 cm Glass 20
10. 152 cm
Metal 50
11. 153 cm
12. 154 cm Rubber 25

(a) The height 149 cm is attained by

Plastic 35
maximum number of students.
(b) The minimum height is attained by 3
students. (a) Rubber material is used in exactly half the
number of articles as those made up of
3. (a) The marks obtained in English, Hindi,
metal.
Maths, Science and Social Science is
given in the bar graph. (b) 35 articles are made of plastic.
(b) The child scored the highest marks in 6. (a) The size of bars is different.
maths. (b) The bars are joined to each other.
(c) The child scored the minimum marks in 7.
Hindi. Number of cars sold and
Day
(d) Hindi, Social Science, Science, English, Registered = 10 cars
Maths. Monday
(e) Scale used 1 unit = 20 marks. Tuesday
.4 Wednesday
Y
200
180 Thursday
160
Number of Persons

140
Friday
120
100 Saturday
80 (a) On Thursday maximum number of cars
60 sold and registered.
40
20
(b) 6 pictures of cars will represent the
0 number of cars sold and registered on
15–29 30–44 45–59 60–74 75–89 X Tuesday.
Age Group

27
 (c) 410 cars were sold and registered during Competency-based Questions
that week.
1. (i) (a) 1
8.
(ii) (c) 6
Y
50 2. Monday = 4
Saturday = 6
Number of Families

40
Combined: 4 + 6 = 10
30
Case Study
20 1. 70 girls and boys were there in the class.
10
2. Cricket is liked by boys and girls.
3. Soccer is most popular among girls.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 X 4. Basket ball is the least popular sport among
Number of Litres
boys.
• Four liters of milk is consumed per day by 45
families. Integrated Learning
• Seven liters of milk is consumed per day by
1. Sale of Amaze = 561.4
14 families per day.
Antra = –342.7
9. (a) 
The bar graph show percentage of
students present in classes VI to X. 218.7
(b) Class VI has the highest percentage of 2. Antra = 342.7
students present. Big = 192.7
(c) Class X students are most irregular. Jab = 159.7
10. (a) 5500 visitors on Friday. 695.1
(b) Thursday has minimum number of Yes, the combined sale of Antra, Big and
visitors to see the Red fort, i.e., 4,000 Jab more than that of Amaze.
visitors on Thursday.
(c) Monday = 10000
Tuesday = – 6500
3500
3,500 more visitors visited on Monday as
compared to Tuesday.

28
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 5.1
1. Factors of Arrange 20 squares in all possible ways to
(a) 20 = 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 from a rectangle or a square.
Combination (i)
1 × 20 (ii) (iii)
2 × 10
4 × 5
(b) 51 = 1, 3, 17, 51
Combination
1 × 51
3 × 17
(c) 64 = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
Combination
1 × 64
2 × 32
4 × 16
8 × 8
(d) 144 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16, 18, 24, 36,
48, 72, 144
Combination
(iv)
1 × 144
2 × 72
3 × 48 (v) (vi)
4 × 36
6 × 24
8 × 18
9 × 16 So the factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
12 × 12 Verification
2. First five multiples of 1 is a factor of 20 20 ÷ 1 = 20
(a) 7 = 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 2 is a factor of 20 20 ÷ 2 = 10
(b) 17 = 17, 34, 51, 68, 85 4 is a factor of 20 20 ÷ 4 = 5
(c) 15 = 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 5. Multiples of 30 between 200 and 300
3. 11 = 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99 210, 240, 270.
4. Factors of 20 draw using activity method. 6. Multiples of 50 between 110 and 405
Let draw 20 equal squares of appropriate size 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400.

29
 7. Factors of 36 between 2 and 12 6. 89 is a prime number.
3, 4, 6, 9 (4 factors) Which means it is only divisible by 1 and 89.
8. Yes, 28 is a perfect number. 7. 3, 9, 15, 21, 33, 39, 51, 57, 69, 75, 87, 93
Factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28 Sum = 3 + 15 = 18
Sum of these proper factors = 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + This sum is not odd and it is a multiple of 9.
14 + 28 = 56 8. Sum of prime numbers.
9. No, 7 is not a perfect number. (a) 15 = 13 + 2 or 3 + 5 + 7
No, there are no known odd perfect number. (b) 13 = 11 + 2
10. Sum = 496; Yes, Sum of all factors less than (c) 37 = 3 + 5 + 29 or 7 + 13 + 17
the given number is equal to the number (Answers may vary)
itself. 9. Sum of twin primes
Conclusion: 496 is a perfect number. (a) 84 = 41 + 43
(b) 120 = 59 + 61
Exercise 5.2
(c) 36 = 17 + 19
1. Prime numbers between 50 and 100: 10. Sum of two odd prime numbers.
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 (a) 42 = 31 + 11
2. Even numbers between 40 and 60: (b) 32 = 3 + 29
42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58 (c) 50 = 19 + 31
3. Odd numbers less than 20: 11. Minimum number is 0 lying between two
1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19. successive prime number 2 and 3.
4. Twin primes between 1 and 100: Maximum number of composite is 7 lying
(3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13), (17, 19), (29, 31), (41, 43), between two successive prime.
(59, 61), (71, 73). 89 is a prime number
5. Prime < 30 Composite < 30 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96
2 4 97 is a prime number.
3 6 12. (a) 109 – Yes, it is prime number.
5 8 (b) 189 – No, it is divisible by 1, 3, 7…
7 9 (c) 1677 – No, it has more than two factors.
11 10 (d) 9619 – Yes, it is prime number.
13 12 13. 1 + 3 = 4
17 14 4 + 3 = 7 (Prime)
19 15 7 + 7 = 14
23 16 14 + 3 = 17 (Prime)
29 18 17 + 17 = 34
20 34 + 3 = 37 (Prime)
21 37 + 37 = 74
22 74 + 3 = 77
24 77 + 3 = 80
25 80 + 3 = 83 (Prime)
26 83 + 83 = 166
27 Snooky cross 100 mark in 11 jumps.
28

30
14. (a) Yes, (2, 3) Multiples of 2 – 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18,
(b) First 20 natural numbers has 8 primes 20
Next 20 natural numbers has 4 primes Multiples 3 – 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27,
Last 20 natural numbers has 3 primes 30
 Observation: The number of primes Common multiples – 6, 12, 18
becomes rarer and rarer (less dense) (b) 6 and 9
as the magnitudes of the numbers Multiples of 6 – 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42,
increases. 48, 54, 60, 66
15. True or False Multiples 9 – 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72,
(a) False (b) False (c) True 81, 90
(d) False (e) False (f ) False Common multiples – 18, 36, 54
(g) False (h) True (c) 10 and 25
Exercise 5.3 Multiples of 10 – 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,
1. Common factors: 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150
(a) 10 and 15 Multiples 25 – 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150
Factors of 10 – 1, 2, 5, 10 Common multiples – 50, 100, 150
Factors of 15 – 1, 3, 5, 15 3. 5 and 6 < 90
Common factor – 1, 5 Multiples of 5 – 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,
(b) 21 and 35 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85
Factors of 21 – 1, 3, 7, 21 Multiples of 6 – 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54,
Factors of 35 – 1, 5, 7, 35 60, 66, 72, 78, 84
Common factor – 1, 7 Common multiples – 30, 60
(c) 3, 6 and 9 4. The number is divisible by 1, 3, 5.
Factors of 3 – 1, 3, 5. (a) 13 and 16
Factors of 13 – 1, 13
Factors of 6 – 1, 2, 3, 6
Factors of 16 – 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
Factors of 9 – 1, 3, 9 Common factors – 1
Common factor – 1, 3. Thus 13 and 16 are co-prime
(d) 45, 60 and 105 (b) 16 and 21
Factors of 45 – 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, Factors of 16 – 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
45 Factors of 21 – 1, 3, 7, 21
Common factors – 1
Factors of 60 – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
Thus 16 and 21 are co-prime
6, 10, 12, 15, 20, (c) 25 and 105
30, 60 Factors of 25 – 1, 5, 25
Factors of 105 – 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, Factors of 105 – 1, 3, 5, 7, 15, 21, 35, 105
Common factors – 1, 5
21, 35, 105
No, 25 and 105 are not co-prime.
Common factors – 1, 3, 5, 15
6. A number is divisible by both 5 and 8.
2. First three common multiples.
Now, 5 × 8 = 40
(a) 2 and 3
So, the number is also divisible by 40.

31
 7. (a) 21 27 30 33 39 42 45 5 1, 1, 1, 1, 5
circled number are multiple of 3. 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
(b) 28 32 40 44 are multiples of 4. Smallest multiple = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
= 360
Exercise 5.4

(c) 24 36 48
1. (a) 1,500 = 22 × 31 × 53
common multiples of 3 and 4. =2×2×3×5×5×5
8. 30 is divisible by 2, 3 and 5. (b) 3,969 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7
9. Yes, as 22 × 3 is contained in 23 × 32 = 34 × 72
10. (a) Besides 1 and the number itself, it has (c) 9,317 = 7 × 11 × 11 × 11
more factors like 3, 5 etc. So it is composite. = 71 × 113
(b) 7 (1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 8 × 9 × 10 + 1)
(d) 4,641 = 3 × 7 × 13 × 17
has at least one more factors 7 besides 1
and the number itself, so it is composite. = 31 × 71 × 131 × 171
(c) 6 (2 × 4 × 8 + 1) has at least one more 2. 999 → greatest 3 digit number.
factor i.e., 6, so it is composite. 3 9 9 9
Common multiples
3 3 3 3
4 3 1 1 1,
8 5 37 37
12 10
20
15 1
16
11. 24 25
Prime factorisation = 33 × 37 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 37
28 40 30
32 35 3. 10000 → smallest 5 digit number.
36 2 10000
Multiples of Multiples of
2 5000
4 5 2 2500
12. 2 2, 3, 5, 8 2 1250
3 1, 3, 5, 4 5 625
5 1, 1, 5, 4 5 125
2 1, 1, 1, 4 5 25
2 1, 1, 1, 2 5 5
1, 1, 1, 1 1
Smallest number = 2 × 3 × 5 × 2 × 2 = 120 Prime factorisation
13. First 5 prime numbers = 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 24 × 54
Smallest multiple = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 11 = 2310 4. Find prime factors of 20570
First 5 composite numbers = 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 2 20,570
2 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 5 10,285
2 2, 3, 4, 9, 5 11 2057
2 1, 3, 2, 9, 5 11 187
3 1, 3, 1, 9, 5 17 17
3 1, 1, 1, 3, 5 1
20570 = 2 × 5 × 11 × 11 × 17

