Scribd
Upload
616 views117 pages

DME Decode

Mechanical Engineering sppu sem 4th Decode

Uploaded by

joonishu98
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
616 views117 pages

DME Decode

Mechanical Engineering sppu sem 4th Decode

Uploaded by

joonishu98
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Prarie et oul c he LS I Gatecibr erat (Chee Bred Cad Sem ‘SavrrmuBal PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY - 2019 SYLLABUS TE, (Mecha) Semener-V DESIGN OF MACHINE ELEMENTS (For END SEM Exam - 70 Marks) Anup Goel writen by Popular Authors of Text Books of Technical Pubitlons © covers Ente Syabur © Chaprerwtse Sotved SPPU Quesdons Dec 2011 to June 2022 © portant Formutse ~—-—-( SOLVED SPPU QUESTION PAPERS Aug, -2017 + Dec.- 2017» May-2018 sD sMay-2019 + Oct.-2019 «Dec. 2019 «J 01,412, Shaner Poth esitncy OF |-020-24495496/97 suit SYLLABUS Design of Machine Elements - 302043 Credits ‘Examination Scheme Practical [1 End-Semester | 70 Marks Oral 25 Marks Terminology of Power Serew, Torque analysis and Design of power screws with , Selflocking Efficiency of square threaded serew, is and C-Clamp, Design of screw jack, Differential and Compound Screw jon and its factors, Reduction of stress concentration factors, Auctuating stresses, fatigue failures, endurance limit, S-N curve, Notch sensitivity, Bolts of uniform strength, locking de in shear, Eecentric load perpendicular and ps Springs in series and parallel, Design of helical springs, Springs, surge in spring, Design of Multi-leaf springs, Nipping of it Peening. (Chapter -7) Fluctuating Loads (4-1) toa. 4) Design asainst = Threaded Joints Chapter “5 Welded Joints G- 1) to 6-29) Mechanical Springs Chapter - 6 (7-1 to 7-8 Chapter-7 Sored SPPU Question Paper S-1eGa UNIT CONVERSION 18. Im? = 1x105mm? 2nN 16. o = 7#Nrad/see To convert pm (N) 1 rade (0, 17 1kNim = 1 Nom 18, Linot = 121860 pysee END... Ww “ Design of Machine Elements ii Important Formulae fi) Torque Required to Raise the Load : T,= fe tan (dq + @) fii) Torque Required to Lower the Load : Wome sag of Power Serews Ty = tan @q - 9) 43 Desig of Chapter axed : én) iv) Screw Efficiency Neglecting Collar Friction : Mean diametet bn ae Lead (= 2%? : tan 4 + 4 Hes ang or Lewd anele Oe ‘ ¥) Maximum Efficiency of Trapezoidal Threaded Screw : a 1 -_—— Le sit : Lest ae dq tom = oa tan = Greumference oft ot sin 04, ‘Torque analysis of # square threaded sre vi) Collar Friction Torque: T.= Hes W-Rmy : red to Raise the Load : Ty = 3 40 (+ a) 2[R3-R} Tague Reged 10 Rn =| z z «+. uniform pressure theory iy Torue Requied to Lower the Loed : a= (BF) -os uniform wear theory 1 -Nde no-a) 2 i on tan a tal ae i Pies iy Sore Eiseny Neglsting Collar Fston 1 = ZS 6, Total torque of a power screw: T; = Ty +Ty 7. Overall efficiency of power serew : is) Maximum Efficiency of @ Square Threaded Screw : Wily, 1= sing : = z (eas)* Ne" Wa iF snd “So tan (9+ a) + He WR 1) Effceny ofa Square Tieaded Screw Under Self-locking go 8. Stresses in power screw : corns = prepares 4) Direct compressive stress (3) = 5. Torque analysis of a Trapezoidal / ACME threaded screw : 4) Vita coeciet of fction G4) = es : cos @ i) Torsional shear stress (ting) = ——_ ial ion age (9) =n! ug) Bao” wi xo ‘A Guide for Engincering Students ign of sues a8 ale 1 seket te are “ing the equations given before, and maint c ihe sss i serew bodys ay Cok te sess a etn X 5 Where, Important Forma Coa sedate he values of &s Ps Grmy de I @ ii) Bending stress due to force applied at handle MY fmm? cam) = 8, Na Mg = Fx Hy, Num ii) Torsional shear stress due io collar frictional torque 7 N/mm?, Tew) "a 16 iii), Maximum sh ss in the screw at section Y-Y Seisrew) z ) + (screw)? » N/mm? Tmax(scen) = IM) Design of mut : 4) Design the nut wing equation given before. ‘b) Check st duced in screw and nut threads. c) Shear stress induced in nut threads, t* 2 a pe Nm! d) Shear stress induced in screw threads, pewe yee ar aor Ni IV) Design of length of handle : T, =FXL,, Nem and Ly =Le+60mm Chapter - 4: esign against Fluctuating Loads 1. The endurance Se= Ka ¢ actual component : Ky-Ke-Kg: 8 A Guide for Engineering Sule