PROJECT FILE

GROUP MEMBERS
➢ ZOHAIR SHAHID
➢ AMMAR KHAN
➢ FARAN HASSAN
➢ ANIQ ATIF
➢ AYAN HAIDER
➢ ABDULLAH BIN FAHAD
 Contents:
Title……………………………………………………………………. 1
Contents……………………………………………………………….. 2
Problem ………………………………………………………………..3-8
➢ Introduction
➢ Location
➢ Participating species
➢ Causes
➢ Effects
Existing Solutions………………………………………………………......... 9
Marine Protected Areas………………………………………………………. 10-11
➢ Summary
➢ Reason
➢ Advantages
➢ Disadvantages
➢ Graph evidence
Environmental Impact Assessment…………………………………………12-16
➢ Summary
➢ Stages of (EIA)
➢ Reason
➢ History/background
➢ growth chart
➢ Real-world examples
➢ Advantages
➢ Disadvantages
Acoustic tracking and Sonar technology……………………………………... 17-18
➢ Summary
➢ Reason
➢ Advantages
➢ Disadvantages
References…………………………………………………………………... 19
 Problem:
Disruption of Deep-
sea Migration
Patterns
Problem statement: Deep sea migration is a natural pattern
or the behavior of life in the ocean, such as fish and whales
migrate seasonally and daily in movements at various levels
around currents ocean belts. It is a crucial natural process to
maintain ecosystem health, biodiversity, nutrient cycling and
global climate regulation of marine ecosystems. Nevertheless,
human activities and changes in the environment have affected
these migration patterns in different ways across lots of marine
species thus becoming a threat to both — marine ecology as well
as human communities dependent on these ecosystems.

Background: It is able to show elaborate migratory behaviors

of marine species depending upon different climatic factors
including temperature, food availability and reproduction that are
influenced by ocean currents. They have learned to migrate
through the oceans and provide a pivotal role in supporting
marine ecosystems, including for fisheries, which is a crucial food
source for millions of people around the globe.

Location: Organisms travel to surface or deep waters

throughout the day and night in a cycle, energy transfer and
nutrient cycling happens during this period. The epipelagic,
mesopelagic and bathypelagic zones are popular amongst these
oceanic zones. Organisms travel to surface or deep waters
throughout the day and night following a cycle nutrient cycling
and energy transfer occurred during this period.
Participating species:
Zooplankton, copepods, cephalopods(squids),variety of fishes
(Tuna and Cod), sharks(Great white and Mako) and marine
mammals (dolphins) part take in this process.

Causes:
1. Climate change: Rising temperature changes the habitat of
marine species and disrupt migration patterns as ocean current
flows are interrupted and zones become more temperate.
➢ Ocean acidification refers to the threat to marine ecosystems
posed by high concentration of carbon dioxide (aquatic-
acidification), particularly to organisms such as coral that
rely on calcium carbonate for their basic chemistry.

2. Pollution: Chemical Contaminants; Higher levels of heavy

metals, micro plastics and pesticides in the marine organisms can
affect the health and ability of organisms to reproduce which
results into modified migration.
➢ Fertilizer Runoff; Agricultural runoff leads to eutrophication
raising dead zones, forcing oceanic species to migrate
toward the new dead.
3. Habitat destruction: Bottom Trawling; Destructive
fishing practices cause severe damage to seabed habitats and
disturb breeding and feeding grounds that are vital for migratory
species.
 ➢ Coastal construction and development which lead to the
destruction of crucial habitat such as mangroves and coral
reefs, leading to degraded nursery grounds.

4. Noise Pollution: Shipping Traffic: Greater movements of

ships produce underwater noise that may disrupt the ability of
migrating creatures like whales to communicate and navigate.
➢ Sonar & Seismic testing – Military and industrial activities
can disrupt natural behavior, causes disorientation&
migration route change.

5. Invasive species: Ecosystem Disruption: Non-native

species may outcompete native species for resources, changing
valuable food webs and influencing migratory behaviors.
6. Deep sea mining: for the extraction of valuable minerals at
the ocean surface, destroy habitats and breeding grounds, which
are commonly used during these migration. Which delays/disrupts
their migration as ordinary habitats are destroyed.

Effects:
Climate Feedback Loops: Deep-sea animals, especially
migratory species, contribute to the biological pump — an
oceanic system in which carbon is stored from sea level and
submerged into the deep sea by transporting it to lower levels of
the seawater — sequestering carbon and controlling atmospheric
CO2. This can weaken the process — the ocean acting as a
carbon sink — by disturbing natural migration patterns. This
could contribute to climate change on a global scale, resulting in
more frequent weather extremes and increasing intensity of events
such as storms and sea rise; among other potential impacts.
Global Fishery Disruption Decreased Fish
Resources: A number of commercially essential species, such
as tuna, mackerel and squid, migrate through deep sea powers.
This makes it more difficult for fisheries to anticipate where and
when these species will be available to catch, the researchers say.
This results in lower fish stocks, thereby directly threat food
security, especially of coastal communities.
Employment: The industry of fishing, especially deep-sea
fishing is a large sector of economy in many countries so the
destruction to marine mammals along with millions of fish cost
very high employment rate. In addition, disruptions in migration
patterns can result in a lower fish harvest, increasing operational
costs for fishermen and causing economic losses in coastal areas.
Cultural and Social Impacts Traditional Knowledge
Erosion: For centuries deep-sea migratory species have been
the focus of traditional and indigenous coastal communities,
become an integral part of their cultural heritage including
fishing, life styles. From changing migration patterns, traditional
knowledge systems for ocean familiarity may be lost and result in
challenges to learn new fishing strategies or find alternate sources
of food and income.
Loss of tourism: In some regions, such as for attraction
viewing during whale migrations, tourism is based on deep-sea
wildlife. These iconic creatures bring in much-needed income in
ecotourism, and if they are scarce — caused by disrupted
migratory patterns — these industries can suffer.