32
 5. For composite numbers, they can be So, the two numbers 364 and 385 are not
factorised as a product of prime numbers in co-prime.
a unique way. 10.
Given composite number, there is one and 3 2 3 18
only one way to write, as a product of prime.
We are not particular about the order of 5 2 2 20
prime numbers.
7 5 2 70
Now according to the fundamental theorem
of arithmetic, every integer which is greater 105 20 12
than 1 can be represented uniquely as a
product of prime numbers, upto the order of Exercise 5.5
the factors.
1. (a) 4,56,739 → No, because ones place is
6. Prime factors of 120 – 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 having 9. Which is not divisible by 2.
120 (b) 8,97,078 → Yes, because ones place is
having 8. Which is divisible by 2.
30 4
2. (a) 98,745 → Yes, 9 + 8 + 7 + 4 + 5 = 33 is
2 2
multiple of 3.
15 2
(b) 4,56,386 → No, 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 8 + 6 = 32
is not multiple of 3.
3 5
3. (a) 98,576 last two digits i.e., 76 divisible by
7. Prime factors of 900 = 22 × 32 × 52 4. So Yes.
or 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 (b) 6,57,482 last two digit i.e., 82 to not
Ascending order → 2, 2, 2, 3, 5 divisible by 4. So, No.
We observe that 900 is product of 3 4. (a) 3,46,789 because ones place is 9 its not 0,
consecutive prime numbers. 5. So, No.
8. (a) m = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 n = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 (b) 8,76,590 because ones place is 0. So, Yes.
No, as all the prime factors of m are not 5. (a) 78,651 is not divisible by 2 because 1 is
contained in n. The number m is not ones place. So, No.
divisible by n. (b) 67,85,910 is divisible by 2 because ones
(b) m = 5 × 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 n = 5 × 5 × 7 place is 0.
Now all the prime factors of m are 6 + 7 + 8 + 5 + 9 + 1 + 0
contained in other number n. So, the = 36 is divisible by 3.
number n divides m. So yes, 67,85,910 is divisible by 6.
9. (a) m = 140 n = 99 6. (a) 27,314 last 3 digit i.e., 314 is not divisible
Prime factors of 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 by 8.
Prime factors of 99 = 3 × 3 × 11 So yes, 27,314 is not divisible by 8.
Since there is no common prime factors. (b) 6,75,416 last 3 digit 416 is divisible by 8.
Therefore the number 140 and 99 are So yes, 6,45,416 is divisible by 8.
co-prime. 7. (a) 7,89,651 → 7 + 8 + 9 + 6 + 5 + 1 = 36
(b) m = 364 n = 385 36 ÷ 9 = 4
Prime factorisation of 364 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 13 So, 7,89,651 is divisible by 9.
Prime factorisation of 385 = 5 × 7 × 11 (b) 7,57,900 → 7 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 0 + 0 = 28
Since there is common prime factor i.e., 28 ÷ 9 is not possible.
7, which divided both the numbers. So, 7,57,900 is not divisible by 9.
33
 8. (a) 5,67,895 9. (a) 25,13,784
Ones place is 5 not 0. 10. (a) 0
So, 5,67,895 is not divisible by 10. 11. (c) 3,33,33,333
(b) 6,78,500 12. (c) 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 13
Ones place is 0. 13. (d) 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 × 7 × 11 × 11 × 11
So, 6,78,500 is divisible by 10.
9. (a) 10,00,001 Solve Mentally
Odd places = 1 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 2
Even places = 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
True or False
Difference = 2 – 1 = 1 Not divisible by 11. 1. True
So 10,00,001 is not divisible by 11. 2. True
(b) 91,30,825 3. True
Sum of odd places = 5 + 8 + 3 + 9 = 25 4. False
Sum of even places = 2 + 0 + 1 = 3 5. False
Difference = 25 – 3 = 22 is divisible by 11. 6. False
So, 91,30,825 is divisible by 11. 7. True
10. 3,2 ____ , 386 make it divisible by 3. 8. False
Sum of digits = 3 + 2 + 3 + 8 + 6 = 22
9. False
So to make 4 which is divisible by 3, we
10. True
write 2 in the blank.
3,2 2,386. Answer in One Word or Line
3 + 2 + 2 + 3 + 8 + 6 = 24 which is divisible 1. 7, 14, 21
by 3.
2. 1
11. 24,1____,279
3. Three
2 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 7 + 9 = 25
4. No. Yes two prime numbers will always be
To make 27 which is divisible by 9. co-prime.
We write 2 in the blank. 5. No. 1 is not a prime number.
24,1 2,279 Since 1 has only 1 factor i.e., 1 itself.
2 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 7 + 9 = 27 which is 6. 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 = 22 × 32 = 36
divisible by 9.
7. Two numbers that have only 1 as the common
Review Exercises factor are called co-prime number.
8. The number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible
Multiple Choice Questions by both 2 and 3.
1. (d) 129 Let’s Evaluate
2. (c) 6
1. (a) 3 + 11 + 29 or 11 + 13 + 19
3. (b) prime numbers
(b) 7 + 17 + 37 or 11 + 13 + 37
4. (a) 4, 9
(c) 37 + 29 + 17 or 5 + 37 + 41
5. (a) 50
2. (a) (16, 23) – Yes. They are Co-Prime
6. (c) 22 × 5 × 13
Factor of 16 – 1, 2, 4, 8, 16
7. (b) 2028
8. (b) 3 Factor of 23 – 1, 2, 3
Common factor – 1.

34
 (b) (27, 36) – No. They are not co-prime Other examples are 12 and 20.
Factor of 27 – 1, 3, 9, 27 One statement is true because 8 is a multiple
and 2 so any number divisible by 8 has to be
Factor of 36 – 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
divisible by 2 and 4.
Common factor – 1, 3, 9. Summary – If a number is divisible by 2 and 4,
(c) (25, 64) – Yes. They are co-prime then it will be divisibl by 8. Is false.
Factor of 25 – 1, 5, 25 9. The product of three consecutive
numbers will always be divisible by both 2 and
Factor of 64 – 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
3 which means that the product is also
Common factor – 1. divisible by 6.
3. 999 → Greatest 3 digit number 10. Every third term of the sequence i.e., 1,11,
999 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 37 111, 1111, 11111, ... is divisible by 3 (as sum
of the digits is a multiple of 3)
4. No. The sum of any two prime numbers is not
 Hence, it contains infinite composite
always even number.
numbers.
Example: 2 + 3 = 5, which is an odd number.
5. Competency-based Questions
Divisible by 1. (b) 2 (521772, 521776)
Number
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11
2. (c) 3L
5,444 Y N Y N N N N N N
(HCF of 21, 45)
67,859 N N N N N N N N Y
Factor of 21 – 1, 3, 7, 21
9,00,001 N N N N N N N N N
Factor of 45 – 1, 3, 5, 15, 45
8,01,020 Y N Y Y N N N Y Y
Common factor – 1, 3 HCF = 3.
6. LCM = 2 × 3 × 5 = 30 3. (c) 13 cm
So, the least number of students in class is 30.
(HCF of 52, 65, 91)
7. LCM of 12, 15, 30
Factor of 52 – 1, 2, 4, 13, 21, 52
2 12, 15, 30
Factor of 65 – 1, 5, 13, 65
2 6, 15, 15
Factor of 91 – 1, 7, 13, 91
3 3, 15, 15
Common factor – 1, 13 HCF = 13.
5 1, 5, 5
1, 1, Case Study
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60 1. Multiplies of 6 – 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48,
The smallest 6 digit number = 1,00,000 54, 60.
To find the smallest 6 digit number
Multiples of 8 – 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64,
We divide 1,00,000 by 60 and round up to the 72, 80.
nearest whole number.
100000
Smallest Common multiple = 24 inches.
= 1666.67 Thus, the length of the smallest possible
60
Romding gives = 1667. square design is 24 inches.
To calculate the smallest 6 digit 2. Twin Primes between 70 and 80 are 71 and
1667 × 60 = 1,00,020. 73.
8. The statement is false. The greatest twin Prime is 73.
Because number 4 is divisible by 2 but 4 is not Cost of one tile is `.73 12 tiles 42 × 24
divisible by 8. 8×6

35
 Now square design contains 12 tiles. Number of revolution Gear A = 252 = 12
21
Total cost of = `73 × 12 = `876.
So the cost of tiles required to make square Number of revolution Gear B = 252 = 7
36
design is `876.
So Gear A must have 12 complete revolutions
and Gear B must have 7 complete revolution
Integrated Learning
to be in the same position again.
A. LCM of 6, 9 and 12. C. Stacking them to equals
Prime factorisation of 6 = 2 × 3 Prime factorisation of 6 and 14.
Prime factorisation of 9 = 3 × 3 6 = 2 × 3
Prime factorisation of 12 = 2 × 2 × 3 14 = 2 × 7
Taking the highest power of each prime Now highest power of each prime factors is
factor 2 is common in both the numbers
LCM = 22 × 32 = 4 × 9 = 36 3 is only in 6
The lights turned red at 11 a.m. 7 is only in 14.
Now all the these lights turned red at the Now multiply – 2 × 3 × 7 = 42.
same time again at So number of 6 inch box = 42 = 7 boxes.
11 am + 36 minuets = 11:36 a.m. 6

B. LCM of 21 and 36. 14 inch box = 42 = 3 boxes.

14
Prime factors of 21 = 3 × 7
So we need 7 of 6 inch boxes.
Prime factors of 36 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
3 of 14 inch boxes to obtain the stack of same
LCM = 32 × 22 × 7 = 9 × 4 × 7 = 252 height.

36
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 6.1 35 cm = 10 cm + 12 cm + a3
1. (a) Perimeter of rectangle 35 cm = 22 cm + a3
= 2 × (length + breadth) 35 cm – 22 cm = a3
= 2 × (16 cm + 10 cm) 13 cm = a3
= 2 × 26 cm = 52 cm. So the length of third side is 13 cm.
(b) Perimeter of parallelogram 6. Length of lawn = 20 m 50 cm
Breadth of lawn = 12 m 20 cm
Formula of perimeter of
parallelogram Perimeter of rectangular lawn
2 × (a + b) = 2 × (length + breadth)
Where a = side, b = base = 2 × (20 m 50 cm + 12 m 20 cm)
= 2 × (length + breadth) = 2 × (32 m 70 cm)
= 2 × (21 cm + 15 cm)  Convert cm to m
= 64 m 140 cm  
= 2 × (36 cm) = 72 cm.  100 cm  1 m 
(c) Perimeter of triangle = 65 m 40 cm.
= sum of three sides 7. Length = 0.6 km
= (10 cm + 14 cm + 16 cm) Breadth = 0.5 km
= 40 cm. Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × [length +
2. Required coloured tape breadth]
= 2 × (length + breadth) = 2 × [0.6 km + 0.5 km]
= 2 × (20 cm + 12 cm) = 2 × (1.1 km)
= 2 × 32 cm = 64 cm. = 2.2 km
3. Length = 1 km = 1000 m Wire needed for 5 rows = 5 × 2.2 km
Breadth = 500 m
= 11.0 km
Wire required
Given wire cost = ₹9 per metre
= 2 × (length + breadth)
Cost of wire = 9 × 11000 m = ₹99000
= 2 × (1000 m + 500 m)
8. Ranjan walks around rectangular park
= 2 × 1500 m = 3000 m. or 3000 i.e., 3 km Length of park = 60 m
1000
4. Length = 2 l Breadth = 40 m
Breadth = B Perimeter of park = 2 × (Length + Breadth)
So the perimeter increases by a magnitude = 2 × (60 m + 40 m)
twice that of initial length. = 2 × 100 m = 200 m
5. Two sides of triangle a1 = 10 cm, a2 = 12 cm Now, Smita walk around a square park
Perimeter = 35 cm Side of park = 55 m
Length of third side by a3. Perimeter of park = 4 × side
So perimeter of triangle = sum of 3 sides = 4 × side = 220 m
= a1 + a2 + a3 Ranjan walks 3 rounds =3 × 200 m = 600 m