Where, S, = Endurance of an actual component in N/mm? S__ = Endurance limit ofa test specimen in N/mm? K, = Surface finish factor, Ky, = Size factor Ke = Load factor, Ky’= Temperature factor exes “A Guide for Engineering Sudents Important Formulgg 1 og cone 0i00" Kp stor Sse_ (For shear load) 77s “FOS aod wae cory t and Sy 7 0577 Se ss theory ¢ and Sy 205 Se axial stresses, the resultant ress andthe resultant stress amplitude is given by + og = [tH Om Oe #38] NI? Design of Machine Elements «i Important Formulae Chapter - 5 : Threaded Joints 1. Core diameter (d) = 0.84 d 2, .Eccentrically Loaded Bolted Joints = Case I : Eccentric load in the plane containing the bolts pi Pxe Find the vale of Cie. C= =—y—y > Rigtare Find cial loaded bot @. Prax [PZ P= 2P, Pj os 8 ®, at Re Find size of boltie. x= load in the plane Ss “A Gude for Engineering Sade A Guide for Engineering Salen Find maximum shear stress 1. Ge By using above equation find size ofthe bolt jad is perpendicular to the axis of bolt “A Gude for Engineering Suet Design of Machine Elements (i) Important Formulae Case III : Eccentric load parallel to the axis of b To ofocs of scene foce 11Py=Py ei 2B 2,P{=Chy Pi = Cl Bree Calculate velue of Che. Pamac= Pat Pa Find the size of bolt. Su _ Prax max = FOS Beg axe Design procedure for bol if load is parallel to the axis of bolt Chapter - 6 : Welded Joints 1. Throat of weld (t) = 0.707 h Chapter - 7: Mechanical Springs 1, Solld length : Ls = n’d pnd + Sime + (1X 1 2, Free lenge qc 4 Guide for Engineering Sa Inport orm 4 spring wats 07d yok 4 Spring tte? : be 5, Pitch Ped ni and ound ie : For plein 9) reepans et i spring i sents? Ky Ke paral = Ba # 2 c aye concent sre * “C= 2 ends = n and for square ayg Springs i d= dy two springs : ¢ = o,, Racial learance betes helical springs + Stresses in a nd _8wD nd BWDxK, nd 4c-1 ac-4 i) Direct shear sess £71 = 5 Torsional shear sess :€2 K, 21+) C ip Resultant shear stress : 7 = 0.615 te ix) Wat's Shear sess factor! Kyy = Resultant shear stress : = Deflection in helical spring sWDin _ WCE ca Oi SS : “A Guide for Engineering Suse i) Deflection of helical springs : 8 = Desig of Machine Elements ) Important Formulae Gd ii) Stiffness of the spring : K = — — 8cin Strain energy for helical springs : Ua ix Wx «: (For the action of load) U=]xTx@ su For the action of torque) 12, Helical torsion springs : {) Bending stress for helical torsion spring + oy (2) ii) Waht's stress factor : Kyy = “C=S—# 4c? 4C Angular deficetion 1 = 4WeD" . SAWeCe Ed* Ed iv) Deflection of the spring : 8 = xe = 4WerDa Ed* Edt _ Ed ¥v) Stifffiess or spring rate : Ky = , ae TT" G4Da 64Cn ENDS Neen ETE "A Gude for Engineering Students 1 oF POWER SCREWs the outer Ganges!) diameter of a inner (smallest) diameter of ay sasued parallel 10 the axis of the in one revolution of the screw o: screw which the nut will ad the sorew will edvance in one rotation of the mut. = Number of starts Pitoh = mx p,_ mm : Terminology of power screw. Deslen of Machine Elements 3 Deslgn of Power Screws of the screw from a point on one thread to the corresponding point on adjacent thread. de de © A Coclamp is a portable device used for clamping or holding workpiece. ‘© The C-clamp consists of screw and nut mechanism, * One jaw of the C-clamp is fixed, while the other jaw ean be moved by the motion of screw. * Fig. 3.2 : C-clamp of power screw. PU : Dec. 2013, 4 Marks) t advantages as follows : Q.4. What are the advantages and compact dimensions. imple to design. “A Guile for Engineering Students pesign of Power Screy 4. 2017 3 Marks) nts, 6 Marks, De ae sw is given by, dreaded Se noo a) "> @re) : value of "a" increases, the efficiency increases. vaste «For 3 self-locking screwy, ee tt ‘of can ake ander seloeking condition is The mi cue de, sbig c= gino) Beh vad tye at isae@ry "mm ns this ian ¢ Tan T-un? 6, ft _ tang 3 vb =| .- 2) * Thee, fice) of aking sre is avays less than (1/2) oF ‘A Guide fr Engineering Sader Design of Machine Elements a4 Detign of Power Screws Q.3 Compare between square and trapezoidal threads for power transmi ESPISPPU : May 2014, 8 Marks} [Link] Square Thread ‘Trapezoidal Thread ‘These treads have lower efficiency. 