Disruption to the Marine Food Web: Several deep-sea

species are key components of the marine food web. An upset in
their migration may result in an unhealthy predator-prey
relationship and may, as such, cause species to decline or
explode. This can have human fallouts as well and for instance,
when too much Nitrogen enters the ocean it provokes algal
blooms or jellyfish swarms which pull sledges on coastal fisheries
and tourism industries
Existing
Solutions
Establishing MPA’s: Marine protected areas (MPA's) are
regions of the ocean or coastal waters to preserve marine life and
aquatic habitats. They are established to protect declining
ecosystems and biodiversity from human activities such as;
pollution, habitat destruction and overfishing, which threaten their
existence. Ocean or coastal waters to preserve marine life and
aquatic habitats. They are established to protect declining
ecosystems and biodiversity from human activities such as;
pollution, habitat destruction and overfishing, which threaten their
existence. MPAs act as crucial refuges for countless marine
species, shielding them from threats like overfishing, habitat
destruction, and pollution. By offering safe breeding grounds,
MPAs do more than just conserve biodiversity; they also help
replenish fish stocks, supporting both the natural environment and
the economies of coastal communities. This dual benefit is a
testament to the essential role MPAs play in maintaining ocean
health. Moreover, MPAs serve as critical research hubs, offering
insights into marine ecology and helping to refine conservation
efforts to bolster the resilience of marine ecosystems around the
globe
Reason: Past causes have shown that MPA's are quite
successful in preserving biodiversity and successful restorations
of declining ecosystems. Some examples being, the New Zealand
and Mediterranean MPA's. "Marine protected area" is a broad
term for a park or other protected area that includes some marine
or Great Lakes. The International Union for the Conservation of
Nature (IUCN) defines a protected area as “a clearly defined
geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through
legal or other effective means, to achieve the long term
conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and
cultural values.
Advantages:
1) Entire ecosystems are conserved while biodiversity is
safeguarded.
2) Habitats like sea grasses, mangroves and coral reefs are also
protected, reducing coastal erosion and carbon emission,
countering climate change.
3) MPA’s are a fish haven, so marine life reproduce without
interferences, leading to healthier fish populations. Due to the
spill-over effect, extra fish are fished in nearby areas where
fishing is permitted.
4) Some MPA's also promote eco-tourism, generating income for
local communities.
5) They provide a controlled space for researchers to observe and
study marine-life, improving marine conservation strategies.
Disadvantages: Even though MPA's have numerous benefits,
they also have a few disadvantages.
1) If MPA's are poorly managed or designed, they hurt more to
the environment than contributing.
2) MPA’s development can also be quite expensive, with daily
maintenance and incomes of the workers.
3) The time to set them can also be delayed, impacting the cost.
4) Although MPA's ultimately benefit humans, they impact the
livelihoods of fishermen and fishing companies who fish in the
area of the developing MPA's.

Evidence of MPA's succession:

Environmental Impact Assessments:
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment of the
environmental consequences of a plan, policy, program, or actual
projects prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed
action. In this context, the term "environmental impact
assessment" is usually used when applied to projects by
individuals or companies. Environmental assessments may be
governed by rules of administrative procedure regarding public
participation and documentation of decision making.
Stages of EIA:
1. Screening: Deciding if an EIA is required.
2. Scooping: Deciding what needs to be covered in the
assessment and reported in the 'EIA Report'.
3. Preparing the EIA report: The EIA report has to include
the environmental effects of the development.
4. Making an application and consultation: The EIA
Report and development application must be publicized
(including electronic advertisement), interested parties and the
public must be given an opportunity to give their views on it.
5. Decision making: The EIA Report with any comments on
it, must be taken into account by the authority before deciding to
give consent for development.
6. Post decision: The developer starts any monitoring required
by the competent authority.
Reason: One of the primary objectives of EIA is to protect the
environment by identifying and mitigating potential adverse
impacts of proposed projects. By thoroughly assessing
environmental implications, EIA's help in avoiding, reducing, or
compensating for negative effects. This approach prevents
environmental degradation, preserves biodiversity and maintains
ecosystem services which are essential for human well-being. By
identifying potential environmental impacts early in the project
planning stage, EIA's allows for the integration of mitigation
measures into the project design. This not only minimizes
environmental damage, but can also leads to cost efficiency by
avoiding unforeseen issues during project implementation.

History: EIC's commenced in the 1960's, as part of increasing

environmental awareness. They provide technical evaluations that
are needed, to contribute to more objective decision making.
EIA's obtained formal status in 1969(in the U.S.A.) with the
enactment of the National Environmental Policy Act. EIA's have
been used increasingly around the world, the number of
environmental assessments filed every year have vastly overtaken
the number of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS).An
environmental assessment is designed to provide. Sufficient
information, allowing the agency to decide whether the
preparation of a full (EIS) is necessary or not.