37
 Smita walks 3 rounds = 3 × 220 m = 660 m 3. Area of playground = 1547 sq. m
So Smita walks more distance. Breadth of playground = 17 m
i.e., (660 m – 600 m = 60 m) of 60 m. Area of playground = Length × Breadth
[Link] of exhibition land = 250 m 1547 = Length × 17 m
Breadth of exhibition land = 200 m 1547
= Length
We need entrance = 10 m 17
emergency exit = + 5 m 91 = Length
Total = 15 m So the length of playground is 91 m.
Perimeter of land = 2 × (L + B) 4. Side of square = 24 m (Given)
= 2 × (250 m + 200 m) Area of square = side × side
= 2 × 450 m = 900 m = 24 m × 24 m = 576 sq. m.
Total fencing = 900 m – 15 m = 885 m Area of square = Area of rectangle = (Given)
Cost of fencing = ₹175 × 885 m Length of rectangle = 36 m (Given)
= ₹1,54,875 Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth
[Link] of rectangular field = 15 m 576 = 36 × Breadth
Breadth of rectangular field = 10 m 576
= Breadth
Perimeter of rectangular field 36
= 2 × (Length + Breadth) 16 = Breadth
= 2 × (15 m + 10 m) So the breadth of rectangle is 16 m.
= 2 × 25 m = 50 m Perimeter of rectangle
Perimeter of another rectangle = 50 m (Given) = 2 × (Length + Breadth)
Given ratio of sides is 4:1 = 2 × (36 m + 16 m)
Let Length 4x = 2 × 52 m = 104 m
Breadth = x Perimeter of square = 4 × side
So perimeter = 2 × (Length + Breadth) = 4 × 24 m = 96 m
50 m = 2 × (4x + x) The perimeter of rectangle is 104 m and
50 m = 2 × 5x perimeter of square is 96 m, so both are not
50 m = 10x equal.
50 5. Length of drawing room = 5 m 40 cm.
m = 5 m = x
10 Breadth of drawing room = 4 m 10 cm
So length = 4x = 4 × 5 = 20 m Area of drawing room = Length × Breadth
Breadth = x = 5 m = 5 m 40 cm × 4 m 10 cm
Exercise 6.2 = 5.40 × 4.10
1. Length = 25 m Breadth = 16 m = 22.14 m2
Area of rectangle = Length × Breadth So the carpet required to cover the drawing
= 25 m × 16 m room is 22 m 14 cm
= 400 m2 Cost of carpet = 22.14 sq m × `325
2. Side of square = 36 cm = ₹7,195.50
Area of square = side × side 6. Length of ground = 45 m
= 36 cm × 36 cm Breadth of ground = 30 m
= 1296 cm2 Area of ground = Length × Breadth

38
 = 45 m × 30 m = 1350 m2 Area of tile = Length × Breadth
Cost of leveling the ground = 12 cm × 5 cm
= `12 × 1350 m2 = ₹16,200 = 60 cm2
7. Length of rectangular field = 34 m 20 cm (a) Length of rectangular region = 200 cm
Breadth of rectangular field = 16 m 30 cm Breadth of rectangular region = 144 cm
Area of rectangular field = Length × Breadth Area of rectangular region = Length ×
= 34 m 20 m × 16 m 30 cm Breadth
= 34.20 m × 16.30 m = 200 cm × 144 cm
= 28800 cm2
= 557.46 sq m.
Area of region
Perimeter rectangular field Number of tiles =
Area of tile
= 2 × (Length × Breadth)
= 28800 = 480 tiles
= 2 × (34.20 m + 16.30 m) 60
= 2 × 50.50 m = 101 m (b) Length of rectangular region = 80 cm
Cost of fencing = ₹40 × 101 = ₹4,040 Breadth of rectangular region = 48 cm
Cost of turfing = ₹21 × 557.46 sq m Area of rectangular region = Length ×
= ₹11,706.66 Breadth = 80 cm × 48 cm
8. Let the side of square be x → Area of square = 3840 cm2
= side × side = x × x = x2 3840
Number of tiles = = 64 tiles
Side is doubled = 2x (Given) 60
Area of square = 2x × 2x = 4x2 11. Four square flower bed side = 1 m
From this we come to know that if side is Area of 1 square flower bed = side × side
doubled. =1m×1m
The area of square is 4 times the initial area. = 1 m2
9. Area = side × side Area of 4 square flower beds = 4 × 1 m2 = 4 m2
Given 625 sq m = side × side Length of land = 7 m
So side = 25 m Width of land = 5 m
Actual length of stick Area of land = length × breadth
Now, scale factor =
Assumed length of stick =7m×5m
0.9 m = 35 m2
= = 0.9
1m Area of remaining part = 35 m2 – 4 m2
Thus actual side length = 31 m2
= Assumed side length × scale factor 12. Length of rectangular1 net = 12 cm
= 25 m × 0.9 = 22.5 m. Breadth of rectangular1 net = 10 cm
Actual Area = side × side v
= (22.5 × 22.5) m2
= 506.25 m2
Therefore actual area of the square filed is
ii 10 cm i iv
506.25 square meters.
10. Length of tile = 12 cm
Breadth of tile = 5 cm 12 cm iii 6 cm

39
 Area of rectangular1 box = length × breadth =6+1 +1+1+1+1+1+1
2
= 12 cm × 10 cm = 120 cm2
Now area of rectangle 2 and 4 are equal = 121 squares.
2
and Area of rectangle 3 and 5 are equal (b) Area of figure
= rectangle 1 + rectangle 2 + triangle 3 +
Length of rectangle ii = 10 cm
triangle 4 + triangle 5 + ∆6 + ∆7
Breadth of rectangle 2 = 6 cm
 1 1
Area of rectangle ii = Length × Breadth = 3 squares + 6 squares + 1  1   
 2 2
= 10 cm × 6 cm = 60 cm2
 1  1 1
The Area of rectangle iii and v are equal squares + 1   squares + 1   
 2  2 2
So length of rectangle iii = 12 cm
Breadth of rectangle iii = 6 cm squares + 1 + 1
2 2
Area of rectangle iii = Length × Breadth
= 12 cm × 6 cm = 72 cm2 = 3 + 6 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 16 1
2 2
squares.
So the surface Area of rectangle
= Area of rectangle 1 + Area of rectangle ii + (c) Area of figure
Area of rectangle iii + Area of rectangle iv + = Area of rectangle 1 + triangle 2 + triangle 3
Area of rectangle v.
= 7 squares + 2 squares + 5 squares
= 120 cm2 + 60 cm2 + 72 cm2 + 60 cm2 + 72
= 14 squares
cm2
(d) Area of figure (d)
= 384 cm2
= Area of rectangle 1 + Area of triangle 2
13. Area of triangle = 1 × base × height + Area of triangle 3
2
Area of triangle = 12 sq cm
= 8 squares + 2 squares + 1 square
Height of triangle = 4 cm 2
+ 1 square + 1 square
So, 12 sq cm = 1 × base × 4 cm 2
2 = 8 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 12 squares.
12 = base × 2
(a) (b)
12 = base
2 3
2 3 1 5 7 1 6

So base = 6 cm 4 4 2

The base of triangle will be 6 cm.

14. (a) Area of figure 5
(c) 2
= Area of rectangle 1 + Area triangle (d) 2
2+3+4+5 1
1
= 6 squares + 3 3
(1 half triangle + 1 more than half ) +
(2 half triangles) + (2 half triangles + 1 full
+ 1 more than half ) + (1 more than half + Review Exercises
1 less than half )
Multiple Choice Questions
1   1
= 6 +  + 1  +  2 +  + (2 × 1 + 1 + 1) 1. (a) 48 cm Octagon (8 × side) = (8 × 6)
2   2 2
2. (d) 10 cm (20 cm ÷ 2 = 10 cm)
+ (1 + 0)

40
 3. (d) 0 cm2 (less than half filled = 0) So the area becomes the are one-fourth if
4. (c) 8 cm2 (more than half = 1) (8 × 1) side is halved.
5. (a) remain same Perimeter of square = 4 × side
6. (b) 10 m
= 4 × s = 2s. So the perimeter halved when
7. (c) 4 units 2
side becomes halved.
8. (c) equal area and equal perimeter
4. Length of rectangular park = 200 m
Fill in the Blanks
Breadth of rectangular park = 100 m
1. Square units, linear units
Perimeter of rectangular park
2. P2/P × P
= 2 × (Length + Breadth)
3. regular
= 2 × (200 + 100)
4. 837  243  124 30132  = 2 × 300 m = 600 m
 9  4  36 
Distance covered by athlete in 10 rounds.
Solve Mentally
= 600 m × 10 = 6000 m
Answer in One Word or Line 5. Length of rectangular plot = 0.5 km = 500 m
1. Decagon = 10 sides Breadth of rectangular plot = 0.4 km = 400 m
Perimeter of decagon = 10 × 5 = 50 cm Perimeter of rectangular plot
2. 2 km (Perimeter = length of wire for fence) = 2 × (Length + Breadth)
3. 10,00,000 (1000 × 1000)
= 2 × (500 m + 400 m)
Let’s Evaluate = 2 × 900 = 1800 m
Length of wire needed = 4 × 1800 m
1. Hexagon = 6 sides
= 7200 m
Perimeter of Hexagon = 6 × side
Cost of wire = ₹11 per meter (Given)
Perimeter = 96 cm (Given)
Cost wire for fencing = ₹11 × 7200
So length of side = 96 = 16 cm
6 = ₹79,200
2. Perimeter of rectangle = 880m (Given)
6. Given length of room = 5 m 10 cm
Length of rectangle = 315 m (Given)
Breadth of room = 4 m 90 cm
Perimeter of rectangle
Area of room = Length × Breadth
= 2 × (Length + Breadth)
= 5.10 m × 4.90 m
880 m = 2 × (315 m + Breadth)
= 24.99 square m
880 m = 315 m + Breadth
2 Carpet required to cover the room = 24.99
440 m = 315 m + Breadth square m
440 m – 315 m = Breadth Cost of carpet = ₹600 m2 (Given)
125 m = Breadth Cost of carpet for room = ₹600 × 24.99 sq. m
3. Side of square = s (Given) = ₹14,994
2
Area if square = side × side 7. Cost of laying grass at the rate of ₹10 per sq
2 m in rectangular park = ₹4800
= s × s = s
2 2 4 Area of rectangular park = ₹4800 = 480 sq m
₹10