1 | These theads have higher eficieney. “Thread profile is inclined to the 2 | Thread profile is perpendicular axis of rotation. to axis of rotation. Tt results in side thrust or radial pressure on the nit 4 | The motion of the nt is ‘The motion of the nut is not uniform. uniform, 5 | These threads have lower ‘These treads have higher strength strength. 6 | ‘These type thread have low load | These type of thread have high carrying capaci. load carrying capacity. 7 | these are dificult and not economical to manufacture. wear in square thread Q.4 How does the helix angle influence on the efficiency of square threaded screw ?/Also explain two methods to increase efficiency of square threaded screw: EGPISPPU : Doc. 2014, May 2018, 6 Marks) ‘Ans. The efficiency of a square threaded screw depends on the following factor © i) Helix angle (a) and hence lead and mean diameter of screw. ii) Coefficient of screw fiiction (jt) eae eos “A ule for Engineering Stade Design of Povey Design of Machine Elements a Fig, QA shows vasinon in feney of sr CAH apning ig, QALL show angle. Fig. Q.441 : Efficiency of square threaded screw «The following conclusions can be derived from the obsérvations of thes graphs ix angle exceeds 60° cy decreases as the coefficient of friction increases, *Two methods to increase efficiency of a square threaded screw are a follows’: 1) Reduce the coefficient of ffiction between the Proper lubrication, i) Increase the helix angle upto 40° to 45° QS Expalin with neat sket application, y and the nut by by using multiple start threads ich recirculating ball screw. State ls SSISPPU : Dec. 2014, May 2018, Doc.2015 May 2016, 6 Marks, Dec. 2016, Dec, 2018, May 2019, 4 Mal al Ce esting ball screw consists of a serew, a nut af ical balls, > A Guide for Engineering Sol Ans, —— Pésign of Machine Elements advance in the sr00v. OF the nut with fey "8 wsed in high speed applications such ap; sat feature of ACME thread for pow SS[SPPU : Dee. ‘An ACME thread is as shown in Fig. Q6.1 ‘+ An ACME thread is a special type of trapezoidal thread, | =e Bie tu eal “A Gilde for Engineering Salers og Machine Elem idl srapez0" escent Design ‘elt is identical © ahead inl 7 id i tages ant The see Te dit of of spas teat din power ScreS: [a> [SPPU : Doc. 2015, 3 Marty) ‘ad to provide high fiction ot se ‘a7 Why are Vthreads not 0 ads wil 1 ons « Te steing of tends force. This ty yous emmision tens ae used 10 reduce fig Bu, wsinly power Between sew and ML : ver Serews. Therefore, V treads are not used in power i eof eps heads Over sau aeyate the meaning Tr 40 x 14 (p7) of each term involved ia BP [SPPU : May 2016, 5 Mars] ies possibilty of Tosening te Pars assembled by thread ‘Ans: For advantages of tapezo Tr = Trapezoidal singh 40 = Nominal diameter of thread in mm. 14 = Lead of tread in mm p7 = Pitch of thread is 7 mm. Qs Derive au equation for the efficiency of the square threaded screw, ooo The effort required to lay 2016, 3 Marks, June 2022, 5 Mars) se the load against thread friction § given by, B= Wean(o+ a) Ether iso fc ee tion atthe thread and nut, then (u) and hence (0) Vil Se “A Guide for Engineering Sule ees Desten of Machine Elements st Design of Power Screws Ideal effort required to raise the load considering no fiction at the thread and nut is given by, B= Wotan a . ‘Efficiency of screw, neglecting collar friction is given by, Teal effort required to raise the load Efficiency = 7 cual effort required to raise the load newt. Wim a” 1 R” Wean (+ a) tana = oe QOL or foe Gee) (Q9.1) Efficiency can also be given by Work ou Work input per rev ___Load force x distance travelled by the load in-one revolution " "' Effort force x distance travelled by the effort in one revolution per revolution of screw mn of screw Efficiency = _ Wx? | Wine 1" Dxatda P Substituting P, = W- tan (9+ @) in the above equation, _ _W-tan a 1° Wrun @+ a) 2 lana &; 1 * tan @+ @ ++ (Q9.2) Q.40 Explain the following terms in brief. 