Integral Calculus and

Differential Equations

A INDEFINITE INTEGRALS

RECAP
(ix) cosecx dr =- cot x + C.
1.() If {F)} = f (*), then secx tanx dx = secx + C.
()
Sr) dx =F()+ C, where Cis any real (xi) cosec xcot x dx = COsec + C.
number and is called constant of integration or 1
arbitrary constant. d:

(i)Sr) dx) =f() =log |x +V- a? |+C

(in) ff'() =f (r) + C,CER. 1
(iv) Ifg (r) andh (x) are integrals of the same (rii)
function, then g (r) - h (x) is constant.
2. Some Elementary Standard Integrals. = log (r + V+ a) + C.
+ 1
di = sin
() dx= n +1
+ C,n #-1,
n )+C.
1
(ü) S dx =x+ C.
1
()adi =tan)+C.
(iü) dx =log |x |+C.
1
2u log
(iv) dx =log a + C,a > 0, # 1 1
(avin)
(v) Se dx = e + C. 2a log + C.
1
(vi) sin x dx =- cosx + C. (rvii)
(vii) cos xdx = sinx + C.
(viii) sec²x dx = tanx t C.
see()++C,x >a>0.
1125
 1126
substitution.
n is positive odd integei, put cos X=
by t.
3.
Integration

F(x) + C,
then (b) Scos" xdx, where
() IfSf( )dr = n is positive odd integer,
F (ar + b) + C,a #0 put sin x = t.
= (c) J se x dr,where
Sf(ar + b) dr known.
functionofx is nis positive even integer, put
ie. if the integral of a
constant and to
the tan x = t.
by a (d) cosec" x dx,where
and if x is
multiplicd
the integral is
added another constant, cocfficient nis positive even integer, put
product is
it is divided by the cot x = t.
but (e) sin?x cosxdr, where
ofthe same form
+ 1
ofr. q ispositive odd integer, put cosx = t.
+C,
() Srorf' (r) dr: n +1 ()sinPx cos xdk, where
In - 1.
p ispositive odd integer, put sinx =t.
[Link] evaluate
| =log |f() | +C.
f()
differential of |F ( (ax+ p)a) di, q>1,
ie. if the numerator is exact
denominator |. an integer, put (ax + B) =t.
denominator, then integral is logof
a r) 4. Integration byParts.
() ) f '() dr = log a + C,
uv dx = u vdr -
du
dx
a>0, 1
(v) fef )f'a) dt = ef e) +C. or [Link] dr = 1f I dr
(vi) J tan x dy = - log cosx |+C.
(vi) f cotr dr = log|sinx | + C.
(vii) J secx dr = log secx + tanx C (iü) Rule to choose the first function. First
function should be choosen in the following order
= log tan ( ) +C. of preference :
IInverse trigonomctric function
(ix) f cosecx dr L-Logarithmic function
=log | cosecx - cotx +C A-Algebraic function
=- log cosecx t cotx + C T-Trigonometric function
=log tan+C. E-Exponential function.
(«) Selection for proper substitutions : (üi) Va?- dr= 2
There are no hard and fast rules for making
suitable substitutions. It is the experience which sin-+C
guides us best for the selection of a proper 2
substitution. However, some useful suggestions are
given below: (iv) Va+ dt= 2
I. If the integrand contains at-ratio off (r) or
logarithm of f () or an exponential function in +log (r+ Va'+) +C
which the index isf (r), putf (x) =t. 2
II. If the integrand is a rational function of
e, pute=t.
III. To evaluate :
(a) J sin"x dr, where 2
-log x +V - a + C
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND 112{
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(vi) J e f() +f' ()) dr =ef to
() +C (i) Iff (o) andg (r) arc polynomials, then
(vii) If Jg (r)dr =g (r), then (f)
cvaluate dx, adopt the following,
Jg () f() +f'()) dr = g (1)f (r) & (r)
(vii) f ea sin bx du +C
procedure:

ear (a sin bx - b cos br)

(a) If degf (r) > degg (r), thcn divide f(*)
by g (r). Let q (r) be the quotient and r (r), the
1
remainder of this division, then

Va' + b? et sin (bx - tan r (x)

(ui) See cos bx d g) &()