41
 Now width of rectangular park = 20 m Given magazine charges ₹300 per 10 sq cm
Area of rectangular park = Length × Breadth 300
Charges of area per square cm = = ₹30
480 = 20 × length 10
Amount paid by the company
480 = length
20 = 180 × 30 = ₹5,400
24 m = length 11. Students are expected do to it on their own.
So the length of rectangular park is 24 m. (Hint: using tracing paper)
Cost of constructing the boundary Trace both the squares A and B using tracing
= ₹800 per m. paper.
Perimeter of rectangular park Now place both the squares overlapping.
= 2 × (Length + Breadth) We see that square A is less than square B in
= 2 × (24 +20) area.
12. We divide the figure into smaller squares.
= (2 × 44) m = 88 m
Square 1 = Top left = (2 × 2)
Total cost of constructing boundary
Square 2 = Top right = 2 × 2
= ₹800 × 88 = ₹70,400
8. Perimeter of outer boundary of the park Square 3 = Top one in + = 1 × 1 = 1
= 200 m + 300 m + 80 m + 300 m Square 4 = Bottom + = 1 × 1
+ 200 m Square 5 = Middle = 1 × 3
+ 260 m Area of Square 1 = 2 × 2 = 4 square units
= 1,340 m Area of Square 2 = 2 × 2 = 4 square units
Given cost of fencing = ₹20 per meter Area of Square 3 = 1 × 1 = 1 square units
Total cost of fencing the park Area of Square 4 = 1 × 1 = 1 square units
= ₹20 × 1,340 m = ₹26,800 Area of Rectangle 5 = 3 × 1 = 3 square units
Given length of flower bed = 100 m Total area of shaded region
Breadth of flower bed = 80 m 4 + 4 + 1 + 1 + 3 = 13 square units
Area of flower bed = Length × Breadth
= 100 m × 80 m = 8000 sq m. 1
1 1
0.5 3
Cost of manuring the flower bed
= ₹50 × 8000 = ₹4,00,000 2 1 0.5 5 0.5 2 2
9. Given perimeter of design = 28 cm 0.5 4
1 1
28 cm 2 1 2
Now the length of each side =
14
= 2 cm. 13. Dimensions of park = 60 m × 40 m
(Because the design has 14 sides in boundary.) Area of rectangular park = Length × Breadth
10. Each page of magazine = 15 cm × 24 cm = 60 m × 40 m = 2400 m
Area of page = Length × Breadth Area of path
= 15 cm × 24 cm Area of ABCD + Area EFGH – Area of IJKL
= 360 square cm = 2 m × 40 m + 2 m × 60 m – (2 × 2)
Area of half page of advertisement = 80 sq m + 120 sq m – 4 sq m
360 = (200 m – 4) sq m = 196 sq m
= sq cm = 180 sq cm
2

42
 = 2 × (Length × Breadth)
600 m = 2 × (length + 90 m)
600 m
= length + 90 m
2
300 m = length + 90 m
300 m – 90 m = length
210 m = length
16. Length of road = 100 m = 10000 cm
Breadth of road = 20 m = 2000 cm
Area of remain part
Area of road = Length × Breadth
= Total area of park – Area of path
= 10000 cm × 2000 cm
= 2400 sq m – 196 sq m = 2204 sq m
14. (a) We need to draw a polygon inside = 20000000 sq cm
an equilateral triangle so that area of Given brick measuring (25 cm × 10 cm)
polygon is greater than that of equilateral Area of brick = 25 cm × 10 cm = 250 sq cm
triangle. 20000000
Bricks required = = 80,000
We also know that when polygon 250
inscribed in a triangle will have less area
Competency-based Questions
then the area of triangle.
Thus it is not possible to draw a polygon 1. (d) 16 × 1 + 10 × 1 + 16 × 1 + 10 × 1 + 10 × 16
inside an equilateral triangle such that 16 + 10 + 16 + 10 + 160 = 212
area of polygon is greater than that of an 2. (d) 3,780
equilateral triangle. Perimeter of triangle (7 + 7 + 7) = 21
(b) Consider inches)
Perimeter of equilateral triangle Cost of cutting 1∆ = 21 × ₹1.50 = 31.5 ×
= 6 m + 6 m + 6 m = 18 m cost of cutting 120∆ = 31.5 × 120
Perimeter of polygon 3. (a) Area of small bedroom is of square shape
= 5 cm + 3 cm + 3 cm + 5 cm + 5 cm = side × side (Given side = 12 ft)
= 21 cm = 12 ft × 12 ft = 144 sq ft
(b) Dimensions of the living room
Given area = 300 sq ft
3
Given length = 28 ft – 12 ft = 16 ft
Area = length × breadth
300 = 16 × breadth
350
= Breadth
Thus, from the figure we know that we 16
can draw a polygon inside an equilateral 18.75 = Breadth
triangle such that perimeter of polygon Dimensions of living room
is greater then perimeter of equilateral So Length = 16 ft
triangle. Breadth = 18.75 ft
15. Perimeter of rectangular ground = 600 m (c) Area of master bedroom
Breadth = 90 m Length of master bedroom = 28 ft – 12 ft
Perimeter of rectangular play ground Breadth = 12 ft = 16 ft

43
 Area of master bedroom Area of ground behind the service line
= Length × Breadth = Length × Breadth
= 16 ft. × 12 ft. = 27 ft. × 18 ft. = 486 sq. ft.
= 192 sq. ft. Integrated Learning
(d) Calculate the area of house A.
Total area of house
= Area of small bedroom Figure Name of Some more information
+ Area of master bedroom polygon
+ Area of toilet + Area of lobby A. Right Area = 1 base × height
angled 2
+ Area of utility
triangle = 1 × 2 × 2 = 2 m2
2
+ Area of living room
B. Rectangle Area B = Length ×
+ Area of kitchen Breadth
Area of kitchen = 15 ft. × 8 ft. = 120 sq. ft. = 3 m × 6 m = 18 m2
Area of lobby = 12 ft. × 5 ft. = 60 sq. ft. C. Trapezium Number of pair of parallel
Area of utility = 12 ft. × 11 ft. = 132 sq. ft. sides = 1.
Area of toilet = 12 ft. × 12 ft. = 144 sq. ft. D. Trapezium Perimeter D = 6 m + 4 m
Total area = 144 sq. ft. + 192 sq. ft. + 8 m + 4 m = 22 m
+ 144 sq. ft. + 60 sq. ft. + 132 sq. ft. E. Pentagon Perimeter E = 1 m + 1 m
+1m+1m+1m=5m
+ 300 sq. ft. + 120 sq. ft. = 1092 sq. ft.
B. 1. Area of triangle A = 1 base × height
Case Study 2
1
= × 4 m × 3 m = 12 m2.
1. (a) 
Perimeter of regular hexagon 2
representing water fountain 2. Area of 3 square windows B1, B2, B3
= 5 m + 5 m + 5 m + 5 m + 5 m + 5 m Area of B1 = square = side × side
= 30 m = 1 m × 1 m = 1 m2
(b) Correct the statement Area of B1 + B2 + B3 = 1 m2 + 1 m2 + 1 m2
The base area of tower A is twice that of = 3 m2
tower B. 3. Perimeter of quadrilateral = sum of sides
Base area of tower A = 10 m × 6 m = 60 m2
= 5 m + 10 m + 5 m + 5 m = 25 m
Base area of tower B = 5 m × 4 m = 20 m2
4. Area of rectangle D = length × breadth
Correct statement
= 8 m × 3 m = 24 m2
So the base area of tower is three times
that of tower B. 5. Perimeter of rectangle D = sum of sides
2. (a) Area of region I (service box) (length = 8 m + 3 m + 8 m + 3 m = 22 m
=12 ft) Breadth = 27.2 = 13.5 ft. Experiential Learning
Area = Length × Breadth
1. Length (cm) 10 14 18 20
= 21 × 13.5 = 283.5 sq. ft.
(b) Area of region II Breadth (cm) 18 14 10 8
Length of ground behind service line = Area (cm2) 180 196 180 160
27 ft. Breadth of ground behind service 2. Yes
line= 39 – 21 = 18 sq. ft. 3. 196 cm2

44
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 7.1 Exercise 7.2

1. We know 1 hour = 60 minutes 6 Shaded part
1. (a) =
25  5 5 9 Total part
Fraction = 
60  5 12 5 Shaded parts
(b) =
2. We know 7 days = 1 week 9 Total parts
3 6 Shaded part
Fraction = (c) =
7 9 Total part
3. Total portraits = 21
(a) part and (c) part are equal.
Portraits made = 14
14  7 2 8
Fraction =  2. (a) 4 × 2 =
21  7 3 9 × 2 18
4. Prime numbers = 2, 3, 5, 7
2
11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37 41, 43, 47 (b) 12 × 6 =
24 × 6 4
= 15 numbers
Natural numbers = 50 9
(c) 3 × 3 =
15  5 3 7 × 3 21
Fraction = 
50  5 10 25
3. (a) 5 × 5 =
7 × 5 35
5. (a) 30
(b) 5 × 6 =
7×6 42
(b)
1 3 5
4. , , (Ascending order. Smaller to bigger)
3 4 6
35 3
6. (a) =4 Take LCM of denominators 3, 4, 6
8 8
2 3, 4, 6
23 5
(b) =3 2 3, 2, 3
6 6
3 3, 1, 3
55 1
(c) =6 1, 1, 1
9 9
LCM = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12
7.
For first fraction
1 2  3 1 6 1 7
(a) 3 =   Now divide LCM by denominator and
2 2 2 2
multiply
2 3  5  2 15  2 17
(b) 5 =   The answer by first numerator i.e.,
3 3 3 3
4
4 5  7  4 35  4 39 12 ÷ 3 = 4 × 1 = 4 which is
(c) 7 =   12
5 5 5 5 Repeat for second fraction
9
12 ÷ 4 = 3 × 3 = 9 which is
12
45
 Repeat for third fraction So 30 × 15 = 12 × 45
10 450 × 540
12 ÷ 6 = 3 × 5 = 10 which is
12 12 15
4 9 10 So is greater than
Now arrange , , in ascending order 30 45
12 12 12 12 15
1 3 5 i.e., >
i.e., so the given fraction are , , 30 45
3 4 6
So in scholar’s section the fraction of girls is
1 3 5
5. , , greater.
4 8 12 1
7. Money spent on household items were of
(Descending order. Greater to smaller) 3
Step –1 LCM of 4, 8, 12 6000
2 4, 8, 12 = 1 × 6000 = 2000
3
2 2, 4, 6 So Deepak spend ₹2000 on household item.
2 1, 2, 3
Exercise 7.3
3 1, 1, 3
1, 1, 1 1. Find the sum
3 2 32 5
So LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 (a) + = 
7 7 7 7
Step–2 For first fraction 3
(b) 1 + = LCM of 2 and 8 is 8
Divide LCM by denominator and then 2 8
multiply the answer by numerator. Now 8 ÷ 2 = 4 × 1 = 4
6 and 8 ÷ 8 = 1 × 3 = 3
24 ÷ 4 = 6 × 1 = 6 so fraction will be
24 7
Step–3 Repeat step–2 for second fraction so 4 + 3 =
8 8
9
24 ÷ 8 = 3 × 3 = 9 so fraction will be 5 2
24 (c) + LCM of 11 and 3 is 33
11 3
Step–4 Repeat step–2 for third fraction
Now 33 ÷ 11 = 3 × 5 = 15
10
24 ÷ 12 = 2 × 5 = 10 so fraction will be and 33 ÷ 3 = 11 × 2 = 22
24
6 9 10 15 + 22 37
Step–5 Arrange , , in descending =
24 24 24 33 33
order. 2. Find the difference
10 9 6 3 1 2  2 1
i.e., , , (a) 3 – 1 =  
24 24 24 8 8 8 82 4
So the given fractions in descending order. 5 LCM of 3 and 12 is 12
(b) 2 – 12
5 3 1 3
, , .
12 8 4 12  3  2  12  12  5
=
15 12
6. Fraction for girls in one section = 85 3  3 1
45 =  
12 12 12  3 4
Fraction for girls in scholar section =
30 (c) 18 – 17
15 12 20 25
Compare = and
45 30 LCM of 20, 25
By cross multiplication

