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9th Class Math Unique Notes New Syllabus Chapter 5

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9th Class Math Unique Notes New Syllabus Chapter 5

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JUNI 05 [Link] inear’ Equations xo Linear Equation An equation of the form ax + b = 0 where 2’ and ‘b” are constants, a #0 and ‘x’ is a Solution of Linear Equation on Number Line © You Online Lecture aii cuaies variable, is called a linear equation in one variable. In linear equation, the highest power of the variable is always 1. ving a linear equation in one variable ns finding the value of thi makes the equation true. A Hash 8 uation, the goal js ne side of th¥\equiation and determine value. Steps to Solve a Linear Equation in One Variable Simplify Both Sides (if necessary): + Combine like terms on each side of the equation. + Simplify expressions, _including distributing any multiplication over parentheses. Isolate the Variable Term: + Move all terms containing the variable to one, side of the equation and all constant terms (numbers) to the oth side. You can do this by, a subtracting terms from boi ‘ equation, Solve for the Vai = Once the variable term is isolated, solve or multiplying both sides of the equation by the co-efficient of the variable (the number in front of the variable). Check Your Solution, ‘* Substitute the solution back into the original equation to ensure that both sides of the equation are equal. Example 1: Solve the following equations and represent their solutions on real line. @ 3x-$=7 el = 2 nso: Solution: @ 3x-5=7 Remember! 3x-5+5=7+5 A Jinear equation in began: has one solution Cheek: Substitute x = 4 back into the original equation 3(4)-5=7 12-$=7 ——————————_ i?) 11 Aco So, x = 4 is a solution because it makes the Solution of given original equation true. lation, Representation of the ofan Representation of the solution on a number . line: 4 1 hss oe 1 soe T +94 4 ia +4 Dele 0 es Fig. 5.2 Remember! 2(x-2)-5(x—4) r Moving terms from one side of the Shee es 2 ‘equation. to the other to solve for a variable is called transposition. When we ae Remember! term, we change its sign: if itis positive, it 10 We . check the becomes negative, and if it is negative, it may ele solution after solving becomes positive. | —=2 linear equations’ to : 10 ensure the accuracy inequalities | —3x+16=2x10 | of our work. h icy ee 8 the following ~3x+16=20 ° So \ (See n), < (less than), > (greater a ‘han or equal to), c Cheek: Substitute x=—Sback into the (iii) axtby>e (ivyax+by 2x<3 ry inequality signs < and > w introduced by the Engl mathematician Thomas Harriot the early 17" century. For further information, you use the following link: [Link] as_Harriot : It means that all real numbers less than > as ° quality which is are in the solution of (i) Thus the interval (~0,2) o shown in figure 5. j-l 0 Fig. 5.3 We conclude that the solution set of an inequality consists of all solutions of the inequality. Following are the inequalities and their solutions on a real line: Inequalit Solution Representation on real li equality olutios epresentation on real line x>l (1,20) or 1< x<00 <—_+—_++—__+_+_ +> 2-10 Set (-@,l) or-0 c; axtby Sc; * ax+by>c Where a, b, ¢ are constants and a, b are not Doth zero, We know that the graph of liner equation of the form ax+by = c is a line which divides the plane into two disjoint regions as stated below: i) The set of ordered pairs (x, y) such that ax+byc The regions (i) and (ii) are called half planes and the lie ax + by = c is called boundary of each half plane. ©) Note that a vertical line divi ch oto left and right le a non- ertical line divi plane into upper and lower half planes. an be one of the oA [As\Sotiition of a linear inequality in x and y is an ordered pair or numbers’ which satisfies the inequality. For example, the ordered pair (1, 1) is a solution of the inequality (x+2y <6) because 1+2 (1) = 3 <6 which is true. There are infinitely many ordered pairs that satisfy