(EIC) Growth chart

Real-world Examples: Several notable projects showcase the
importance of EIA in sustainable development; such as the
construction of the Three Gorges Dam in China, involving
extensive EIA's, leading to implementation of significant
mitigation measures.
Conversely, the failure to conduct a thorough EIA for the
construction of the Aral-Sea irrigation canals in the former Soviet
Union, resulted in one of the most severe environmental disasters,
highlighting the consequences of neglecting EIA's.
The development of the London Olympic Park is also an example
of a successful EIA (in an urban redevelopment context). Key
elements include;
Biodiversity Enhancement: The project created new spaces
and habitats, enhancing urban biodiversity.
USA: Port of Los Angeles Expansion Project: Increase
capacity at Port of Los Angeles, one of the busiest ports in the
world. EIA Functions: The EIA identified potential impacts on
water quality, marine life and the nearby coastal eco-systems that
include endangered species habitats such as California Sea Lion
and various other fish species.
Result: This EIA led to the applied introduction of cleaner
technologies for reducing water pollution, habitat restoration
projects as well as monitoring programs on marine mammals and
fishing stock. It has been praised by officials for striking a
delicate balance between economic development and
environmental constraints, protecting underwater habitats while
easing congestion
Gorgon Gas Project (Australia):
The Gorgon Gas Project is one of the largest natural gas
developments in the world and located off the coast of Western
Australia. Statement of EIA Role — the essence of EIA with the
above example is how it evaluates impact upon row sensitive
marine ecosystems near the proposed project site like coral reefs,
endangered species such as sea turtles and routes for whale
migration.
Results: External Genesis impact assessment informed the...
Implementation of strict environmental management plans such
as prohibiting activities during certain times to safeguard whale
migration, protective marine areas and real-time monitoring of
biodiversity. While this meant less of the marine ecosystems
would be disrupted, it allowed them to forge ahead with project.
United Kingdom — Shetland Islands, Oil Terminal.
Example: Sullan Voe Oil Terminal - the construction project of
a large oil vessel loading and processing refinery on the Shetland
Islands.
EIA Role: The EIA reported potential risks to the marine
ecosystem, which was associated with oil spill and pollution in
the impact on seabird, marine mammals and local fisheries.
Impact: As a direct consequence of the EIA, elaborate spill
response processes were put in place, as well as stringent
guidelines on water discharges. The programme also gave special
attention to marine birds and seals, as well as continued biological
monitoring. For decades, the plant has been running with
relatively few major incidents that have impacted nearby sea life.
Advantages:
1) EIA’s ensures that environmental factors are integrated into
the decision-making process at Cypress, so environmental
concerns are not an afterthought, but are considered alongside
social and economic aspects. As a result, projects are designed
and implemented with more knowledge about the environmental
consequences.
2) EIA’s ensures that projects are not just economically viable
but also environmentally responsible.
3) By promoting projects that respect the carrying capacity of the
environment, EIA's help create a more sustainable future.
4) EIA’s help meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations.
Disadvantages:
1) Conducting a thorough EIA can be time- consuming and
expensive.
2) Delays in the assessment phase can result in project
postponements and increased cost.
3) Disagreements over the significance of environmental impacts
of mitigation measures can lead to project delays or even legal
disputes.
Acoustic Tracking and Sonar Technology
A major problem associated with the disruption of deep sea
migration is the disturbance within the prey-predator relations.
Smaller fish and crustaceans such as lantern fish and krill travel
from the depths of ocean to surface for feeding, exposing
themselves to larger fish and other predators such as jellyfish and
squids. Over the passage of time, these predators become
advanced to track such movements and hunt accordingly,
disrupting the food chain.
Acoustic tracking and sonar technology is a method to address
this problem is by using acoustic tracking devices which track the
movements of animals along with their interactions with
predators.
Reason: Early applications were centered on critical species to
understand their travel routes, but as technology progressed,
improved sensors were developed which benefit the scientists, as
they were able to monitor the movements of smaller animals over
much longer distances, for longer periods of time

Advantages:
1)In this technology, sound waves are generated that travel down
to the ocean depth and bounce back from smaller fish such as
lantern fish and krill, making the animals below, visible to the
people on the surface.
2)Accordingly, areas where such marine life is disturbed, are
protected from human activities that can further add to the
problem, scientists can also study about how these endangered
species respond to environmental changes as well, further helping
to maintain the marine ecosystem.
3) This methodology presents a much safer way without human
intervention in the depths of ocean to study the sea without
disturbing the marine-life.
Disadvantages:
1) This technology relies on sound waves, but the sea is already
occupied with other noises, generated from ships and marine-
species, which use them to traverse, causing wave patterns to give
false readings
2) Naturally, such technologies do not come without incurring
significant costs that are associated with installation and
commissioning of equipment and their maintenance. Additionally,
areas where predator fish are in abundance and areas of high
traffic may require additional repair costs.
INNOVATIVE
SOLUTION
 MAIN IDEA
The proposed robot is an innovative, environmentally
focused machine designed to address pollution, clean
oil spills, and remove sediments while minimizing
noise pollution. It is equipped with two versatile arms
on each side, tailored for specific tasks. One arm
functions as a high-powered vacuum, connected to an
internal storage bag within the robot, enabling the
efficient collection of debris, sediments, and pollutants.
The other arm features a robust claw mechanism
designed to grab and handle larger waste materials or
objects with precision.