46
 2 20, 25 = 9 – 5 – 13 (LCM of 1, 2, 4 = 4).
1 2 4
2 10, 25
5 5, 25 = ( 4  1  9 )  ( 4  2  5)  ( 4  4  13)
LCM  4
5 1, 5
1, 1 36  (2  5)  (1  13)
=
2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 100 4
100  20  18  100  25  17 36  10  13 26  13 13 1
= =   3
100 4 4 4 4
5  18  4  17 1 3 1 1
= (c)    (LCM of 2, 4, 8, 12, = 24).
100 2 4 8 12
90  68 22  2 11 (24  2  1)  (24  4  3)
=  
100 100  2 50  (24  8  1)  (24  12  1)
=
3. Simplify 24
522553
(a) 2 2 + 5 3 = =
(12  1)  (6  3)  (3  1)  (2  1)
5 5 5 24
12  28 40  5 8
=   =8 12  18  3  2 33  2 31 7
5 55 1 =   1
1 1
(b) 3 + 5 (LCM of 2 and 4 is 4). 24 24 24 24
2 4 7
5. Let x be added to 3
7 21 4  2  7  4  4  21 15
=  
2 4 4 3 7 + × = 8 1 (according to the question)
2  7  1 21 14  21 35 3 15 5
= =  =8
4 4 4 4 = x = 8 – 3 7
1
5 15
(c) 2 3 – 1 5
7 14 8  5  1 15  3  7
= 
2  7  3 14  1  5 5 15
= 
7 14 40  1 45  7
= 
14  3 14  5 5 15
=  (LCM of 7 and 14 = 14).
7 14 41 52 (15  5  41)  (15  15  52)
17 19 14  7  17  14  14  19 =  
=   5 15 15
7 14 14
3  41 1  52 123  52 71 11
2  17  1  19 34  19 =   4
=  15 15 15 15
14 14
11 7 1
1 So 4 is added to 3 to get 8 .
= 15 = 1 14 15 15 5
14
4. Evaluate each of the following 6. Time taken by Raj to complete homework
2 6 7 267 96 3 1
(a)   =   =2
5 5 5 5 5 5 2
1
(b) 9 – 2 – 3 1 Time taken by Seema to complete homework
2 4 =3 8 = 2 2
3 3
9 2  2 1 4  3 1
=   2 1 8 5
1 2 4 compare 2 and 2 =
3 2 3 2

47
 8 × 2 5×3 3
16 > 15 10. Oil in container = 2 litre
5
So >8 5 1
3 2 Ananya put oil = 1
3
So Raj take less time to complete homework.
So total oil in container = 2 3 + 1 1
( 6  3  8 )  ( 6  2  5) 5 3
Now 8 – 5 =
3 2 6 13 4 (15  5  13)  (15  3  4 )
=  
( 2  8 )  ( 3  5) 5 3 15
=
6 (3  13)  (5  4 ) 39  20 59
=  
6  15 1 15 15 15
= 
6 6 3 11
Oil in new container = 2 litres = litres
1 4 4
Thus Raj takes hour of less time.
6 Oil leaked = 59 – 11
15 4
3 103
7. Tailor needs cloth = 25 m = m (60  15  59 )  (60  4  11)
4 4 =
1 85 60
Tailor has cloth = 21 m = m ( 4  59 )  (15  11) 236  165 71
4 4 =  
Tailor need more cloth to complete the work. 60 60 60
103 85 103  85 71
= m m m So, litres of oil has leaked.
4 4 4 60
18  2 9 1 11. Total students in school = 1,176
=  m4 m
4 2 2 2 7
Number of boys = of 1,176
3 12
8. Distance from home to workshop = 7 km
4 = 7 × 1176 = 7 × 98 = 686
12
1 So girls in school = 1176 – 686 = 490
Distance covered on foot = 2 km
4 7 12  7 5
Fraction of girls = 1   
Distance covered by bus = 7 – 2 1 3
12 12 12
4 4
3
31 9 31 9 22  2 12. Red paint =
=    20
4 4 4 4 2
11 1 11
= km = 5 km Blue paint =
2 2 20
1  3 11 
9. Pawan occupied space = White paint = 1    
2  20 20 
1 14 20  14 62 3
Sudhir occupied space = = 1    
4 20 20 20  2 10
1 1 2 1 3 3
Pawan + Sudhir occupied =    (a) So the fraction for white paint is
2 4 4 4 10
Suppose the total space be 1. 3 3
(b) Red paint = 10 litres of  10 
3 43 1 20 20
Diwan occupied = 1   
4 4 4 3
= litres = 1 liters 1
1 2 2
So Diwan was left with of accommodation. Blue paint
4

48
 11 11 11 1 5 5, 5, 5
= 10 litres of  10    5 litres.
20 20 2 2 1, 1, 1

Review Exercises LCM 15, 30, 40

LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 8 × 15 = 120
Multiple Choice Questions 120  15  14 120  30  27 120  40  37
= , ,
2 3 4 120 120 120
1. (a) 2. (b) , 8 × 14 4 × 27 3 × 37
3 7 7 = , ,
120 120 120
(like function have same denominators)
112 108 111
1 1 18 = , ,
3. (d) 3 4. (a)    5. (b) 120 120 120
2 2 4
(Ascending order smaller to bigger)
5
6. (c) 7. (d) 2 + 3 = 5 + 1 1 As denominators are same, we look to
15 4 4 4 4
108 111 112
numerator , ,
Solve Mentally 120 120 120
True or False 27 37 14
i.e., 30, 40 , 15 .
1. False 2. True    3. True
6 1 10
4. False 5. True    6. True (b) , ,
13 3 26
7. False
LCM of 13, 3, 26
Fill in the Blanks 2 13, 3, 26
1. unlike fractional 3 13, 3, 13
2. improper 13 13, 1, 13
3. numerator, denominator 1, 1, 1

 1 LCM = 2 × 3 × 13 = 6 × 13 = 78
4.   or half i.e., fractional 78  13  6 78  3  1 78  26  10
 2 , ,
5. simple 78 78 78
6 × 6 , 26 × 1 , 3 × 10
Let’s Evaluate 78 78 78
1. Find the equivalent fractions in 36 , 26 , 30
78 78 78
6 4 3 15
, , , Ascending order (smaller to bigger)
32 16 16 80
The equivalent fraction are 6 , 3 and = 15 (Denominator is same)
32 16 80
If 3 × 2 = 6 , 15 ÷ 5 = 6 (we will see only numerator)
16 × 2 32 80 ÷ 5 15
26 30 36 1 10 6
2. Arrange in ascending order. , , → 3 , 26, 13
78 78 78
14 27 37
(a) , , 3. What fraction of an hour is (1 hour = 60 min)
15 30 40 27  3 9
(a) 27 minutes fraction = 
2 15, 30, 40 60  3 20
2 15, 15, 20 35  5 7
(b) 35 minutes fraction = 
2 15, 15, 10 60  5 12
3 15, 15, 5 8
4. Raman painted hall =
11
49
 1 8  3 3  1 11 4 33  16 17
Mohan painted = =    = 
6 4 3 4 3 12 12
 8 1 5
Shivam painted = 1     = 1 m
 11 6  12
 48  11 11
= 1   8. Dimple studied = hour
 66  12
59 66  59 7 13
= 1    Shivam studied = hour
66 66 66 14
Suppose hall painted = 1 11 13
Now compare and
7 12 14
So Shivam painted of the hall. 14 × 11 13 × 12
66
5 154 < 156
5. Ronald wrote on Monday = 17
12 So 13 > 11
3 14 12
He wrote on Tuesday = 21
4 Thus Shivam studied for longer time.
 5 3  209 87 
= 50   17  21  = 50     9. Two fractions are equivalent if they represent
 12 4  12 4
proportional parts. The shaded part of two
 209  261  470  figures represents equivalent fraction 1 .
= 50    = 50  
 12   12  The shaded part of circle and triangle have
2
(50  12)  470 600  470 different areas.
= 
12 12 10. (a) Total letters = A to P = 16
130  2 65 5 Letters inside the triangle = A to F = 7
=   10
12  2 6 6 7
Fraction =
5 16
So pages wrote on Wednesday were 10
6 (b) Total letters = A to P = 16
5 Letters common to the circle and the
6. Farmer uses land for cereal crops =
7 triangle = E, F, G = 3
1 3
He uses land for vegetables = Fraction =
9 16
Let the total land be = 1
 5 1 (c) Total letters A to P = 16
Land used for other crops = 1    
 7 9 Letters not in the triangle but inside the
 45  7  63  52 11 circle = H, I, J = 3
= 1    =1 52
63 =  3
 63  63 63 Fraction =
16
So the land used for other crops is = 11 1
63 11. (a) Milk drinkers =
3 3
7. Length of ribbon = 2 m
4 1
1 Coffee drinkers =
Length of piece used to make flowers = 1 m 4
3 1 1
Ribbon left = 2 3 – 1 1 Compare and
4 3 3 4
4 × 1 3×1
4  2  3 3  1 1
=  4 > 3
4 3

50
 So milk drinker > coffee drinker. 1 1 2
Now for ascending order = , ,
1 > 1 2 4 5
3 4
LCM of 2, 4, 5
1 1 43 1
So    2 2, 4, 5
3 4 12 12
2 1, 2, 5
So milk drinker is greater then coffee
1 5 1, 1, 5
drinker by . 1, 1, 1
12
(b) Students enrolled in mess = 420 LCM = 2 × 2 × 5 = 20
Number of students take tea 20  2  1, 20  4  1, 20  5  1
=
1 20
= of 420 10 × 1, 5 × 1, 4 × 2 = 10, 5, 8
6 =
1 20 20
= × 70 = 70
6 Ascending order will be smaller to bigger.
(c) Total students = 420 5 8 10
1 , ,
Juice prefer students = 20 20 20
6 1 2 1
1 The original fractions were , , .
Mangoshake prefer students = 4 5 2
12
So either juice or mangoshake
30  10 3
=1+ 1 14. Rohit read = 
6 12 100  10 10
2 1 3 1 2
=   Simmi read =
12 12 4 5
∴ Total number of students who prefer 3 2
Compare and
both drinks = 1 × 420 = 105 coffee 10 5
4
drinkers (Given) = 1 3 × 5 10 × 2
4 15 < 20
1 3 2
So either juice or mango shake is So <
4 10 5
Which is equal to coffee drinkers. Thus Simmi read more.
12. Amit sleeps = 8 hours (1 day = 24 hours) Competency-based Questions
Amit awake = 24 – 8 = 16 hours 2 4 4 2 2
1. (b) as empty = 
16  8 2 5 10 10  2 5
Fraction for awake = 
24  8 3 2. (c)
13. Rama had = ₹40; he spent = ₹20
20  20 1 Case Study
Fraction of money spend = 
40  20 2 6
Sheena had = ₹100 1. (c)
Sheena spend = ₹25 17
25  25 1 2
Fraction of money spend =  2. (c)
100  25 4 17
Jina had = ₹100
3. (b) Scored balls = 17
Jina spend = ₹40
Dot balls = 30 – 17 = 13
40  20 2
Fraction of money spend =  13
100  20 5 Fraction =
30
51
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 8.1 (iv) Draw a diameter of circle, which is double

1. (a) the radius i.e. 4.2 × 2 = 8.4 cm.
Now OX = 4.2 cm radius
(b) Steps of construction
OY = 4.2 cm
(i) Draw a line of any length using ruler.
Diameter = 4.2 × 2 = 8.4 cm = XY
(ii) Mark a point A on the line.