4) Collar friction ii) Self locking screw. ii) Overhauling screw iv) Bal serew EGF[SPPY : May 2016, 8 Mar ‘May 2017, 3 Marks, June 2022, § Marks} The relative motion between the cup and collar tion at the annular surface between the collar and cup. This, friction is called as collar friction. A Gulde for Engineering Students ieteitinenernee et Sd ee | sign of Machine IEEE form presse '"p, + Did be owed a} using uni ad, ‘i, Overbauling sere ¢ “6 When 9< othe t ‘eUnder such conditions, the screw driving of screw. ‘© Thus, the load continues external braking force is appl esgn of Power Sc, at any instant weight. orque required to lover the Toad is negative begin to tum the screw a so". “A Guide for Engineert8 on a8 BS eI ome this year theory to overs ort ‘ “Te torque requ Oy or unl vee Uaiform Wear theay) the effort (P) iy its position without any exten ras such as serew jack, wheal aid to be over-hauling or bad) Design of Machine Elements 3-10 Design of Power Screws A differential screw is shown in Fig. age) Working princl rential screw : a bigger screw (S,) with pitch of 4mm is a smaller screw (S) with pitch of 3 mm. (See Fig. Q.11.1 on next sults in sliding motion of nut. ‘©The outer profile of the nut being rectangular, its rotation is prevented by the frame as seen in the side view. ‘*Both the serews - bigger (S,) and smaller (S2 ) are of the same hand of helix, ie, both being right tumed clockwise as seen from the right side, the es towards the left by 4 mm with respect to frame yum ral results in sliding of the’ nut towards right by frame (direction of nut advance is opposite to the Ww advance). ee of the nut with respect to the fixed frame is mm to the left. 1 and pp are the pitches of the two screws, the resulting advance is equal to (py -p2 ) eons “A Guide for Engineering Sudens Design of Power Soy ie for power tANSHissog, es me ow a square Th Advantages of 30 Ld Fig. 0.42.2 : Trapezoldal thread | Fig, 012.3 : ACME Thread “Fig, 0.12.4 Buttress ss Thread ‘Higher efciency as compared to trapezoidal thread. a single point cu} tool which is slower, * Lower suength as compared to other threads. spy SIRE tds have lest thead thickness at the core diame "en sight wear of suse thread requires the serew to be replaced A Guide for Engineerit: 3-2 Design of Power Screws Design of Machine Elements Trapezoldal Threads : +A trapezoidal thread . is as shown in Fig. Q12.2, Advantages of trapezoidal threads : » Economical to manufacture. © Trapezoidal threads are manufactured on thread milling machine using multi-point cutting tool which is faster. High strength and load carrying capacity. ‘© Trapezoidal threads have higher thickness at the core diameter and hence can withstand larger loads. Can be ted for wear. threads permit the use rut, When the ‘wom, the two halves of nut ean be tightened together, thus compensating for the wear. Limitations of trapozoidal threads : « Lower efficiency as compared to square threads. ined profile of the thread results in side thrust or radial pressure Applications of trapezoidal threads : » Trapezoidal threads are used for lead-serew and other power transmission devices in machine tools. ACME Threads » An ACME thread is as shown in Fig. Q.12.3. * An ACME thread is a special type of trapezoidal thread. ‘It is identical to trapezoidal thread in all respect except that the thread angle is 29° instead of 30°, The relative advantages and disadvantages of ACME threads are same as that of trapezoidal threads, Buttress Threads » A buttress thread is as shown in Fig. Q.12.4, Advantages of buttress threads : «Higher efficiency as compared to ‘machine using multi-point Can be compensated for wear by using splitaype nut, ——— eos ‘A Guide for Engineering Sues, throsd * putes pisadvariages cat data OY ‘ot can transi sop te ote band fr 2. topezoida tread, tbe loed raed by be ses fore 0 the surface Wes 8) ‘but the normal of the thread is Therefore, the effects of the thread toads (WW) is the axial load S oidal thread. in one direction och as connecting. tub 1 angle isto increase the fritional fase ae (55 or sec, ‘To consider this effect, the coefficient of friction is taken as, =H. A 8 eet: a = tans) ‘This ig is called as virtual coefficient of friction. ‘AGuide for. sen of Power Design