For deep-sea exploration, the robot incorporates a state-

of-the-art high-resolution camera capable of capturing
detailed visuals and transferring data in real time. The
robot is powered by advanced rechargeable batteries,
and it is equipped with an intelligent self-locating
system that identifies and connects to underwater sub-
deck charging ports autonomously, ensuring
uninterrupted operation. Additionally, it features an AI-
driven collision-avoidance system that safeguards
marine life by preventing damage to fish nests, coral
reefs, and other critical underwater habitats.

To address noise pollution, the robot employs cutting-

edge electric jet propulsion technology, enabling silent
and efficient maneuvering underwater. A specialized
storage compartment is dedicated to containing and
isolating collected oil, preventing leakage or cross-
contamination during cleanup missions. Constructed
from a durable zinc alloy, the robot is designed to
withstand harsh underwater conditions while
maintaining operational efficiency and longevity. This
multifaceted robot combines advanced technology and
environmental sensitivity, making it an essential tool
for preserving aquatic ecosystems.

Energy source and power management:

A robot can operate in a surface-tethered configuration,
connecting it to a solar-powered surface platform. This setup
efficiently harnesses solar energy, enabling the robot to move
with reduced risk of beaching.
Key Elements:
Floating Solar Platforms: System of solar panels on a
floating platform or buoys at the ocean surface. These could be
anchored or mobile (following the robot).
This power transmission cable would send the electricity that
they collect through these solar panels down to the robot, and
this under water type of those includes a very durable
underwater power cabling. It has to be a strong, insulated cable,
able to withstand both the high pressure and harsh conditions
underwater.
Energy C o n v e r s i o n a n d T r a n s m i s s i o n : S olar
energy collected at the surface can be converted to high voltage
DC power on orbit, reducing transmission loss through a tether
or harness. On the robot’s end, this converts that power into
electric energy for propelling, mining or other tasks.
Advantages:

Unlimited Power: The robot is harvested with solar

energy that renders it capable to operate continuously while
being submerged, never needing to come to surface or disrupt
activity.

Proprietary Tether Data and Power Control: The

tether would also be able to transfer data, enabling control of
the energy consumption in real time. The tethers are to be
capable of carrying physical communication signals between
robot-end effector and control systems.
Challenges
Tether management – the tether must be malleable and have
robust construction with ability to withstand high tension of
water currents. It must also enable the robot to move freely
without tangling itself and to conceal itself when necessary.
Deep-Sea Cable Design: The further the robot is
deployed, to avoid being crushed at depth a much more robust
cable will be needed.
Energy Storages and Charging-Points: -
Another solution consists in the use of intermediate sub-surface
energy storage stations or charging platforms which store solar
power transmitted from the sun and supplies it to the robot
whenever it requires.
Key elements:

Charging Station Energy Storage: It combines an

underwater station anchored at a depth (above high current
zones to avoid getting damaged, but well below ship traffic) with
surface platforms topped by solar panels which collect and hold
energy in batteries for use by the robot upon requirement.
Underwater Charging Station: The robot might be able to
dock at underwater stations in order to top it up. Stationary
stations nearby would be selected for reducing distant recharging.
Smart Inductive Charging: There are various wireless
charging methods, amongst which inductive charging is one
which can be very easily employed when the robot docks at a
station. This eliminates the necessity for sea weather-proof
connectors.
Advantages:
Fewer Surface Trips Required: The robot can continue
working at deeper depths without requiring frequent return to the
surface for recharge.
Self-Recharge: The robot is capable of navigating back to
the nearest charging point whenever its running out of energy,
increasing its operational efficiency.
Challenges:
Station Deployment and Maintenance: Deploying
these intermediate stations as well as maintaining them,
particularly at significant depths poses a major challenge.
Losses in Energy Storage and Transfer: There is
some energy loss with storage and transfer between solar panels
to underwater robot which needs to be addressed.
Silent Propulsion Systems:
Electric propulsion: The shift from traditional combustion
engine to the use of electric motors has reduced noise by a large
scale with advancement in technology.
Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) Propulsion: It
propels the robot with electric and magnetic fields where water
carries magnets back & forth, therefore propelling the robot in
a noise-free way.
Soft Mounts: Attaching motors and other components with
rubber or silicone mounts can help prevent noise by reducing the
transmission of vibrations.
Composites: Employing lightweight materials made of
various combinations (composite competitive structures) that
absorb sound. (Rubber and/or polyethene)
Hydrodynamic Design:
This design details a streamlined way to reduce air turbulence
and noise.
Cameras and Sonar as Optical and Acoustic Sensors:
The use of non-noisy sensors such as cameras in
combination with advanced signal processing can
potentially reduce the dependence on noisy active sonars.
Improving Robot Design:
Choose appropriate materials: Lightweight and corrosion
resistant, for example titanium or composite structures that can
withstand high underwater pressure yet do not significantly
increase the weight of the robot (e.g. no stainless steel /
copper).
Sensor optimization and Navigation:
Advanced Sonar and LiDAR: Use high-precision sonar or
LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) to map the seabed more
accurately, enabling the robot to avoid making unnecessary
movements.
This ability to perform smart path finding/travel instead of
roaming around and not finding the right faster route means AI
algorithms can be tuned for better directed searches (not simply
random walks/coverages).
Geological Sensors — Make sensors better (in terms of
identifying mineral-rich deposits), so the robot doesn't spend
time and energy on mining low-grade resources.
Mining Tool Efficiency:
Influx Essential Extraction Tools: Design material-
specific mining tools (e.g., DMC, cutters, etc.) capable of
dynamically adjusting cutting speed and suction in real-
time based on the material's hardness or density.
Long-wearing Materials: Employing a durable, wear-resistant
material for the cutting tools will minimize the number of times
maintenance or replacement is required.
A number of important considerations are needed when focusing
on reduction in environmental impacts, e.g. protection of marine
ecosystems: The most important of these points relate to how
one interacts with the physical environment, protecting
ecosystems and ensuring longevity.
Reduce Physical Interventions: It is essential to d e s i g n
non-intrusive bots so that they are small and light enough not to
disrupt habitats due their small size, but still can comfortably
roam around narrow passages.
Favorable sediment plume potential: Mining tools or
sample systems should be designed in a fashion that minimizes
the generation of hazardous sediment plumes, which threaten
marine life by deteriorating water quality and visibility.
Avoiding Pollution:
Biodegradable materials: Materials that do not degrade into
micro plastics, toxic compounds leaching out of the water etc.
Making sure that everything from coatings and paints to
lubricants are all non-toxic.
Bio fouling mitigation: Use biocompatible coatings to
minimize bio fouling (the accumulation of organisms on the
surface) instead of conventional antifoul agents which could be
harmful to marine life.
Leak Protection: Robot design should not leak hydraulic fluids,
oils or chemicals that could introduce contamination to the
marine environment.
Ecological Compatibility: Habitat Sensitivity (HabSense):
Study and model the specific habitats in which the robot will
operate. A higher sensitivity of coral reefs, sea grass meadows
and hydrothermal vent ecosystems have been found among
others.
Minimal Habitat Displacement: Design the robot in such
a way that it has minimal footprint and does not damage or
displace marine organisms (e.g. scraping, sucking up fish) nor
erode structures of physical habitats (e.g., by leaving debris
behind, creating permanent depressions in seafloor…)
Low Light Pollution: If the robot must use lights, select
wavelengths and intensities that are minimally disruptive to
marine organisms. Most of these animals have sensitive
photoreceptors so ambient light is already bright enough for
some species
Monitoring system:
The sensors in the environment accompany the robot with
instruments that measure their effect, observations of turbidity
or underwater noise levels as well as disturbance expected on
habitat. This data is used to make adjustments that can save jobs,
properties and lives.
Automated Collision Avoidance: Incorporating AI
a l g o r i t h m s to enable the robot autonomously detect and
avoid marine species or no-go zones on-the-fly. This can help
avoid unintentional damage or collisions.
Waste Management:
Modular Robots: Reusing the robots, rather than throwing
them away and building completely new systems reduces
material waste.
There are many efficiencies and key performance factors from
integrating an autonomous navigation in underwater robot:
Efficiencies:
Extended Mission Duration: This means autonomous
s y s t e m s can run for longer periods without human
intervention, increasing the amount of time available for
research.
Improved Data Collection: Improved navigation and
sensor coverage to enable better mapping for more detailed and
accurate monitoring of environment.
Energy Efficiency: Path planning makes sure the vehicle
moves efficiently cutting down on wasted movement,
which helps to save battery life while also extending range.
Real-time Adaptability: Real-time processing of sensor
data means the robot can adapt rapidly to changes in its
environment like currents or obstacles.
Cost Efficiency: Driving down operational costs by not
having a human operator and/or support vessels on the water.
Key Factors
Sensor Integration: Different sensors (sonar, cameras) must
be combined for proper navigation or obstacle avoidance.
Algorithm Robustness: The navigation algorithms such as
SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping), path planning
are the major causes which influence the ability of robot to
navigate in complex underwater environments.
Environmental Adaptability: How quickly a system
adapts to different conditions like water clarity, depth, etc. can
impact navigation accuracy.
Communication Systems:
The operational flexibility depends on good acoustic
communication to control it from far away and communicate
back data.
Robustness and Durability:
Mission success requires the robot to be sufficiently robust for
underwater pressures and temperatures.
Mechanical robotic condition (robustness and
s t u r d i n e s s ): If the robot is complex, it might require many
more three-dimensional models in simulation than seems
necessary.
Material Selection:
Saltwater Corrosion Resistance: Titanium or other high-
performance alloys are often required for this reason.
Specific Strength: Advanced composites can deliver
specific strength (e.g. carbon fiber) at lowest overall weight,
Pressure Resistance:
Hull Design: Deep-sea has been modeled after a series of
spherical shapes that are rearranged and scaled to distribute
pressure more efficiently across the entire structure. For
example, many submersibles are shaped like spheres or
cylinders.
Sealing: Good sealing techniques (e.g., O-ring) ensure that the
water does not leak in and so preserve integrity at depth.
Buoyancy & weight control:
Ballast System – Ballasting systems that will protect the
structure from unnecessary stress by keeping it in a neutral
buoyancy state.
 Foam Inserts — including some buoyant material can keep the
eight down and also help with stability.
Thermal Management: There is generated heat produced
from electronics within underwater robots, so they need efficient
cooling solutions which include easily integrated water-cooled
systems or simply installed heat sinks preventing any damage.
Design for Maintenance:
Modular Components: Parts can be built for replacement
which will allow longevity. Modular thrusters are an
excellent example of a solution that can be implemented
without extensively dismantling the robot.
Precautionary Signaling: Access points strategically
p l a c e d to allow for regular inspections of the operation and
maintenance improve communication thereby preventing
simple issues from becoming recurring problems in the future.
Impact Resistance:
Protection: It can save the sensitive components in shock by
using materials or designs which absorb shocks.
Rigorous Durability Testing: Setting and enforcing strict
durability testing standards (such as drop tests) help to
determine that the robot can operate under normal stresses.
Environmental Adaptability:
Anti-Bio fouling: Treatments or coatings that reduce bio
fouling will prevent this from occurring and help preserve the
robot for a longer useful life. One common example is the use
of anti-fouling paints.
Temperature and Pressure: Similar to drop tests in which
a robot is subjected to a fall to test its integrity, changes in
temperature or pressure require alternative testing if the robot
will be subjected to such conditions.