(iii) Open the compass upto a radius of

8 cm mark.
(iv) Keeping the pointed end of compass
at A, draw an arc of radius 8 cm cutting
the line at B.
4. Students do it yourself
AB is the required line. Radius = 3 cm with circle and ruler
2.
Steps of construction
(i) Draw a line of any length using ruler.
(ii) Mark a point X on the line.


(iii) Open the compass of same length having 5. Circle of radius = 2.8 cm
line segment AB.
(iv) Keeping the pointed end of compass at
draw an arc with the help of compass
opened as the same length of line
segment cutting the line at y.

Thus, the line segment AB is equal to line
6.
segment XY.
 
XY = AB
3. A 4.2 cm B
Steps of construction
(i) Construct a line segment 4.2 cm.
(ii) Open the compass with radius 4.2 cm
using line segment 4.2 cm.
(iii) Draw a circle with radius 4.2 cm.

52
 7. Radius of smaller circles = 2 cm. should be 90°. For squares, all sides
should be equal and all the angles should
be 90°. One rotation is confirmed.
4. Point to keep in mind while drawing
 Draw a big rectangle on the squared
paper to represent the area where cars
will drive through to access the pumps.
Make sure its wide enough for a car to
pass through comfortably.
Exercise 8.2 For the squares draw three smaller
squares within the rectangle to represent
1. To recreate this figure, so that the rectangle the vending machine of petrol. Space
is placed symmetrically inside the circle should be evenly distributed so that they
first draw rectangle of length = 5 dots and have enough space around them the cars
breadth = 2 dots as each dot in of 1 cm. Then to maneuver.
draw the circle outside.
 Also choose the appropriate scale for
drawing.
 Clearly mark the entrance and exit.
 Also ensure the layout allows the traffic
to easily enter, access the petrol pump
and exit without congestion.
 Consider the safety measures like
signage, fire extinguisher placement etc.

 Consider accessibility of fractures for
2. (a) rectangle (b) rectangle people with disabilities.
(c) square (d) rectangle
(e) square Exercise 8.3
3. Rectangles R1 and R2 are rotated rectangles, 1. Square side = 6 cm
and Square S1 and S2 are also rotated squares. Step 1. Draw a line segment AB = 6 cm.
(a) Rectangles R1 and R2
Both figures have four sides and four Step 2. Draw a perpendicular on AB at A
right angles, which are the defining using protractor.
characteristics of a rectangle. The
difference in their orientation on the grid
indicates a rotation.
(b) Squares S1 and S2
Both the figures have four equal sides
and four right angles, which are defining
characteristics of a square, similar to the Step 3. Mark a point D on the ⊥ such that
rectangles, the change in orientation AD = 6 cm using a ruler.
from S1 to S2 shows a rotation.
To verify this, one can use ruler to measure
the sides and a protector to measure the
angles.
In case of rectangles, opposite sides
should be equal, and all the images
53
 Step 4. Similarly, draw a perpendicular on AB Step 5. Join DC to get the square of side
at B using a protractor and mark point C on 5.5 cm.
the perpendicular line such that BC = 6 cm
using the ruler.

3. Rectangle length = 5 cm, 4 cm

Step 1. Draw a line segment PQ = 5 cm.
Step 5. Join DC to get the square of side 6 cm.
Step 2. Draw a ⊥ on a line segment PQ at the
point Q using a protractor. Let this ⊥ be l.

Step 3. Marks on the ⊥ l such that PS = 4 cm.

2. Square side = 5.5 cm
I
Step 1. Draw a line segment AB = 5.5 cm. S

4 cm

Step 2. Draw a ⊥ on AB at A using protractor.

P 5 cm Q
Step 4. Draw a ⊥ on line segment PQ at the
point Q. The name of ⊥ be m and mark point
R on the ⊥ m. Such that QR = 4 cm.

Step 3. Mark a point D on the ⊥ such that

AD = 5.5 cm using a ruler.

Step 5. Join SR to get the required rectangle.

Step 4. Similarly, draw a ⊥ on AB at B using

a protractor and mark point C on the ⊥ such
that BC = 5.5 cm using the ruler.
5. Let us draw a rough figure of the required
rectangle.

54
Step 1. Draw a line segment AB. Step 6. Join DC to get the required rectangle.

Step 2. Draw a ⊥ on a line segment AB at

point B using a protractor. Let us call this
line l.

6. 65°, 25° Let us draw a rough figure.

Step 3. Draw BA = 40° using a protractor.

Mark the point intersection of ray A and the Step 1. Draw a line segment AB of arbitrary
perpendicular l as C. length.

Step 2. Draw a perpendicular on line segment

AB at the point B using a protractor. Let us
call this line l.

Step 4. Draw a perpendicular on line segment

AB at point A. Let us call this ⊥ m.

Step 3. Draw ∠BAX = 25° using a protractor.

Mark the point of intersection of ray X and
the perpendicular l as C.

X
Step 5. Taking B as centre open the compass
to C such that BC is the radius.

Step 4. Draw a perpendicular on line

segment AB at the point A. Let us call this
perpendicular m.

With the same radius and same opening of

compass, with A as centre mark the point D
on the perpendicular m.

55
 Step 5. Taking B as centre open the compass Step 4. Construct perpendiculars on PQ and
to C such that BC is the radius. RQ at P and R respectively to intersect at S.

With the same opening (radius) with A as 8. Length of side = 5 cm

centre mark the point D on the perpendicular Diagonal = 8 cm
m.
Step 6. Join DC to get the required rectangle.

Draw a rough figure of rectangle PQRS.

7. Let us draw a rough figure of rectangle PQRS. Step 1. Draw a line segment of PQ = 5 cm

Step 2. Draw a perpendicular to PQ at Q, let

this perpendicular be denoted by l.
Step 1. Draw a line segment PQ = 4 cm
P Q
Step 2. Draw a perpendicular to PQ at Q. Let
this perpendicular be denoted by l.

Step 3. Open a compass to 8 cm using a ruler.

With centre and radius 8 cm, draw an arc to
Step 3. Open a compass to 5 cm using a ruler. cut the line l at R.
With centre and radius 5 cm, draw an arc to
cut the line l at R as shown below.

56
 Step 4. Construct perpendiculars on PQ and (iii) Using the compass again, draw a circle
RQ at P and R respectively to intersect at S. with center B and radius 7 cm.

9. Step 1. Draw a line segment AB of length 7

cm using a ruler. (iv) The two circles will intersect at two
points. Label one as point C.
Point C is 7 cm away from both points A
Step 2. Place the tip of the compass on any and B.
one point say A and open it to a radius of
more than 3.5 cm i.e. more than half the Review Exercises
length of AB and mark an arc.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (d) SQRP
2. (b) (ii)
Step 3. Without changing the radius of 3. (d) ∠1 = ∠4
compass place its tip on B and draw another 4. (d) compass only
arc to cut the previous arc at the point R. 5. (c)
6. (b) both ruler and compass
7. (d)
8. (b) 4 cm

Yes, we can locate both points A and B. Solve Mentally

This point R is equidistant for the point A True or False
and B.
1. True 2. True
Yes, we can find another point Q
equidistant from A and B. To do this, 3. False 4. False
simply use the same compass opening 5. True 6. True
(the radius used for point P) and draw 7. True 8. False
arcs centered at A and B on the opposite
side of line segment AB. The intersection Fill in the Blanks
of these arcs will give another point Q 1. congruent
that is also equidistant from A and B. 2. square
10. To locate point C, following are the steps. 3. equal
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm. 4. sides
5. two
(ii) Using a compass, draw a circle with 6. enlarged
center A and radius = 7 cm.
7. congruent + squares

57
Answer in One Word Step 4. Similarly draw a perpendicular on AB
at B using a protractor and mark point C on
1. Yes.
the perpendicular line such that BC = 5 cm
2. The two squares are identical, when they using the ruler.
have the same side length.
3. No.
4. Sum of all rectangle, square or quadrilateral
is 90° + 90° + 90° + 90° = 360°.
5. Yes, we can construct a rectangle.

Let’s Evaluate
1. Do it yourself Step 5. Join DC to get the square of side 5 cm.
2. Square = Sum of all sides 20 cm.
20
Side of square = = 5 cm
4
Draw a figure of a square.

3. Perimeter = 24 cm
(i) One side of rectangle be x cm
(ii) Given 2x cm, otherside
Step 1. Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm. (iii) Perimeter P = 2 (l + b)
(iv) Substituting the values
Step 2. Draw a perpendicular on AB at A 24 = 2 (x + 2x)
using a protractor. 12 = x + 2x
12 = 3x
12
=x ⇒ x=4
3
Therefore the sides of rectangles are
4 cm and 8 cm
4. Step 1. Draw a line segment AC of any length.
Step 3. Mark a point D on the perpendicular
line such that AD = 5 cm using a ruler.
Step 2. At point A construct a 45° angle using
a protractor.

58
 Step 3. At point C, construct another angle of Step 3. Using O as the center, draw a circle of
45° on the opposite side of the line segment radius 2.5 cm.
AC.

Step 4. Choose any two points B and D on the

circle.

Step 4. From the midpoint of AC, draw two

lines at 45° angles to AC. Also connect the
four points. AS from a rectangle.

Step 5. Join AB, BC, CD and DA to form a

rectangle.