of Power Sy ess at the core diame, thread Fig, Q.13.1 : Force diagram } a University Examples Q.44 The mean diameter of the square thread serew having pitch of 10 mm is 50 mm. A load of 20 kN is lifted through a distance of 170 mm. Find the work done in lifting the load and the efficiency of the screw, when i) The load rotates with the screw and fi) The lond rests on the loose head which does not rotates with the serew. ‘The external and internal diameters of the bearing surface of the loose head are 60 mm and 10 mm respectively. The coefficient of friction for the bearing surface is 0.08. EG [SPPU : Hay 2014, 10 Marks, May 2018, Marks 6] Ans. : Given data: ‘Type of thread = Square, d,, = 50mm, p= 10mm, W= 20x 10° N, L=170mm, D, = 60mm, D; = 10mm, "= 008, 1. = 0.08 To fi Case (i) : When load rotates with screw (neglect collar friction) (@) Work done in lifting the load (b) Efficiency of serew (n) Case (ji) + When load does not rotates with screw (consider collar ftiction) (@) Work done in lifting the load (Efficiency of screw (Mg ) re} (gat) fei) S . ao = tan (iss 3.6426" Helix angle, Angle of friction, = tan7 qu) = tan” 1(0.08) = 4.5739" + (assuming He =H) eqconey “A Guide for Engincering Students Desig of Machine Elmers ‘pen ona oats Effort required (0 rai Rew xan (ot ©) mi a. gaint thread * Tora’ ne 50 fg = 90 oer 72.198 Nem = 7219807 Nemm = ee sade ning th 108 PY fas screw revolt for travelling 170 mm ‘Number of s¢ 170 47 revolutions 0 Wek done fr liting te load, ‘WDD = Torque x Cra WD = Ty Number of revel! ak soaton x Crank rotation per revolution WD = 72198 x17 x 28 vo al Pa, Wem 1" 7 Wan @+@) 08.6126) 1° EESTI 3606) Case (i): Wheaload does notrotates with serew (consider collar fet) = 04409 = 44.09% nl ‘Step 5 Torque required to overcome collar friction (T.) Te teWRy = new (FE) Geos “A Guide for — Nam = 10,0839 N-m Step 3: Torque required to overcome friction at collar (T.) Te = HexWxRy = noxwo(2e) } = 0.12% smo 55") T. = 9600N-mm = 9.6 Nem Ess. ; A Guide for Engineering S| Design of Machine Elements 3-18 Design of Power Screws Stop 4: Total Torque required to raise the load (T,) Ty = Ty tT, = 10.0839 + 9.6 2 T= ‘Stop 5: Power required to drive the lead screw 0 2 P = 61,8387 W sAms. Step 6 : Overall efficiency of screw (no) rng. = Work output in one revaluation of erewe 'o “Work input in one reval 2 Wx | W+(0-P) Mo Fx@m) ~ Tx@n) 2000x1x8 = OE = 0.1293 Me * [9,6839x2nx 1000 . Ne = 12.93 % sAms. Case (li) Consider uniform pressure theory ‘Step 7 : Effort required to raise the load against thread friction (P,) P, = W tan(o, + ct) =’ 2000 tan(8.8275 + 3.0368)" = pxam - Te BX Tye = 10.0839%10° N-mm = 10.0839 N-m Step 9: Torque required to overcome friction at collar (T.) 303 -30° ] 50? = Tz = 9800 Nemm = 9.8 Nem 1 = Jurrcamor ‘A Guile for Engineering Stents Desieno ag Machine Elements Love ua torque required to dive te lead Srey cy aoe oq cite tls =, 00U8t 98 y, = 19.8839 New “ap 11 Pomer required to drive the lead screw 4 dmg T, _ 29%30X19.8839 | a . p= O4onW 1 ‘Step 12: Overall efficiency of serew (No) 1 : ‘Work output in one revolution of screw No = “Work input in one revolution of serew™ ‘Work input in one revolution of screw Design wxl | _\ 7.) = 2000x1x8 Mo * [9)8839% 20% 1000 P) T, -2ux1000 No = 0.1280 = 12.80% | The overall efficiency is higher in case of uniform wear theory since torque required to overcome collar friction reduces. 46 A triple-threaded power serew used in a screw jack by, nominal diameter of S0mm and a pitch of 8 mm. The thread Square and length of nut is 48 mm, The screw jack is used t 2) iction at the threads is 0.12 (@ The principal shear stress in screw body (i) The transverse shear stresses in screw and nut i) The unit bearing pressure Also state whether screw is self-locking 2 ‘Ans. : Given data Type of tead= Square, n= 3, d W = 7500 N, = 0.12, L To find : eg NPPU Dec, 2014, 2018, 12 Marks, Juno 2022, 8 mill = 50mm, p=8 mm, = 48 mm © Marion shear suess in screw body (tax) i) Direct shear stes in screw and mut (ts) and (tq ) ‘A Guide for Engineer Bearing pressure (Py) Whether 5 Mean diameter Tocking or over-hauling in = d-Pasy 8 2 . 