the inequality x+2y < 6, so its graph will be a half plane. Note that the linear equation ax+by = c is called “associated or corresponding equation” of each the above-mentioned inequalities. Procedure for Graphing a linear inequality in two variables _ oo30s00s (@ The corresponding equation of the inequality is firs graphe ‘dashes’ if the~j Mi id line is drawn ity involves the symbols > (ii) A test point (not on the graph of the corresponding equation) is chosen which determines on which side of the boundary line the half lane lie. News figure 5. cou above the dashed line inequality x + 2y > 6 (iii) Portion of the open half plane above the line (ii) is shown by shading in figure 5.4(b) Solution: The associated equation of the inequality eae x+2y<6 @ is x+2y=6 (ii) The line (ii) intersects the X-axis and Y-axis at (6, 0) and (0, 3) respectively. As no point ong ergy of the line (ii) is a solution“x of the inequality (i), so the graph of the line (ii) is Note: 1. (ond shown by using dashes. We take 0 (0, 0) as The ao Pea i i ’ oe (0,9) a a test point because itis not onthe line (i). Aol 2 Haltplion ‘ieee ae 8 Toy including the graph of the line (ii) is the \\ graph of the inequality (iv). A portion of the ° Braph of the inequality (iv) is shown by es shading in fig. 5.4 (c), Fig. 5.4 (a) Substituting x=0, 30 in the expressionx + 2y Bives 0— 2(0) =0 < 6, So, the point (0,0) satisfies the inequality (i). Any other point below the line (ii) satisfies the inequality (i), that is all points in the half plane contain 1g the point (0,0) satisfy the inequality (i. Thus, the graph of the = ote: 2 All points on the line (ii) and above inequality (i) is a region on Of | the line (i) satisfy the inequality x + 2y'> 6 the line (i), that is, re the line |.» (¥). This means that the solution set of (ii). A portion o} half plane below "| the inequality (v) consists ofall points above the line (i) is shown as shaded region in | the ina i) and all points on the lines (i), The graph of the inequality (v) is partially shown as shaded region in fig. 5.4 (d). Note: 3The graphs of x+2y <6 and x+2y > 6 sre closed half planes. Example 4. Graph the following lin: snequalities in xy-plane: Fer 2x23 Solution: ) The inequality (i) in x-plane is considered as 2x+0y2~3 and its solution set consists of all point (x, y) sech that x, y € R and rd The corresponding equation of the inequality a) is 2x =-3 ) hich isa vertical line (parallel to the y-axis) sed its graph is drawn in figure 5.5(a). ‘Se right of the li fne(1), Thus, the graph Puan) closed half- lane to the right of the line (1). The graph of the inequality 2x > —3 consi: wundary line and the opendy core eee Fig. 5.5 (a) Solution: (ii) The associated equation of the inequality y <2 isy=2 2) which is a horizontal line (parallel to the x-axis) and its graph is shown in figure 5.5 (b). Here the solution set of the boundary seh aes 2 consists on it. Fig. 55 (0) Solution of Two Linear Inequalities in Two Variables The graph of a system of linear inequalities consists of the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) taneously the = of each inequality in the system on the same coordinate axes and then take intersection of all the graphs. The common region so obtained is called the solution region for the system of inequalities. Example : Find the solution region. by drawing the graph the system of i a a Oo x-2ys6 ++i) ‘The associated equation of (i) is x-2y=6 iii) For x-intercept, put y = 0 in (iii), we get x-2(0)=6 770-6 => x =6, so the point is (6, 0) For y-intercept, put x = 0 in (iii), we get The graph of the line x ~ 2y = 6 is drawn by joining the point (6, 0) and (0, -3). The point (0, 0) satisfies the inequality x — 2» < 6 because 0 - 2(0) = 0 <6, Thus, the graph of x~2y $6 is the upper half-plane including the graph of the line x — 2y = 6, The associated equation of | ae+y For x-interc in (iv) , we get 2x+0=2 The closed half-plane is partially shi Goa shading in figure 5.6 (a). fy an sp = ral go 7, so the point is (1, 0) RLS ut x =0 in