When we measure the sides of a rectangle,

we find that they are equal.
Inference – A rectangle where one diagonal 6. Yes, there is a quadrilateral having all its sides
bisect opposite angles in a 4°5 is a square. equal in length but not a square.
5. Yes, we can construct a rectangle with a It is called a rhombus.
diagonal of 5 cm. However, the rectangle is In the given figure, we can find a point C that
not unique, as there are multiple rectangles 4.5 cm away from both B and D. This forms a
with the same diagonal length. quadrilateral with all sides equal to 4.5 cm.
Step 1. Draw a line segment AC of length 5 This quadrilateral is not a square became its
cm. angles are not necessarily 90 degrees.
7. (a) Yes, PR and SQ are equal. In a rectangle,
Step 2. Draw a perpendicular bisector of AC. the diagonals are equal in length.
Let it intersect AC at O. (b) The ∠1 = ∠3 = ∠5 = ∠7 (Alternate interior
angles).
∠2 = ∠4 = ∠6 = ∠8 (Alternate interior
angles).

59
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 9.1 5. Graph

1. (c)

2. (a) (b)

(c) (d)
(c)

3.

Symmetrical Not symmetrical

Symmetrical Symmetrical

Not symmetrical Symmetrical Exercise 9.2

4. (a) Line m is correct 1. (a) 1 line of symmetry
Line l is not correct (b) 3 lines of symmetry
(b) Line m is not correct (c) 4 lines of symmetry
Line l is correct (d) 1 line of symmetry
(c) Line k, l, m, n are correct 2.
(d) Line l, m are correct
(e) Line l is correct
Line m is not correct (a)   (b)

60
 8. Yes, there is more than one way to shade the
figure to make it symmetric about diagonal.

(c)    (d)

3. (a) median or altitude

(b) diagonals
(c) diameter (d) bisector

4. (a) (b)
We choose the diagonal that runs from the
top left corner to the bottom right corner.
After that we shade squares to create
symmetry.
(c) (d) To check the symmetry about both diagonals.
No, the figure is not symmetry about both
diagonals only the diagonals we choose act
as a line of symmetry.

(e) (f ) 9. Figure Lines of Symmetry

(a) Scalene triangle zero
(b) Parallelogram zero
5. (a) (b)
(c) Rhombus 2
(d) Hexagon 6
(c) (d) (e) Regular octagon 8
(f ) Quadrilateral 4 (Regular)

A line of symmetry must either match two

6. (a) (b) vertices on one side of the line with two
vertices on the other or it must pass through
two of the vertices and then the other two
vertices pair up when folded over the line.
(c) (d)
10. (a)

7. (a) One lines of symmetry (vertical) (through

the centre)
(b) Two (vertical and horizontal) (through
the centre)
(c) Two (2 diagonals)
(d) Three (each line passing through the
centre)
(e) Four (2 diagonals and 2 from centre)

61
 (b) 3. (a)

(b)
Exercise 9.3
1. (a) Six lines of symmetry
(b) One line of symmetry
(c) One line of symmetry
(d) One line of symmetry
To check the answers, you can fold the
shapes along the lines of symmetry, of the
two halves match perfectly, then the line is a
line of symmetry.
The mirror image of letter F would be and
the mirror image of letter T is T.
(c)
After After
Mirror Mirror
Alphabet F Reflection Alphabet T Reflection

2.
Alphabet Look Same after Reflection
C No
O Yes
E No
M Yes
(d)
P No
H Yes
Reason
Letters like O, M and H have a vertical line of
symmetry, which means they can be divided
into two identical halves by a vertical line.
Thus their mirror image is identical.
Also letters like C, E and P not have a vertical
line of symmetry. Thus their mirror image is
different from the original letters.

62
4. 2.    An equilateral triangle has 3 lines of
Figure with Number of symmetry.
Figure Line(s) of Line(s) of  A square has 4 lines of symmetry.
Symmetry Symmetry
 A regular pentagon has 5 lines of
Angle with Yes (Image of an 1 symmetry.
equal arms angle bisector)
Yes, the number of lines of symmetry in a
Isosceles Yes (Image of 1
regular polygon equals the number of sides
right triangle line bisecting
the right angle)
in the figure.
Parallelogram No line of 0 (2 for The number sequence is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, …
symmetry rectangle, 3. Lines of symmetry = 8
2 for Rotational symmetry = Yes
rhombus)
Order = 8
Semicircle Yes (Image of a 1
line bisecting Explanation
the semicircle) The wheel has 8 spokes, which create 8 equal
Isosceles Yes (Image of 1 sections. Thus, it has 8 lines of symmetry.
trapezium line bisecting  360 
The wheel can be rotated by 45°  and
the bases)  8 
Regular Yes (Image 5 looks same.
pentagon of pentagon 4. (a) Shape-1 (Left most picture of koch
with 5 lines of snowflake)
symmetry) Lines of symmetry = 6
5. Yes, a triangle with no line of symmetry can Rotational symmetry = Yes
be right triangle. Order of rotational = 6
For example – Scalene right triangle. Angles of rotation = 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°,
6. A regular polygon with n sides has n lines of 300°, 360°.
symmetry. (b) Shape-2 (Middle picture of koch
snowflake)
Exercise 9.4
Lines symmetry = 12
1. (a) Yes, this shape has rotational symmetry Rotational symmetry = Yes
of order 2.
Order of rotation = 12
(b) Yes, this shape has rotational symmetry
Angles of rotation = 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°,
of order 4.
150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330°,
(c) Yes, this shape has rotational symmetry 360°.
of order 2. (c) Shape-3 (Right most picture of koch
(d) No, this shape does not have rotational snowflake)
symmetry. Lines of symmetry = 6
(e) No, this shape does not have rotational Rotational symmetry = Yes
symmetry. Order of rotational = 6
(f ) Yes, this shape has rotational symmetry Angles of rotation = 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°,
of order 3. 300°, 360°.
(g) Yes, this shape has rotational symmetry 5. (a) Yes, this picture of the Lotus temple has
of order 3. rotational symmetry.
(h) Yes, this shape has rotational symmetry The angles of rotational symmetry are
of order 6. 72°, 144°, 216° and 288°.
63
 (b) Also, this picture has reflection symmetry. Let’s assume x = 60° (which is less than 120°)
The lines of symmetry are 9. Substituting x = 60° in equation (1)
6. Reflection Rotational 60° + y = 240°
Both
Symmetry Symmetry
y = 240° – 60°
(a) Yes No No
y = 180°
(b) No Yes No
But y = 180° is not less than 120° so one
(c) Yes Yes Yes
assumption x = 60° is incorrect.
(d) Yes Yes Yes
Now assume x = 40° (< 120°)
(e) No No No
Substituting x = 40° in equation (1).
(f ) Yes Yes Yes
40° + y = 240° y = 200
7. (a) 2 (b) 2 Again 200° is not less than 120°, so our
(c) 3 (d) 4 assumption is wrong.
8. Yes, a circle has lines of symmetry. Therefore there is no solution that satisfy the
given condition.
It has an infinite number of lines of symmetry.
Any line that passes through the centre of Review Exercises
the circle acts as a line of symmetry, dividing
the circle into two same halves. Multiple Choice Questions
For rotational symmetry, a circle has infinite 1. (d) square
rotational symmetry. It can be rotated by any 2. (d) 8
angle around its centre and look the same.
3. (a) its diagonals
9. Rotational symmetry
4. (c) 90°
(a) 2: It can be rotated by 180°.
5. (c) 2
(b) Infinite: It can be rotated by any angle
6. (b) two triangles
(c) 2: It can be rotated by 180°.
a = c < b 7. (b)  
Ascending order 8. (b) 1
Fig (a) Fig (c) Fig (b) 9. (c) 5
10. a 2 10. (d) 8
b 1
Solve Mentally
c 6
d 4 True or False
e 5 1. False 2. False
11. The figure has 120° as one of its angles of 3. True 4. False
symmetry.
5. True 6. True
It has two angle of symmetry less than 120°.
Let’s denote the two smaller angles of Fill in the Blanks
symmetry as x and y. 1. one
Therefore 120° + x ≠ y = 360° 2. one
(Where 360° is the sum of all its angle of 3. BOX
symmetry) 4. 72°
Simplifying x + y = 240° (1) 5. 60°

64
Answer in one word 3. CHOICE
1. 2
2. 3
3. both [Line of symmetry along diagonals 4. (a) (b)
rotational symmetry of order 2]
4. zero lines of symmetry [No line of symmetry
rotational symmetry of order 2] 4 lines of symmetry 3 lines of symmetry
5. A center of rotation is the fixed point around 5. Yes, a figure having 2 or more lines of
which an object rotates. symmetry also possesses rotational
symmetry.
6. The angle of rotation of a 11 gm is 180°.
Explanation
7. No, the angle of rotation of a figure possessing
rotational symmetry cannot be 47°. A line of symmetry divides a figure into two
identical halves that mirror each other.
Let’s Evaluate A figure has rotational symmetry is it can be
rotated less than 360° and look same.
1.
Example – Square
Square has 4 lines of symmetry.
2 diagonals and 2 lines that pass through the
mid points of opposite sides.
If you rotate the square 90° degrees,
180°, 270° about its centre.
It has rotational symmetry of order 4.
6. (a) 90°  (b) 180°  (c) 180°  (d) 90°
7.
Order of Rota-
Angle of Rotation
tional Symmetry
(a) 5  360 
2. 72°  
5 
72°, 144°, 216°, 288°, 360°
(b) 2  360 
(a) (b) 180°  
2 
180°, 360°
(c) 6  360 
60°  
6 
(c) 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300°, 360°
(d) 12°  360 
30°  
12 
30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°,
210°, 240°, 270°, 300°, 330°, 360°
(e) 3  360 
120°  
3 
120°, 240°, 360°

65
 8. 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, 300°, 360° Competency-based Questions
9. 1. The part of the bicycle with both line and
rotational symmetry of order 4 is the chain
wheel.
2. The given flag has two lines of symmetry.
3. Polygon–1 The isosceles triangle above the
garage door has only one line of symmetry.
10. Polygon–3 The door
Number of Lines of Angle of Rotation- 4. Order of rotation = 5
Figure
Symmetry al Symmetry Angles of symmetry 120°, 144°, 216°, 288°,
a 2 180° 360°
b 8 45°
c 0 None Case Study
d 4 90°
(a)
e 2 180°
1. Mercedes (ii)
Integrated Learning 2. Audi (i)
3. Volkswagen (iv)
Column-I Column-II
1. Bangladesh (iii) 4. Chevrolet (v)
2. Sri Lanka (i) 5. Tata motors (iii)
3. Nepal (iv) (b)
4. Pakistan (v) Line of Order of Rotational
5. Bhutan (ii) Car Company
Symmetry Symmetry
(B) (1) Bangladesh → 2 lines of symmetry Mercedes 1 3
One vertical line and one vertical line. Audi 0 2
(C) Indian flag has one line of symmetry. Volkswagen 1 2
The Ashok chakra has 24 spokes. Chevrolet 1 2
It has 24 lines of symmetry. Tata motors 1 2
Also it has 24 angles of rotational (c) Since the company has only on line of
symmetry. symmetry.
360 Arshia’s father’s company could be
Angles – = 15°
24 Mercedes, Volkswagen, Chevrolet or Tata
motors.