Simpler Version for Non-Economically Stable Countries:

For non-economically stable countries, the robot can
be simplified to balance cost-efficiency with
functionality while still addressing pollution and
sediment cleanup needs. This version retains the core
features but uses more affordable materials and
streamlined technologies.

The simplified robot has a single arm on each side.

One arm is a vacuum connected to a basic but
durable storage bag for collecting debris and
pollutants. The other arm features a claw mechanism,
which, while simpler in design, is effective for
grabbing and removing larger waste items. The
robot's camera is replaced with a lower-cost, yet
efficient, waterproof camera that still captures clear
visuals and stores the data locally for manual
retrieval, minimizing the need for advanced real-time
data transfer systems.

This robot runs on rechargeable batteries but uses a

manual charging system instead of an autonomous
docking feature, requiring human assistance to
connect it to charging ports. To reduce costs further,
the AI collision-avoidance system is simplified to
basic sensors that help the robot avoid larger
obstacles, though it may lack precision in detecting
smaller marine habitats.

The propulsion system uses low-noise electric

motors, which, while not as advanced as electric jets,
still minimize noise pollution compared to traditional
systems. A basic storage compartment for oil
collection is included, focusing on essential
containment rather than advanced isolation
mechanisms. Instead of zinc alloy, the robot is
constructed with high-strength plastic or aluminum,
which, while less durable, is significantly more
affordable and easier to manufacture.

Best Material for Underwater Robotics:

Choosing materials of the right kind is very important in
robotics when it comes to an underwater robot since they
contribute to durability, help a printed sail function well and are
resistant even during corrosive marine atmospheres.
Key Materials to Consider:
Stainless Steel: — most notably it is corrosion resistant,
especially for marine use.
Aluminum Alloys — lightweight and corrosion-resistant but not
as durable at stainless steel.
Titanium — Corrosion-resistant and strong (superior strength),
but up to an order of magnitude more expensive.
Plasticized elements (PVC, polycarbonate): can be employed
where structural resistance are not needed; resistant to corrosion
but less sturdy under voltage pressures.
Composite material: Good strength-to-weight ratio and
corrosion resistance, but tends to be expensive.
The benefits of using Stainless Steel
Stainless steel like Type 316 is a favorite for underwater
applications and offers the following benefits:
Saltwater Corrosion: Stainless steel has chromium which
creates a surface layer, preventing the metal from rusting as
readily and allowing it to last longer in salt water. Marine
Applications are a common example, where the conditions they
operate in make magnesium corrosion resistant.
The strength of steel: Steel is also strong and durable, with
a high tensile strength-to-weight ratio for use in structural
components that will perform well under the conditions present
at sea.
 Longevity: Stainless steel offers a high level of material
durability, increasing expected lifespan and likewise reducing
the aggregate cost to maintain or replace machine components.
Safety: Instead of corroding conditions that some other metals
may undergo, stainless steel will retain all its original strength,
meaning less dangerous waste products are a byproduct.
Best Stainless-Steel Grades
Key grades of stainless steel commonly used for
underwater applications are as follows:
Type 316: Often referred to as "marine-grade" stainless steel,
it contains molybdenum which increases the resistance of the
metal against chloride corrosion. This makes it appropriate for
long term exposure in seawater.
Type 304: These contain less nickel (16%) and are therefore
much cheaper than Type 316, but not resistant to corrosion in
marine environments. It is suitable for light-use situations with
occasional saltwater exposure.
Pricing of Stainless Steel
Currently, the value of stainless steel depends on its grade in
recent years. For example:
304 Stainless Steel = Average price per pound of $1.00 to $1. 316
316 Stainless Steel: Around $1.50 – $2.0 per pound
These prices are subject to market conditions and some
different suppliers.
There are many reasons to choose stainless steel, especially
Type 316, for underwater robotics from superb corrosion
resistance all the way through strength and durability. An
investment in better stainless could result in cost savings over
the long term through lower maintenance and improved safety.
Robot Making Features:
Material: It will be made by locally available and cheap metals
that can withstand water pressure and the deep depths of seas
especially the Arabian Sea, which is main sea routes for Pakistan.
Materials like aluminum alloy are very cheap and easy
obtainable. 7075 and 6061 are types of aluminum alloys which
are lightweight, corrosion-resistant and also strong enough for
moderate-depth underwater operations. They are more
affordable than titanium which is usually used for these types of
projects. It will cost $2.00-$5.00 per kg, meaning it will take
$200-$500 as an average sized robot will require at least 100kg.
Based on current dollar rate of 278 Rs, it will be approximately
55,000 PKR-140,000 PKR.
Motors: We will use more basic electric motors for overall
movement of the robot instead of advanced, costly technologies
like magnetic drives. These motors can still be efficient and
quiet if properly designed. These electric motors even in they
are cheap, will make the robot’s work quiet and minimize as
much sound as possible.