iv), we get 20) +y=2 => y=2, so the point is (0, 2) We draw the graph of the line 2x + y = 2 joining the points (1, 0) and (0, 2). The Point (0,0) does not satisfy the inequality 2xty>2 because 2(0) + 0= 0 * 2. Thus, the graph of the inequality 2x + y > 2 is the closed half-plane not on the origin-side of the line 2x + y = 2 and partially shown by shading in figure 5.6 (b). Fig. 5.6 (b) The solution region of the given system of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs indicated in figures 5.6 (a) and 5.6(b) which is shown as shaded region in figure 5.6 (c).. Solve and rome rg 12e+30 = = ei 15305009 er =—3 is a solution of given equation use it makes the original equation true. k : Substitute x = —3 in equation (i) aya ce a 4+6=-12 ~12=~12 (Itis true) Since, x=—S4 makes the original equation true so solution of equation is x = —S4 Solution on number line 54 + 0 40 -30 -10 0 10 Point P on the number line represents —54. Gi) eer com evsesont $3 4 Ke 2: t z =i is true). So, x= Point P represents x = — on the number line. (iv) 2=7 etd) + 12x Solution 2=7 (QxH4) + 12x @ 2= laet28412x 2 = 26x +28 09305012 2-28 =26x =2 (Itis true) So, x = -1 is a solution of given equation. Solution on number line liga mead aggre nt ait 2 (itis true) So, x = —14 is a solution of given equation. Solution on number line -20 -15-10 -5. 0 5 FES ee 2 10 =o (vi) — 3 E aki = oes, 0) ag eam eon 9 +16>x Lae => [x<7| The solution of given inequality is (2,7) or 0 21 Solution 3x+Ty 221 @ Associated equation of inequality is 3x+Ty=21 (ii) Getting two points of line: Put x = 0 in equation (ii), 3(0) +7y =21 > Ty=21=> Put y = 0 in equation(ii), 99305022 ry so, (0,3) 3x+7(0) = 21 a es draw a solid straight line, ight ese not lie on the take it as test point. A(7,0) Fig.3(ii) Put x=0, y=0 in inequality (i 3(0) + 70) = Perth ot satisfy the ease the graph of its solution of fuality 3x + 7y 2 21 is the region on the opposite side of origin including the line of eq. (ii) A portion of required closed half plane is shown by shaded region in the figure 3(ii). (iii) 3x—2y 26 os30s023 Solution: 3x-2y26 @ i. Associated equation of inequality 3x-2y = 6 (ii) ii. Getting two points of line: Putx= 0, in equation (ii) 3(0) -2y = 6 => ~2y = 6 => y=-3 s0 (0, -3) Put y=0 in equation (ii) 3x-2(0) = 6 = 3x=6 => x=2, 50 (2, 0) i, Plotting and joining the (0, 3) and w a solid Tine GPeqisation i), so we take It as tat point. Put x =0, y= 0 in inequality (i) 3(0) + 2(0) = 6 = 02 6 (not true) ———— iq x Fig. 3(iii) Since the point (0,0) not satisfy the inequality(i), therefore the graph of solution of in equality 3x — 2y > 6 is the closed lower half plane on opposite to origin side the line of equation (ii) including the line of eq. (ii) A portion of the closed lower half a shown as shaded region nat (iv) 5x-4y < 20 \ 09305024 Solutio a Sx-4y < 20 ) i. Associated equation of inequality is Sx-4y = 20 ii, Getting two points of Putx = 0, in Gi) 5(0) -Sy = 20 > -4y =20 > tee y=-5] >(0,-5) Put y = 0 in equation (ii) ‘Sx -4(0) = 20 = 5x=205 x= 4! so (4, 0) iii, Plotting and joining the points (0, —5) and (4, 0) on coordinate axes draw & Solid straight line. 9 \\ iv. Since, the origin ie, (05 ea on the rie point. Putx=0,y ity (i) 5(0) - 40) < 20 => 0< 20 (True). Fig. 3(iv) Since the _ point satisfy the inequali iph of solution = 4y < 20 is the closed lane on the of origin side of the ine of equation (ii). Including the line of eq, (ii) A portion of the closed lower half plane is shown as shaded region in the figure 3 (iv). (v)2x+1>0 09305025 Solution: : 2x+1>0 : 2x+1>0 @ 7 i, The corresponding (associated) equation of the inequality (i) is 2x+1 =0 (ii) i 1 oa-tss heal hg Which is a vertical line (Parallel to y-axis). The graph of equation (ii) is drawn in the figure 3 (v). ii, Taking origin i Cc “aan >1>0(True) Thus the graph of inequality (i) is the closed right half-plane on the origin-side of the eq.