1 (6) q(x) being a polynomial can be

(a cos bx + b sin bx) integrated term by term.
1 r()
(c) For integrating (x) resolve this fraction
V+ b
e cos
(br- tan-i )
into partial fractions.
+ C.
2 The following table gives an idca of the types
5. Integration of Rational Algebraic of partial fractions to be taken for different types
functions. of proper rational functions :
Type of proper rational functions Types of partial fractions
px tq A B
(r- a) r- b)
p + qx +r A B C
(r- a)( - b)( - c i 4 , b,
care distinct

pxtqx tr A C
+
(*- a)° (r- b)"* (r- a)²
px+qx +r A Br+ C
+
(x- a)( + bx+ c) +bx+c
where + bx +c cannot be factorised

px+ qx+rx+s Ax+ B Cx + D

+
(r+ ax+ b) ( + cx + d) P+cx+d
where +ax+b, trtdcannot be factorised

(i) To evaluate integrals of the type (iv) To evaluate a rational function of sinx
and cosx, substitute t = tan so that
fo) dr, substitutex=t;fbeing a rational
sin x =
2t 1-2
1+ Z Cosx 2 dt
function ofx". 1+2 and dt 1+ (2
(v) To evaluate integrals of
of the type the type
(iii) To evaluate integrals rational ²+ A
being a
Jf(e*) dx, substitute e =t;f x'+kr+ A2 r, divide numerator and
function of e.
 A =u;A Ax+ B
substitute r or
denominator by r and ax + bx + c
positive constant. Suppose that
being some integrals of the type
(vi) To evaluate Ax+ B = m d (ax +
numerator and bx + c) + n.
-A divide
k?+ A2, Find m, nby cquating
+ cocfficients of like
substitute x + * = t ,
A powers ofx and split the integral
denominator by and into two Darts
ax2 + bx + c
being some positive
constant. (ii) Toevaluate dx
of the type Vpx + qx +r
(viü) To evaluate inegrals Suppose that
a'+ bx +c dx, suppose that
+ qr +r
ax' + bx +c=l (px + qx +)
ar + bx +c=lpr + qr +) + m (d: (px + qx +))+n.
((ptq
dx
+r)) + n.
Find 4, n, nby cquating cocfficicnts of like
coefficients of powers of x and then split the integral into three
Find 4, m and n by equating parts.
integral into three
like powers ofx and then split the (iv) If the integral contains an expression of
integrals. the form
() To evaluate integrals of the type I. V a ' ,put sin (x/a) = ,a >0
a sinx +b coS X+ c
dt,suppose that II. V-a', put sec- (/a) = t, a> 0
p sinx +q cosx+r
+q coS X+ r) III. V + a', put tan- (r/a) =t,a> 0.
a sin x+b cosx+c= (p sin
de
+ m (dpsin x+ q cos x+r) ) +n. (v) To evaluate linear linear

Find , m, n by cquating coefficients of sin x, substitute Vlinear =t.

cos x and the constant terms and then split the d:
integral into three integrals. (vi) To evaluate quadratic Vlinear
6. Integration of Irrational Functions.
substitute Vlinear =t.
(i) To evaluate Vax' + bx +c dx or dx
(vii) To evaluate inear Vquadratic
1
dx, make the cocfficient of x
Vay' + bx tc
or
cqual to 1 or -1 by taking out V|al and then (lincar)² Vquadratic
express the resulting quadratic expression as xdx
P+ A' or A² -2 or - A? or
(lincar)² Vquadratic'
by completing squares, for example substitute linear =
1

+xt1=
(*}}'+( (viiü) To cvaluate
and - +3x+ 4=
(ii) To evaluate
()'-( purequad. vpure quad.'
substitute Vpure quad. =.
S(Ax+ B) Va+ bx +c dr
INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND 1129
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(ix) To evaluate of the type
(xii) If only one term
Vr- a) (B-x) occurs in the integrand,
pure quad. Vpurc quad.
substitute 1 / - a
=z, square both sides and
substitute x = 1 and then in B-x
the resulting findx in terms ofz.
integral, put Vpure quad. = u.
7. Integration of Trigonometric functions.
() To evaluate dx () Toevaluate sinx dr,
quad. vquad. fcosx dy, J sin x cosx dr, where p and g
or linear are positive evenintegers such as 2, 4, 6 reduce the
quad. Vquad. dx integrand into t-ratios of multiple angles by
and if the quadratic not under the repcated application of the formulac
root can be resolved into real linear square 1- cos 2 A
1
factors, then sin² A =
linear 2
resolve or
quadratic quadratic
cos² A t cos2A
into partial fractions and split the integral =

2
into two, each of which is of the form
dr
and 'A, Bformulae.
linear Vquad. (ii) To evaluate sinx cosx dr where
ptqis a negative even integer (p, qmay not be
(xi) If only one term of the type integers), substitute tan.r = t.
+ au+b occurs in thc integrand, substitute (üi) To evaluateJtan" xdx, n being a
V'+ ar +b =z -x, square both sides and positive integer, separate tanr from thc integrand
findx in terms of z. and replace it by sec'r-1.
(xii) If only one term of the type (lincar)", (iv) To evaluate Jcot"x dr, n being a
n being a positive integer greater than 1, occurs in positive integer, separatecotx from the integrand
the integrand, substitute linear = r". and replace it by cosec² x- 1.