Arms: Instead of advanced arms with expensive sensors, use of

simpler mechanical arms made from local alloys or stainless
steel will ensure durability and low cost. The arms will still be
able to do their work which is to collect minerals from the
seafloor. They will be flexible yet strong so that’s why stainless
steel or aluminum is used. These arms will perform tasks like
drilling, cutting, and picking up minerals, all while maintaining
precision. With simple mechanical designs, the robotic arms
ensure cost- effectiveness without compromising functionality.
Monitoring and Energy Efficiency: The robot will be
equipped with sensors that are collecting information and data.
Some data will already be put in the robot such as, noise.
Because of this, the robot won’t go near the areas where noise
is heard, and best sensor in this regard is ultrasonic sensor. Such
valuable data, which will be collected over time through the
monitoring capability of the robot, can be used by scientists and
engineers to estimate the long-term effects of mining on ocean
ecosystems. Hence, this information could be useful in ensuring
that future mining activities are as environmentally friendly as
they could be and sustainable. High-capacity lithium-ion
batteries will be used in the robot, which are light and energy-
efficient. They contain enough energy to enable the robot to
work for long periods before it needs to be recharged. As it does
not burn fossil fuels, there is a decrease in greenhouse gas
emission associated with such a robot.
The robot will be designed also to rely on renewable energy,
such as solar power. Surface buoys equipped with solar panels
are positioned near the robot's working area. When the robot
surfaces, it can dock at these buoys to recharge its batteries. This
will to reduce fossil fuel emissions.
Uses:
Mineral Extraction: It will utilize the valuable minerals such
as manganese, nickel, and cobalt from the ocean bottom. Using
precision robotic arms, the robot will collect those minerals
minutely without disturbing the greater part of the surroundings
around it. Onboard containers will carry on these minerals to
the surface of the seabed.
It is designed so that it can do minimum damage to the floor of
the sea without punching holes into the bigger ecosystem of the
seabed.
Navigation: With advanced navigation systems, the robot will
autonomously survey deep-sea regions. The advancement of
sonar, cameras, mapping ocean floor, and being capable of
sensing mineral-rich regions and obstacles such as underwater
ridges or marine life, promises proper navigation to the robot,
allowing it to produce efficient work. It stays at places issued
with navigational instructions minimizing the operations that
may look useless.
Sediment Controlling: The robot will reduce the
disturbance of sediments when it is mining through particular
tools. That way, the formation of sediment clouds that can cause
losses and harm the marine life will be limited, as will the
penetration of sunlight within the water, maintaining the
surroundings of the water clean and clearer.
Resource Assessment: The robot may inspect and assess
the concentration of minerals in different regions of the seafloor
before mining. Thus, resource analysis will ensure that the
mining happens in the most efficient and productive sites so as
not to waste any efforts there, and maximize returns on the
extraction process.

Production:
Design and Prototype: CAD software should be used to
design and create prototypes of the robot.
This is a means through which engineers are able to envision
how it would look and even function-what the structure,
components, and functionalities of the robot would be before
the actual production. Prototyping is fundamental for testing
and perfecting the design so that it fulfills all operational
requirements and environmental standards.
Material Selection: M aterials can be chosen based on their
strength, weight, and corrosion resistance suitability. Therefore,
for the frame of the appliance, aluminum alloys or stainless steel
would normally be chosen for their strength and lightness.
Lithium-ion batteries are used due to efficiency in energy usages
and rubber or polymer coatings for soundproofing and
insulation.

Manufacturing of Components: The selection of the

materials would provide individual parts of the robot, and
special processes such as machining, welding, and 3D printing
may be applied to specific parts. With proper fit and
functionality, the use of advanced machining on a robotic arm
might become necessary for the required skill.
Assembling: The components will be then assembled in the
manufacturing facility, with all electric motors, robotic arms,
sensors, and battery systems mounted into the robot's frame.
Well-trained technicians will fit all the parts safely and connect
all wiring and electronic systems correctly for the best possible
performance.

Testing: After the assembly of the robot, it is put through tests

under controlled conditions to ensure that all its systems and
parts are working fine. These include waterproof tests,
performance of the motors, accuracy of sensors, and
communication reliability. Calibration is done to fine-tune the
robot's sensors and control systems so that it can collect its data
accurately and do work efficiently. After properly tested and
calibrated, more of the robots will be produced and then will be
deployed in deep-sea mining operations. Maintenance and
updating of software will be followed too.

App: An app can be developed to serve as a comprehensive

platform for raising awareness, promoting ocean conservation,
and supporting the development of innovative solutions like the
pollution-cleaning robot. The app's primary goal would be to
educate users about the importance of deep-sea migration,
oceanic biodiversity, and other vital marine activities essential
for maintaining ecological balance. Through engaging content
such as articles, videos, and interactive infographics, the app
would highlight the interconnectedness of marine ecosystems
with global environmental health, emphasizing the urgent need
for preservation efforts.