2 = 46 mm Gore diameter, = d~ p= 50-8=43 mm Heli angle, ag = tan!) a(n ray} "(30 -1f 3% i w1( 2B) san Anal en, = tan7! uy unter oti in ncn, pc ttiige ote ag Pitch of the thread ~ 3 nee Step 4 Effort required to raise the load agains thread friction (,) Fe = Wetan (9 + a) = 7500 x tan (6:8428°+ 9.4293") R= 2189.19 N Step 2° Torque required to raise the load against thread ftiction (Ty) fo = ns9i9x Tr =P x 4 Ti, = $0351.37 Nemm = 5035 Nem Stop 3: Stresses in screw body (@) Direct compressive stress in serew body (6, ) Ww 7500 == = Gee Fx a? , = SA134 Nm? A Gul for Engheering Sade so ty Te eee tae # yy som 7 43938 N/mm? in serew and nut stop 4: St sires in sree threads (13) (@) Direst shear tq = 23684 N/mm? ( Diet shear sess in ut threads (ty) Ww w watz —(p a? ® (} 200 “ 8 vara Stop § Bearing pressure between threads (Py) me 1.9894 N/mm? y= —_W 7500 Toe E02 =422) x F (0? =427) x 6 Py = 21624 N/mm? Stop 6 : Hep 8 Ws the serew set tocking or overhauling Tn this case, 9 = 6.4259 A Guide for Englneeritt 3 50.35 10° = 3.4611 N/mm? oo A Design of Machine Elements 32 Design of Power Screws Design of Machine Blements FX EEOrereoO'me and a = 9.4293 Since 9< cy the serew is over-hauling. ve Ans. 17 A gate valve used in a pipe line has a screw rotated on its place by means of a handle. The nut is fixed to the gate. The gate moves up and down when the screw is rotated. The screw has single start square threads of 40 mm outer diameter and 7 mm pitch. The weight of the gate is 5 KN. The fi stance between the gate and the guides is 2 KN in axial direction. The inner and ou} diameters of the thrust washer are 40 mm and 80 mm respectively. The coefficient of friction at the threads and at the washer is 0.15 and 0.12 respectively. The screw handle is rotated by exerting force ‘on the arms of $00 mm radius. Calculate, ‘The force required at each arm when gate is being raised The force required at each arm when gate is being lowered Efficiency of the mechanism iv) The length of nut if permissible bearing pressure'is 5 Nimm* ESSPPU : Doc. 2013, 16 Marks, Similar In Juno 2022, 8 Marks) Ans. : Given data : ‘Type of screw thread = Square, n= 1, d= 40mm, p= 7mm, Wg =5x10.N Wy = 210? N, Dy = 80mm, D; = 40mm, 1 =0.15, 1_ = 0.12, L= 500mm, P, = 5 N/mm? To find : (Force exerted at each arm when the gate is raised (F,) ‘orce exerted at each arm when the gate is lowered (F;) all efficiency of screw (hy) iv) Length of mut (h) Mean diameter of screw thread, dg = -B = 40-2365 am Sea ne aeons “A Guide for Engineering Students 5 Design of Machine ELE «ead Core diameter of 00 HE, _ go 33.0 ae oS Helix angle of SE" "7" ) a tan a(t (Bete )= 3.4938" aw (gos Angle of 5 aga! OAS)" 8.5308" oe ig. QIT.1 salve is shown in jon of a gate valve 8 SOT consruction of # e516 WT ‘When the gate is being ralsed In this case, the load, i.e, gate resistance will act opposit aes opposite to the Effort required to raise the load against thrend friction ("1 Design of Machine Elements 3-24 Design of Power Screws ‘Thus, load on the screw during lifting of gate is given by, W = Wot Wp = 5x10) +2x 10? W=7x10N Now, P, = W-tan (+ &) = 7% 103 x tan (8.5308° + 3.4933°) = P= 149097 Stop 2: Torque required to raise the load against thread friction (Tye) Te =P x Se = 1490.97 x 385 5 7 fe Ty = 2721020 Nemm = 27.2102 N-m Stop 3: ‘Torque required to overcome collar friction (T.) Te = He WRa = He D,+D, = gw {PatBe Te = new PaP) Ty = 012% 7% 10? *( 50+ 20) 7) ” Te = 25200 Nem = 25.2 Nem Stop 4: Tota torque required to raise the lad (T;) = 272102 +252 each arm when gate is being raised (F, ) e required at [ }x (Length of arm) cham | a [Moaucias | T= 2xExL 52.4102 = 2 x F,x 05 F, = 52.4102 N so Ams. Stop 6: Overall efficiency of the screw . Id ~ otal actual torque app ae to raise the load (T, ) — Gove “A Guide for Engineering Students Design f Power Seren = 0.1488 dad read friction) ence the icing ” fort ven stop 7 Esort is being 10 : tn ths owe, wt toe Gaection of motion, 1. in upwal ressance, Wl At direction. f gate is given by, ing of gat she screw daring 10we , a 5x1 = 2210 we 3xlPN gq) = 3% 10? x tan (8.5308 ~ 3.4933") yon, = Wotan (0-2) - p, = 264445 N : sup 8 Torque required toloner the load against thread friction (Ty) 365 do as ty 2 SB = B04aas x ) Ty = 482642 Nem = 48261 Nem Step 9: Torque required to overcome collar T= te WeRy = new (FE) renew ren Pa T, = 0.12x 3x10? x sa 2x2 man) Te = 10800 Nemm = 10,8 Nem ee | A Gulde for EnginesHi"® Deslgn of Machine Elements 306 Design of Power Screws Stop 10; Total torque required to lower the load (T;) T= Ty+T. = 48261 +108 Ty) = 15.6261 Nem + Force required at each arm when gate is being lowered Totaling eg)», [Fase seme] =2x eB of arm [eierertetad |" ?