(ii). A portion of the closed half-plane on right side of the line (ii) is shown as shaded region in the figure 3(v), a test point. inequality, (i) “eal sano @.co™ e = line of equation (ii) we is a horizontal line (parallel to x-axis) as shown in figure. iv. Since, origin (0, 0) does not lie on the line so, we take it as a test point. Put x = 0, y= 0 in inequality (i), 3(0) -4< 0 > -4< 0 (true). Since, point (0, 0) satisfy the inequality so its solution graph is on origin-side of line of equation (ii). So the graph of solution of in equality 3y- 4 < 0 is the closed lower half-plane which is shown as shaded region in the figure 3(vi). y "Fig. 300) oszosoas iS | y=$art y-450 @ Wo: mes The associated equation | i 3y-4=0 ii Mh | ji. By solvin; Hi 3y-4=0 wae Tene the solution region of the following linear inequalities by shadin; @ 2x-3y<6 09305027 BG ea 2xi3ys12 Solution: 2x-3y<6___(i) +3ys12____ (ii) For 2x-3y<6 > (a) The corresponding equation of the inequality (i) is 2r-3y=6 Gi) x-intercept, put y = 0 in eq. (iii), we have = 30) =6 = 2x = 6 = x=3. So x-interegp A r y-intercept, put x = 0 in eq. a we ) -3y = 6 =>-3y = 6 si B(0, -2). The graph of ne by joining the points A(3, 0) (0-2) in the figure 4(i)(a) (b) Taking origin i.e., 0(0, 0) as a test point. Clearly Fig. 4(i)(a) origin satisfies the inequality (i) because 2(0) — 3(0) < 6 => 0<6 (True) the origin-side of the eqt lower half-plane ab the figure dogg For 2x +3y < (@) The corresponding equation of the inequality Gis 2 + 3y= 12... Gv) For x-intercept, put y = 0 in eq(iv), we have 2x +3(0) = 12 = 2x= 12=3x = 6 So x-intercept is C(6, 0). For y-intercept, put x = 0 in eq.(iv), we have 2(0) + 3y= 12> 3y= 12 y=4 So y-intercept is D(0, 4). The graph of equation (iv) is drawn by joining the points C(6, 0) and D(0, 4) in the figure 400). Thus the graph of inequality (i) is the closed lower aN fi (iv). A portion of the closed lower half-plan SN (iv) is shown as shaded region in the fig Now the solution region of ystems inequalities (i) and (ii) i graphs inden i 4(i)(b) and is as shaded region in the figure’ 4(i)(c). (i) x4y 25, -ytx<1 ossesors Solution: xty25...@ ¥ Fig. 4c) ~ytxs (ii) : The corresponding equation of the inequality (i) is “x+y = 5s. iii) Equation (iii) can be written as a3 = 1. Thus the line intersects the x-axis and y-axis at A(S, 0) and B(0, 5) respectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(ii)(a). j The corresponding equation of the inequality Mis ca aE Equation (iv) can be written as =, (ac jersects the x-axis and y-axis at ot A, 0) and D(O, -1) respecti ‘oo of inequality (ii) is shown as shaded region in the figure (ii). 3 Now the solution'Fegion of the given systems of inequalities (i) and (i) is the intersection of the graphs indicated in the figures 4(ii)(a) and 4(i)(b) and is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(i)(c). Fig. 4(ii)(a) Y* Fig G0) YS Fie Ao) (ili) 3x+7y 221 (09308029 x-ys2 Solution: 3x+Ty221. XY SZ anni) The corresponding equation of the inequality (i) is 3x + 7y = 21 (iii Equation (iii) can be written as +2 =1 i con and y-axis at A(7,0) 73 and B(O, 3) eran is shown as shaded region in the figure (iii) ( The inequality (ii) is x — y=2 (iv) Equation (iv) ean be written arte =I. Thus the line (iv) intersects the x-axis and y-axis at CQ2, 0) and D(O, -2) respectively. The sketch of inequality (ii) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(ii)(b). Now the solution region of the given systems of inequalities (i) and (ii) is the intersection of the sraphs indicated in the figures 4(iii)(a) and 4(ii)(b) and is shown as shaded region in the figure Miii)(e). : Y y (iy) 4x-3y< 12 Com 09305030 Solution: ga The corresponding equation of the inequality (i) is 4x — 3y = 12 (iii) Equation (iii) can be written as ah S = 1. Thus the line (iii) intersects the x-axis and y-axis at AG, 0) and B(0, ~ 4) respectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(iv)(a). The sketch of inequality (ii) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(iv)(b).The boundary line is drawn at (So): ? es Now the solution region of the given systems of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs indicated in the figure 4(iv)(a) and 4(iv)(b) and is shown as shaded region in fiejeue A(iv(c). wy x y PEE Es x r co | 4 (aI Del e tt zg na Pris et | By eE Ar ishig FP a Y Fig. 4(iv)(a) * Y Fig. 4(iv)(b) vit Y Fig. 4(iv)(c) W)axt Sai ys4 Solution: 3x+7y221. ii) ys4 (ii) a grereuoe™ Q The corresponding equati aus: 3x + 7y =21 and can be written as gree The line (ii) is and y-axis at A(7, 0) and B(0, 3) respectively. : j The sketch of inequality (j) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(v)(a):The sketch of Nowafengiates region of indicated in the figure 4(v)(a line is drawn at alities is the intersection of the graphs is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(¥)(c). (i) x-2ys2. The associated equation of inequality (i Sx+7y=35and it can be form 342= 1 This the x- Z axis and y-axis point A(7,0) and B(0,5) respectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the Fig.4(vi) (a). = BiO.5) Fig. 4(vi)(a) y-axis at point C(2,0) and D(@,-1) respectively. The sketch of inequality (ii) is shown as shaded region in the fig.4(vi) (b). L Been Pah it ft It Pee 5 pet a aee a) ae Bete Fig. 4(vi)(b) bh (a= . i Now the solution region of the given system oO of inequalities (i) and (ii) is the inte R\ ) 9° of the graphs indicat : (a) ° and Fig.4(vi which is shown as shaded region in the Fig,4(vi) (c) F 3 ih Fig.4(vi) (c) Feasible Solution The variables used in the system of linear inequalities relating to the problems of everyday life are non-negative and are called non-negative constraints. These non-negative constraints play an important role for taking decision. So, these variab! which is mega irst quadrant is referred to as'a feasible region for the set of nese inequalities a Newer given constrai gesofilr the feasible rane feasible solution of the system of linear inequalities (or for the set of a given constraints). Example 6: Shade the feasible region and find the comer points for the following system of inequalities (or subject to the following constraints). 09305033 x-ys3 x+2ys6, x20, y20 Solution: *-ys3 (i) and x+2y<6 (i) are x-y=3 (iii) and x+2y=6 (iv) As the point (3, 0) and (0,3) are on the line ! (iii), so the graph of x — y = 3 is drawn by joining the points (3, 0) and (0,-3) by solid line. Similarly, line (iv) is graphed by joining the points (6, 0) and (0, 3) by solid line, For x =0 and y= 0, we have; 0-0=0<3and0+20)=0<6 So, both the closed haltplages are on the in-si (iii) and (iv). The tion of these closed half-planes is partially displayed as shaded region in fig. 5.7(a). Fig. 5.7 (a) GY" The graph of y > 0, will be the closed upper half plane. Fig, 5.7 (b) The intersection of graph shown in figure 5.7(a) and closed upper half plane is partially displayed as shaded region in figure 57). The graph of x > 0 will be closed right half plane. n fig. 5.7 (©). The intersection of the a fe cof 5.7(a) and closed right Fig. 5.7(¢) $y" Finally, the graph of the given system of linear inequalities is displayed in figure 5.7 (d) which is the te region for the given tah a li The points (0, 3) are comer Go Ser region. fion ‘Which is to be maximized or minimized is called an objective function. Note that there are infinitely many feasible solutions in the feasible region. The feasible solution which maximizes or minimizes the 999 objective function is called the optimal solution. 9 (i) Graph the © sotuti \\ inequality consteai ine feasible region. (ii) Find the ‘comer points of the feasible region, (iii)Evaluate the objective function at each comer point to find the optimal solution, Example 7: Find the maximum and minimum values of the function defined as; Fy) =Ww+3y. subject to the constraints; x-ys2 xty<4 *20,y20 Solution: x-ys2 xtys4 © The associated equation of (i) x-intercept and y-intercept (2,0) and (0,-2) respecti the points (2, (0,-2). 