66
 Detailed Answer Key

In-text Questions

Exercise 10.1 10. (a) 16840 < 18640

1. (a) Spending of ` 5000 (b) –278 > –387
(b) 250 km south of Delhi (c) 2350 = 2350
(c) Early by 25 minutes (d) –6000 < 6
(d) Increase of 10 11. (a) 1000 (b) –83
(e) 20°C above freezing point (c) 121 (d) 4321
2. (a) ` +3000 (b)` –5000 (e) 12876
(c) +100 m (d) –3000 m 12. (a) –9, –5, 0
(e) –10 m (b) –98, –76, 121
3. (a) –5 (b) +7 (c) –728, –287, –278
(c) –900 (d) –750 m 13. (a) –99, –777, –990
(e) +5000 (b) 876, 0, –901
4. (c) 1, –167, –953
c b a
14. (a) |–13| = 13 (b) |+27| = 27
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(c) |–2| = 2 (d) |+18| = 18
5. (a) –26 is to the left of –13
15. (a) –4
(b) –9 is to the left of 18 Left 4 steps
(c) –29 is to the left of +13
-4 -3 -2 -1 0
6. –9 are –8, –7, –6
(b) –4
7. –2 are –3, –4, –5 7 steps right
8. (a) –3 are –10 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4
Ans. Integers between –3 and –10 are (c) Right direction
–4, –5, –6, –7, –8, –9 Left
Decreasing order –4, –5, –6, –7, –8, –9
-80 -69 -68 -67 -66
(b) –8 and 0
(d) Left direction
Ans. Integers between –8 and 0 are right side
–7, –6, –5, –4, –3, –2, –1, 0
0 1 2 3 4 23
Decreasing order –1, –2, –3, –4, –5, –6, –7
16. (a) False [–270 is less than –170]
(c) –89 and –98
(b) False [0 is neither positive nor negative]
Ans. Integers between –89 and –98
(c) True
–90, –91, –92, –93, –94, –95, –96, –97
(d) False [The absolute value of an integer is
Decreasing order –90, –91, –92, –93, –94, –95, always greater than or equal to the value
–96, –97 of the integer].
9. (a) –7 > –12 (b) 0 > –10
(c) –2 < 1

67
Exercise 10.2 (b) (–23) + (–45) + (–39) + 25
1. (a) 5 more than 1 = 6 = –68 + (–39) + 25
= –107 + 25
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= –82
(b) 6 more than –6 = 0
Exercise 10.3
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

(c) 5 less than 0 = –5 1. Subtract

(a) 15 from (–20)
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
= –20 – 5
2. (a) 10 + (–6) = 10 – 6 = 4
= –35
(b) (–2) + (–9) = –2 – 9 = –11
(b) –37 from 37
(c) (–2) + (–5) + 4 = –2 –5 + 4 = –7 + 4 = –3
= 37 – (–37)
3. P = –15 Q = –7
= 37 + 37
R = 15 S = 30
= 74
4. (a) (–138) + (–122) = –138 – 122 = –260
(c) 21 from 0
(b) (–965) + 400 = –965 + 400 = –565
= 0 – 21
(c) (–278) + 278 = –278 + 278 = 0
= –21
5. (a) 567 and (–897) + 567 –897 = –330
2. Evaluate
(b) –458 and 765 = 765 – 458 = + 307
(a) (–5) – (6) + (9)
(c) +200, –56 and –240
⇒ (–5 – 6) + 9
= 200 – 56 – 240
⇒ –11 + 9 = –2
= 200 – 296
(b) 40 – (–30) + 10 – (–9)
= 96
⇒ 40 + 30 + 10 + 9
6. (a) 3 3 + 9 + 6 –17
⇒ 70 + 10 + 9
9 = 18 – 17
– 17 ⇒ 80 + 9 = 89
6 =1 (c) –23 + 13 – 17 + (–67)
⇒ –23 + 13 – 17 – 67
(b) 7 7 + 5 –20 ⇒ –10 – 17 – 67
5 = 12 – 20
– 20 ⇒ –27 – 67 = – 94
= –8 (d) 54 – (–45) + (–12) + 0
– 4 ⇒ 54 + 45 –12 + 0
(c) 5 5 + 16 – 4 –11 –2 ⇒ 99 –12 + 0 = 87
– 11 = 21 – 4 –13 3. Add –78 to the difference of –56 and –89
– 2
= 21 – 17 [–56 – (–89)] + (–78)
16
=4 ⇒ [–56 + 89 ] + (–78)
7. (a) 87 + 0 + (–9) + (–48) + (–23) ⇒ 33 –78 = –45
= 87 + 0 + (–9 – 48 –23) 4. (a) (–4) + (–7) _____ (–4) – (–7)
= 87 + (–80) L.H.S R.H.S
= 87 – 80 = 7 –4 – 7 ⇒ –4 + 7
–11 < 3

68
 (b) (–23) – (–17) _____ (–17) – (–23) + 2
L.H.S R.H.S + 1
0
–23 + 17 ⇒ –17 + 23
– 1
–6 < +6 – 2
5. (a) 23 → –23 (b) –79 → 79  (c)  0 →
0 Solve Mentally
6.
True or False
(a)
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. True 2. False
3. False 4. True
(b) 5. True
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

6. True For example [(4 + (–4)]

(c) 7. True
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8. False
Review Exercise 9. False For example = 3 –7 = –4
Here 7 is a positive integer and 3 is a smaller
1. (c) (–1) +ve integer, resulting a negative answer
2. (a) (1)
452 successor = 453 Fill in the Blank
453 – 452 = 1 1. Zero
3. (c) (1) 2. 2
If x = x and y = 1 + x Successor = x + 1
y – x = 1 + x –x = 1 Predecessor = x – 1
4. (a) (0) Difference = (x + 1) – (x – 1)
5 + (–5) = 0 so 5 + (–5) upto solution will =x+1–x+1=2
be 0. (As 2 number = 1 number). 3. 0
5. (b) (–15) 4. 0
1 – 2 + 3 –4 + 5 = 6 + ---------+ 29 – 30 5. –8 (because each term decrease by 5)
–1 + (–1) + (–1) + ---------+ (–1)
–1 (15 times) = (–15) Answer in One Word or a Line
6. (c) 3 1. –12 (On number line number decrease as
7. (c) 2 move to the left) one left of – 11 is –12
8. (a) [–8–(–13) = –8 + 13 = 5] 2. –5
9. `1500 3. positive integer
(a) 5000 – 2000 – 1500 4. No, greatest positive integer
= 3000 – 1500 5. (–2, –1, 0, 1, 2) Total 5 integers
= 1500 = `1500 Let’s Evaluate
10. (d) 7 -11
1. -13 -12-11 -10-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
13

+ 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

+ 4 2 Add –4 and –6
+ 3
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

69
 3 Subtract –5 from –8 11. –23, 56, 0, –129, –89
Increasing order = –129, –89, –23, 0, 56
-11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Absolute value = 129, 89, 23, 0, –56
–8 – (–5) = –8 + 5 = –3
Increasing order = –56, 0, 23, 89, 129
4. (a) + ` 7000 (b) + 150
12. –37
(c) – ` 3000 (d) + 4200 m
13. Find the factors of 100000
(e) – 6 km (f ) + 10
(g) – 500 2 1,00000 one positive integer x is
5. (a) 20 + (–36) 2 5,0000 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32
= 20 – 36 = –16 2 2,5000
2 1,2500 second positive integer y is
(b) –78 + 65 = –13
2 6250 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 3125
(c) –23 + 23 = 0
5 3125
(d) –21 + (–100)
5 625
= – 21 – 100 = –121
5 125
(e) 44 + 66 = 110
5 25
6. (a) 5 + 17 + (–20)
5 5
= 22 + (–20)
1
= 22 –20 = 2
14. Sum of integer –1000 to 1000 > product of
(b) –8 + (–12) + (–3) –1000 to 1000. So product of all integers
= –8 – 12 – 3 from –1000 to 1000 is greater.
= –20 – 3 = –23 Explanation:
(c) –1 + 14 + 16 All negative integers are cancelled by positive
= –1 + 30 = 29 integers i.e., Answer is zero. (–1000 + 1000 = 0)
(d) 5 + 7 + 8 But –1000 × 1000 = –1000000
= 12 + 8 = 20 15. Column-I Column-II
(e) –19 + (–6) + 25 (i) (2) (c)
= –19 – 6 + 25 (ii) (–1) (e)
= –25 + 25 = 0 (iii) (–2) (b)
7. (a) –136 (b) 12345 (iv) (0) (a)
(c) 8 (d) –75000 (v) (–1, –3, = –4) (d)
(e) 24
16. To find the distance from Mumbai after the
8. (a) 15 – |–17 | journey we will subtract the distance traveled
= 15 – 17 west from the distance traveled east.
= –2 So,
(b) |–13 | – |15| Net Distance = Distance east – Distance west
= |13 – 15| = 1678 km – 990 km
=|– 2| = 2 = 688 km
9. Smallest negative integer = –11 Therefore the plane is 688 km away from
Largest negative integer = –1 Mumbai now.
10. Smallest : not defined, Largest: –20

70
17. Give one integer is 9 let the 2nd integer be x 3. (b) + 10
So, Blood pressure shoots up = 54 beats
x + 9 = –23 = + 54
x = –23 – 9 After medicine reduce pulse rates = 74 beats
x = –32 = –74
So the second integer be (–32) Pulse rate again rises = 30 beats = +30 beats
18. Temperature of Shimla = 4°C Net change = + 54 – 74 + 30 = 10
in afternoon
Temperature recorded at Midnight = 4°C – Case Study
10°C = –6°C 1. Temperature of Lukla = 6°C
19. Person standing in mountain cliff = 5600 m Temperature of mount Everest = –24°C
drops his tool bag = (2500 * below sea level) Difference
= – 2500 6°C – ( –24°C )
Shortest distance between man and tool bag 6°C + 24°C = 30°C
= 5600 m (– 2500 m) = 8100 m
So, Answer is (d) 30° C
20. (a) Tuesday is the coldest day (–8)
2. (a) 21°C
(b) Wednesday was warmest day (10)
Temperature of the peak = –24°C
(c) Descending order
Temperature at base camp = –3°C
Largest to smallest
Rise in temperature = –3°C – ( –24°C ) = 21°C
0, –3, –5, –7, –8
3. (c) 5°C
Difference between highest and lowest
The difference in altitude = 8848 – 2860 =
temperature
5988 m
Highest = 0
difference of temperature = 30°C
Lowest = –8
Temperature dropper meter in = 10°C /5988
Difference = 0 – (–8) = 0 + 8 = 8 = 0.005°C/m
Temperature dropper meter 1000 m is 5°C/m
Competency-based Questions
1. (a) 4, 5 Integrated with Daily Life
2. The distance between Rea and turtle (a) 5 button
= Distance of Rea – Distance jacob + Distance (b) 3 floor down wards
of + turtle (c) 7 floor down to reach second level
= 10 m – (–12 + (–21) basement.
= 10 m + 14 = 24 m

71