*[ “tim *Eametotem T= 2x Fx 15.6261 = 2x F; x05 F, = 15.626 os Ans. 1p 12: Length of the nut (a) ‘We know that the bearing pressure between the threads is given by, a Considering the maximum load that the screw will be subjected, x10 sex 7x10 5 0? 38) x2 2 = 348 0r4 2 = Number of treads in engagement = 2 a Gaconss “A Gude for Engineering Students Design of Machine Elements Force applied by operator at th Distance between axi jon = 150 mm cont 3-27 Desi of Pome Se, 1c end of handle = 80 N ie of handle and surface of TU In Gap, Nut height = 25 mm, Determine ¢ (The length of handle Gi) The exists, and (iii) The bearing pressure 0 Ans. : Given ‘Type of thread = Square, n= 1, p=2mm, mn the threads. EGF|SPPU : Dec. 2014, May 2014, 12 Dec, 2016, 13 Marks, May 2017, 13 Manat W=4x10°N, d= 12 mm, W=012, we =025, Ry = 6mm, F=80N, Hy = 150 mm, h=25 mm To find : (@ Length of handle (Ly) (i) Maximum shear stress in the body of screw and where it exists (ii) Bearing pressure on the threads (P, ) Refer Fig. Q.18.1 for C-Clamp Mean diameter of screw, ad-P 22-25 dm = d-5 = 12-55 1 mm Core diameter of screw, do =d-p-= 12-2= 10 mm Helix angle of threads, screw Fig. @.18.1 : ¢-Clamp maximum shear stress in the body of Screw and Whey, Peston of Machine Elements Angle of friction, O = tan! Gy mtannt (0.12) = 6og¢ Number of treads inengagemons 63326 zak lB 737125 =15 teas 9P 1: Torque rec ‘quired to raise the load 0 alae the load P= Wetan (ota) = P= 716.48 N Effort required t ‘gninst thread friction (P,) 4% 10? x tan (6.8628° + 3.31255 (Hl) Torque re is () Torque required to raise the toad against thread friction (T,,) =p xfe 2 Te = B x2m = r64g x 1 Te = 3940.64 Namm (Gi) Torque required to overcome collar friction (T,) Te = He-WeRy = 025x 4x 10°x 6 Te = 6000 N-mm Total torque required to raise the load (T,) T = Te +T, = 3940.64 + 6000 e T, = 9940.64 Nemm Total torque required] _ [Force exerted by operat toraise the load | [atthe handle TS FKL, 9940.64 = 80x L. handle gripping, = 12426 + 60 = 184.26 “Gude for Engineering Sens memes plied at handle (6 (seren)) retical distance between = 80% 150 Mz = 12000 N-mm Ra.) Za, ky 2 Oe? Section modulus of screw, Zx-x screw) ~ —y & 2 ea Zxxcerw) = 35 ‘Beading sess due to force applied at handle is given by, M 1200 3x00 Sbcateny = 12223 Nim? ew at section X-X (Tmax scr)! Te(crew) = 30.56 Nimm? Considering maximum shear stress theory, R 3? 102) x Far? 108) x 13 Design of Power Screws a Ans. Maximum shear stress in the screw at section Y-Y (imax screw)) oo AS. ‘A Guide for Engineering Seutens dg = 32.573 mm = 33 mri dy, = Mean diameter of nut Pitch of thread = 12 mm Nominal diameter of nut = d, +p = 33 + 12 = 45 mm ~o-(E]= 45-12 = 29 mm 2 2 1 = Lead of nut = np = 1x 12 = 12 mm n= number of start = 1 "Assume c Hc ape = tan Step 2: Design of nut a) Calculate height of nut (h) Considering Dearing failure of ‘nut, Fier WE 2B g2c g2: FO? a2 yx 2 i Tn Design of Machine Elements 3-32 Design of Power Screws Peter of Machine Bremen 537 “Design of Power Screws 2 = 5.6679 =6 Number of threads in engagement = h/p h los 72 b) Check str induced in nut threads Shear stress induced in nut threads (tq) : N 1 h = 84 mm os Ans. fa cae hae z BP), nd (5) 3 ty = —SOK10" _ = 9.8243N/mm? nx 45x 42x 6 Z Sey nay _ 05 8ye _ 05% 300 But (tpee)nge = EEE = ER = 954300 _ 59 wap As Tn < (Tper) nut» design of nut threads is safe in shear. 