09308035 Fig5.8(a) = The point (0,0) satisfy 2 because 0-0 , the graph of x ° Procedure for determining optimal dus Solution: near. soot GN 7 ery in SD 2. The closed half. iS Baftially shown by shading in figure Ba). The associated equation of (il) is x +y=4 ~-intercept and y-intercept of x + y=4 are 4, 0) and (0,4), The graph of the linex +-=4 is drawn by joining the points (4,0) and (0,4). The point (0,0) satisfies the inequality x+y <4. The closed lower half-plane is Partially shown by shading in figure 5.8(b). cand shading in figures 5.8(c) and 5.8(d) respectively. ~¥ Sis the upper half-plane including the The feasible region of the given system of equalities is the intersection of the graphs dicated in figures 5.8(a), 5.8(b), 5.8(c) ar 5.8(d) and is shown as shaded a = figure 5.8(e). san? Comer points ofthe feasible region are .0), (2, 0); (3, 1) and (0, 4). Now, we find values of f (x,y)=2x+3y at the comer points. Sf (0,0) = 2 (0) + 3(0)=0 [Link]) VY" £(2,0)=2 2) +3) =4 Thus, the minimum value of f is 0 at the comer point (0,0) and maximum value of f at comer point (0,4) i oe pas Exercise 5 £ (3,1) =2 (3) +3(1) =9 F(0,4)=2 (0) + 3(4) = 12 AY aN 1 MaximizeY'tx, y) = 2x + Sy; subject to the constraints 09305036 x-ys4; x20y20 y20 me sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the figure I(a) by joining the points ~8,0) and B(0,4) which are x and y intercepts respectively. One sketch of inequality (ii) is shown as shaded region k@sGouing the points +0) and D(0, —4) which ar i ‘ely. sketch of inequaliti 3 iy ts shown as shaded region in the figure 1(c) 3 = the en pAAD ‘given systems of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs scated in the figure 1(a), 1(b), 1(c) and is shown as shaded region OCEB in the figure 1(d). Fig.1(a) Fig.1(d) So the comer points are O, C, Eand B. For the comer point E, solving the lines 2y - x= 8 and x - y = 4 simultaneously, we have the intersection point E( 16, 12). It can also be taken from the graph directly, Thus comer points are 0(0, 0), C(4, 0), E(16,12) and B(0, 4). Now find the value of f(x, y) at the comer points, we have ( AEG.) S206) ¥ 5E12) Ke E20) + 3¢ We observe that the tin 4 Q2 Mie 9) =x + 3y subject to the constraints 2x +5y<30 ; Sxt4ys20 ; x20;y20 Solution: The constraints are 2x + 5y<30 Sx t4y<20 x20,y> The sketch ozatnsel shown as shaded region in the figure 2(a) by joining the points A(15,0) and B(0,6) which are x and y intercepts respectively The sketch of in equalities (fi) is shown as shaded region in the figure 2(b) by joining the points (4,0) and D(O, 5) which are x and y intercepts respectively The sketch of inequality (iii) is shown as shaded region in the figure (c) Now the solution region of the given systems of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs dicated in the figure 2(a), 2(b), 2(c) and is shown as shaded region OCD in the figure 2(4). Fig.2(a) Fig.2(d) Now find the value offs, of(uy)=x + 3y gone O(0, 0) RO, 0)=0+3(0) =0 C(4, 0) £(4,0)=4+430)=4 DO, 5) We observe that the maximum value of f(x, y) i Q.3 Maximizé z = 2x + 3y ; subject to the constraints: -oe.(i) 22 0, y 20...) Solution: ° saa \ ay ‘equation of inequality (i) is and it can be written in the form += 1-This line intersects the x-axis and y-axis at point A(2,0) and B(0,4) respectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region inthe Fig, 30). £0, 5)=0+ 3(5)= s 15 at the comer point D(0, 5). Now associated equation of in equality (ii 4x~y=4and it can be written in the +4 4-=1 This line intersects the x-axis 174 y-axis inc ii) etch of inequality (ii) haded region inthe Fig 3b), intersection region of graphs of x>0and 20 which is the first quadrant shown a shaded region in Fig.3(c). Fig. 3(a) “Fie 30 Now the solution region of the given system of inequalities is the intersection of the aphs indicated in the Fig.3(a) 3(0) (c) which is sma got in the Fig.3(d) We observe that solution region is bounded cezion and its comer points are B(0,4), £01,0),0(0)andE (4.4). The point of intersection of corresponding Snes of inequalities (i) and (ii) which can be sbrained by solving the corresponding lines scnultaneously. — 4. Adding (iv) and nee we get fant? Des yt4e-y= 444 6 $ Pes it in equation (iv) = 8 > x= ofa AM i Fig. 3(4) ‘Now, we