Beyond being an educational tool, the app would play a crucial

role in generating funding for the development of the robots and
associated campaigns. Users could contribute through various
in-app fundraising initiatives such as donations, crowdfunding,
and merchandise sales, directly supporting the creation and
deployment of these robots. The app could also host virtual
campaigns and events to draw attention to pressing marine
issues, attracting a global audience of supporters passionate
about ocean conservation.

A unique feature of the app would be its ability to provide real-

time updates on the robot program’s progress. Users could track
the milestones achieved during development and deployment,
fostering a sense of transparency and community involvement.
As the robots are deployed for underwater missions, the app
could share insights gathered from the robots with scientists,
researchers, and professionals. This data-sharing capability
would include information about pollution hotspots, sediment
conditions, and the health of marine habitats, enabling experts
to analyze and develop further strategies for conservation.

finally, the app would include a live feed or recorded footage

from the robots' onboard cameras, offering users a rare glimpse
into the underwater world. This feature would not only
captivate and educate users but also inspire them to take active
roles in supporting oceanic conservation efforts.
 ROBOT MECHANISM AND FEATURES:

Material Used:
-Materials like Zinc alloy will be used as they are lightweight
and resistant to corrosion, and good for withstanding water
pressure making it perfect for underwater use.
-Composite materials like Boron Fiber and Carbon Fiber
Reinforced Polymer to be used to make robot stronger and
lighter.
-Anti biofouling coatings are used to stop marine organisms
from attaching to the robot, ensuring that it works well for
longer periods and requiring less maintenance.
-The robot will be tested multiple times for durability under
deep-sea conditions, such as extreme pressure and temperature
changes.

How it works?
-Electric motors are quite quiet, cost-effective and designed to
move the robot smoothly.
-The robot will also use AI to navigate its path effectively and
go to places which are more likely to have minerals rather than
wasting time, fuel and disrupting the ocean floor.
-Jets will provide additional thrust for more faster movements
of the robot or change of direction. They will be placed on the
back or rear of the robot.

Arms and Mechanical Extraction:

-Mechanical arms will be made from strong and light materials
like Zinc alloy as mentioned before and these arms will help
cut, drill and collect minerals from the ocean without disruption
and positioned on each side so we can get easy access to floor
bed.
-Geological sensors will help the robot find mineral-rich areas
by finding out their placement on the ocean floor by methods
like x-ray or magnetic sensors. They will be placed along the
body or on the rear of the robot.

Monitoring and Data collection:

-Lithium-ion batteries will power the robot allowing it to work
for a lot of time without any breaks or needing to resurface.
These batteries are a cheap option.
-It will also have underwater charging stations at which it might
dock to top it up if batteries aren’t available. Stationary stations
will be placed nearby which will reduce distant recharging.
-Smart Inductive Charging can be used underwater as its
wireless, harmless and eliminates the necessity for sea weather-
proof connectors.
-This will lead to robot working at deeper depths without
requiring frequent return to surface for recharge and robot is
capable of navigating back to nearest charging point whenever
running out of energy.

Environmental Impact:
-The robot previously said will be attached with Anti-
Biofouling coating which will prevent marine life to stick or
attach to robot which means it environmentally friendly.
-The robot will easily be able to withstand high water pressure
and is noise free so no sounds or noises which will reduce
impact of marine life.

HOW THE ROBOT WORKS:

-Deployment and Navigation: The robot will be lowered into
the sea and the ai -powered motors will help it reach mineral-
rich areas. Sonar and LiDAR will guide the path and avoid all
obstacles blocking its path.
-Detection and Collection: The robot will use its sensors to find
valuable minerals on the floor and with help of its arms, drill,
scoop and collect the minerals perfectly with precision.
-Data Collection: While operating the robot will be assigned to
collect data about its environment conditions and the minerals
which will be sent to researchers for further analysis.
-Energy: The robot is powered by Lithium-Ion batteries, and if
wanting to recharge, will go to the stations made underground
and use it as a dock and recharge itself by Inductive Charging.
-Environment Protection: It will be a quiet robot and work with
no noise, use coatings and avoid going near the places where
life is too much.
COST ANNALYSIS
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 ENDORSEMENT:
The team has well-researched on the subject and have presented a detailed
assessment about the robot’s design and functionality that is worthy of praise.
With the world’s increasing focus to protecting marine life and harnessing
sustainable energy, such an initiative would well cover both these aspects,
while also utilizing cutting-edge technology and being environment-friendly
that would enable the robots to be more efficient and not disturb the marine
life.
Nautilus Minerals’ Seafloor Protection Tools (SPTs), developed by Nautilus
Minerals, is considered a pioneer in this aspect. It was amongst the first few to
come up with the idea of using high-tech robots to extract minerals such as
gold, copper and silver from hydrothermal vents. While the initiative posed
opposition from environmental groups along with financial constraints, this
initiative paved the way for further research in this area.
The project covers in detail all the major aspects required, from usage of
technology to design, while also covering the costs associated with it. While
creating such a kind of robot that aptly covers all the areas mentioned in this
project may be a difficult endeavor, but with the rapid advancement in
technology, I expect to see a real-life prototype within a matter of few years.
I believe that the group’s research calls for support and recognition from
academic and environmental institutions. It embodies the kind of forward-
thinking innovation that our world needs to tackle the complex challenges of
resource management and environmental conservation.

Engr. Yasir Ahmad Shaikh

Senior Process Support Manager
Lotte Chemical Pakistan Limited