find the value of f(x, y) = 2x+3y at corner points. Corner ‘ feny2x43y points BOA), | AOAR2(0)+34)=0+12=12 ‘AG,0) | FC,0)=2(1)+3(0)=240=2 FOO Zu com i dacdah 38; ge 204 apa SE P= 6.666 We observe that the value of function is maximum 12 at corner point B(0,4). Q4 Minimize z = 2x + y: subject to the constraints: ya coun 09305039 x+Y2 3, 7x4 Sy <35, x20,y20, Kas G30 Solution: : (ws ! The constraints are ° \\ xty23 (i) \\ (an 3 Tx + Sy < 35 (ig ° x20,y2 i : The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(a) by joining the points AG,0) and B(0,3) which are x and y intercepts renee q The sketch of inequality (ii) is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(b) by joining the points (5,0) and (0, 7) which are x and y intercepts respectively The sketch of inequalities in is shown as shaded region in the figure 4(c) Now the solution region of the given systems of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs indicated in the figure 4(a), 4(b), 4(c) and is shown as shaded region ACDB in the figure 4(d). Fig. 4(¢) ‘So the comer points are A, C, D and B. Thus comer points are A(3, 0), C(0, 5), DO, zpineaii ve Now find the value of f (x, y) at(the core low find the value of 9) ag cor ars een s £(G,0) = 23) +0=6 (5, 0) £(5,0)=2(5)+0=10 D(O,7) (0,7) = 2(0)+ BO, 3) (,3)=2) +3 =3 We observe that the minimum value of fix, ) is 3 at the corner point B(0,3). Q.5 Maximize the function defined as; f(x, y) = 2x + 3y subject to the constraints: 2x + ys8 3.x+ 2y <14 3x20; y20 09305040 Solution: The constraints are 2x+y<8 @ xt 2y 15; The associated equation of inequality (i) > 3x+S5Sy= Sand it can be written in the fort .This line intersects the x-axis ar The constraints are y-axis at point A(5,0) and BQ, 3x + Sy > 15... (i) respectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the Fig.6(a). | Fig.6(a) The associated equation of inequality (ii) is <+2=[Link] line int 9 x _ and y-axis at C(9,0) and DO, 4 a) respectively. The sketch of inequality oie shown as shaded region in the Fig.6(b). h yh o: MMi is the enn Seo of x20and 0 which is the first quadrant shown as shaded region in Fig.6(c). ; ‘Now the solution region of the given system of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs indicated in the Fig.6(a) ,6(b) and 6(c) which is shown as shaded region in the Fig.6(@) We observe that solution region is unbounded a oe are B(0,3) €(9,0) and Ex, 2). Point E is the point of intersection of corresponding lines of inequalities (i) and (ii) which can be obtained by solving the corresponding equations simultaneously. 3x4 0,3)=3(0)3=073=3 ‘£.9,0)=3(9)+0=2740=27 wf 2 } 9=x= 9- Es i 45 12. Ga a)- 12 1S (5) a ~ =. =113 135, 12 aa 0 Ee a | Fig. 6(4) We find the value of cia We observe that the value of function is minimum 3 at comer point B(0,3) while the value of function is maximum 27 at corner point C(9,0) ori wine xercise Q.1 Choose the correet option. v. The linear equation formed out of the i, In the following, linear equation is: linear inequality is called: 05305046 3 : (a) Linear equation (@) a ear (b) Associated equation Oe Sie : (©) Quadratic equal ii. Solution of 5x — 10 = 10 is: 0930S043 (d) None of these OF Ge vi. 3x+4<0is: os: ; Equati b) Inequali ili If 7x + 4 < 6x + 6, then x belongs to the a oro ie eens interval: ‘09305044 (a) (2, @) (b) [2,) ° (©) -», 2) (d) ~~, 2] (b) Vertex iv. A vertical line divides ul in con @Renen (a) left half plane \\ s viii. (0,0) is solution of inequality: os: sat No (a)4x+5y>8 (b)3x+y>6 (fil pide (c)-2x+3y4 (d) two half plane . The solution region restricted to the first minimizedis or < or > is called: o930s0s2 (a) Equation (©) Inequality (b) Identity (@) Linear equation (a) 1 (o\ (c) [10) a (0,1) 8. The solution of inequality x< 1 is: ©: (a) (x0) (b) (-1,00) (©) [l,20) @) C1] 9. The solution eee lis: ate a) ee col 10. The graph of inequality x>0 is half plane: 09305061 (a)lower (b) upper (c) right (d) left 11. The graph of inequality y>0 is half plane: 05305062 x : : (a) lower (b) upper x oes solution of the inc yee inequality x <-> 5305055 12. The graph of inequality x<0 is half 2 plane: ‘9305063 (@ -15 (b)-2.5 (a) lower (b) upper Ors (d) 2 (c) right (d) left x0 is a solution of the inequality: oxosess | 13, The graph of inequality y<0 is half (a) x>0 (b) 3x <0 algned reas (c) x+2<0 (d) x-2<0 (a) lower (b) up, The solution of inequality x>1 © ‘ight is:es30s0s7 14. Whi does pass @) (ho) ©) ~~) (G\ origin? ovseses (c) [1,09) ) ¢ yw (b) y=4x, 1 (©) open lower (d) open upper is half plane: 09305068 : (a) Closed right (b) Closed left 20. The solution region of inequality y> 3 (c) open right (d) open left - ishalf plane: 9308071 18. The solution region of inequality x< 2 : is half plane: 09305069 (a) closed lower _(b) closed upper (c) open lower (d) open upper Answer Key 1 [fe] 2 [a] 3 [b] 4 [al 5 [a] 6 {al 7|b| 8 {d/ 9 |e} 10 1i{b]12/a[i3[a]i4[b[15 [a] i6[c][17[a] 18] b| 19/ a] 20] b Q.2 Solve and represent their solutions 3 on real line. ; ans eyo ae ss vex : a WA $1 solution of piven equation. a - Solution on number line: + ak: AxttS inn) eye Ae ey z Sp Sar SL ees, Point p on the number line represents — =. 2x+11 x-1 i oa ae i) fa aon a Solution: 2x41 1 xt eat e pee @ 2(2x+1)+3_ 3-(x=1 Coe ae es Hy aja Oxt5 = (x44) x2 4xt5 =-2xt8 Check: put x = ; in glided Gj S Ly aca Qt ae A gs? 2s = (It is true) S = ; is solution of sag Solution on “wn! ol ; SI OP 109 35 i Point p on the number line represents x ~ . (iii)3x + 7< 16 Solution 3e+7<16 3x< 16-7 3x<9 9 <= 09308074 ¥<3 The solution of given equality is (20, 3) or ~o 26x -10x— 4 Sx-15> l6x—4 ~15+4 > 16x — 5x I> x au I StS 5 =| xS—l The given inequality is (~0, -I]or-o0. \\ Solution: CE ‘t to constraints. —_ 9305078 B(x y) =x + 4y The constraints Sib RE nls x20 y20 (iii) | The associated equation of inequality(i) is | SY se Gy) Draw the line of equation (iv) using x and y-intercepts A(4,0) and B(0,4). The sketch — of graph of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in figure. 4a @ i) Fig.4(a) Fig.3Gi) (@) ” y Fig.3(ii) (d) Ol Fig.4(b) Fig.4(c) The sketch of inequalities (ii) and (iii) is shown as shaded region in figure 4b. Now, the solution region of given systems of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs indicated in figure 4a and 4b, which is shown as shaded region in figure 4c. We observe that the comer points of solution region are 0(0,0), A(4,0), B(0,4). Now, we find the value of g(x,y) at comer points. Corner points: 000. = 0+4(0)=0 AGO) FG,0) = 4440) =4 BOA) AOd) = 0F4(4) =16 Thus the given function is maximum at the comer point (0, 4). Q5 Find the minimum value of £(6Y) = 3x + 5y subject to constraints. x+3y23, xty22, x20, y20. ossos079 Solution: The associated equation of inequality (i) is <+3y=3and it can be writte =+%= 1 This line int A and y-axis at ne and B(0,1) pectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is ssown as shaded region in the Fig.5(a). ae The associated equatio1 ality (ii) is in the form iS line intersects the x-axis and y-axis point C(2,0) and D(0,2) respectively. The sketch of inequality (i) is shown as shaded region in the Fig.5(b). at The graph of the inequalities in (iii) is the intersection region of graphs of x>Oand 20 which is the first quadrant shown as shaded region in Fig.6(c). ‘ z 7% ' 2 + : | H EEEEEH y ° Fig5.3.4() Now the ion region of the given system of inequalities is the intersection of the graphs indicated in the Fig.5(a) ,5(b) and 5(e) which is shown as shaded region in Fig.5(d) We observe that corresponding lines of inequalities (i) and i) which can be obtained by solving the corresponding equations simultaneously, x+3y=3, i xt y=2 (x+3y)-(x+ y= 3-2 x+3y—x-y=1 =0.5=[y=05 iv) ) Subtracting if er(v) from (iv). Put it in eq. Gow we Y ui : fi the values of f(x,y) = 3x+5y (v) minimum 7 at We observe that the value of function i at comer points. Comer points | flx,y)=3x+5y AG,0) 1B,0)=3(3)+5(0) =9+0=9 DO,2) KO,2)=0(3)+5(2) =0+10=10 E(15,0.5) | £(1.5,0.5)=3(1.5)+5(0.5) =4.542.5=7 comer point E(1.5,05). com

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