2.20 A load of 600 KN is to be raised and lowered by means of two square threaded screws. If the coefficient of frictions between the screw and nut is 0.048, determine the size of screw and nut. Take o, = 80 MPa, P = 15 MPa, Pitch = 10 mm. Also find the torque required to raise and lower the load. ca>fMay 2015, 10 Marks} Ans. : Given data : W = 600x 103 N, [1 = 0.048, c, = 80 MPa, P= 15 MPa, p = 10 mm, n=2 To find : i) Size of screw and nut if) Torque required to raise and lower the load Stop 1: Calculate dimensions of screw i) Permissible tensile stress on screw thread is given by, = 600 x 103 (Oe) per (screw) oa qs . de As, P = pitch of thread = 10 mm, inal diameter of screw = No ‘A Guide for Engineering Suudents Desitn of Powers " (ee) _ 100% 103 diameter = 50 mm Helix angle of threads, Nomis! deter, am | 40 50 oo 1 1/ 1x8 soins a A a= an (aeu)+ee ves Ans. Man dineer,am |. 365 | 46 555 6 Gore aes ca? 83 ws | 2003 | 278 Pie ma 7 a a 10 Se eons sul “A Guide for EngineerinB Design of Powers, ign of Machine Element en Design of Virtual angle of friction, = unm! a) 2 at Stop 2: Effort required to raise He 10° P, = W-tan (9, +O) = 100 : p, = 180798816 Step 3: Torque required 10 raise Te) 4 sg = Bx SB = 180798816 i Jy = 4158972768 Nem = 415.8372 Nm Step 4: Torque required to overcome colar frietion (T,) T, = 01x Tr a , = 01x 415.8372 =, 41.5837 Nem ‘Step 6 : Total torque required to raise the load (T,) J, = Ty tTe = 4158372 + 41.5837 7, = 457.4209 Nem Power required to drive the screw DmNyT, _ 2x 2x 60x 457.4209 Power = —S7et = “a Power = 2874.0602 W = 2.874 kW ‘Step 7: Overall efficiency of the screw ("1o) ___ Ideal torgue required to raise the load (Tyi ) "lo ~ Total actual torque applied to raise the load (T, ) 4, 4 pe, x2™ Wotan ox St i x xo 7; 1242) = 7.0798" tond against thread friction ¢p x tan(7.0798°+ 3.16857)? the load against thread 4 Stop 6 : To = = 100% 10? x tan (3.1 Mo = 487.4209 x 10° Ne = 27.83 % ae Alte Se “A Guide for Engineer "6 ™=—_—[=a i) Determine the length and the diameter of the hi e handle sucl at it 7 Permanent set, when the Fated capacity of the clamp is exceeded, ES [May 2016, 10 ai dns Given Type of ead Square, n= 1, d= 22 mm P= 5 mm, n= 015, uo = 0.5, Ry = 15 mm, F = 20 N Oy, = 400 MPa, W = 750 N To find = Fig. 0.2341 Clamp ) Torque required to tighten the clamp 2) Length and the diameter of the handle Step 1: Mean diameter of serew Core diameter of screw d. = d=p=22-5=17 mm Helix angle of threads, «= tan { A Gale for Englncering Students Design of Power Screy, 40.15) = 85308 ond (Te) ete at thread friction : ¢ load a8 step 2 ired 10 on septa (653084 4.6660) 7 "angie of fiction p= Ww stale p, = 15. se joo tye Toad against frition Oe, yuired £0 Fa 5 : Torque ea 195 = 4717.7003 N-mm op x Be = 1758657 Te wa ction (Te) ,e collar frit wvercom 87.5 Nmm Torque reauiredl © O14 15 x 750 * 15 = 6 1, = He oc co rate te Toad Tot eraee ee 1714.7003 * 1687-5 i= 3402.2003 N-mm sup 2 ents ot handle (CH) 3 ae paced) [| _Forseexertedby [ lp raise the load - operator at thehandl t= 17041 mss e ‘Stop 4: Diameter of handle (4) ‘The handle is subjected to bending moment and the maximum bendia a) iv) vos Ans] Effectivelength| e|*| of handie ‘moment near the serew is approximately given by, My = FxL, = T, = 3402.2003 N-mm ‘The bending stress of the material is given by, oy = Sy = 400 N/mm? The bending stress is given by, 32x 3402.2003 400 = Design of Machine Elements 3-40 Design of Power Screws Design of Machine Element _3740_Devign peewee @.24 A nut from a screw-nut combination, having double start square threads of 25 mm nominal diameter and 5 mm pitch, is acted upon by an axial load of 10 KN,’against the direction of its linear motion. The outer and inner diameters of screw collar are SO mm ‘and 20 mm respectively. The coefficient of thread friction and collar friction are 0.2 and 0.15 respectivel ‘The screw only rotates at 12 r.p.m. speed while the mut only translates. Assuming uniform wear condition at collar and allowable pressure of 5.77 N/mm’, beari find = () Stresses in screw i) Power required to rotate the screw (i) Number of threads of nut in engagement with screw [GP [May 2006, 14 Marks, Dec. 2016, 2017, May 2017, 12 Marks] ‘Ans. : Given data = ‘Type‘of screw thread = Square, n=2, d=25 mm, p= 5mm, W=10 x 10? N, Dy = 50mm, Dj = 20mm, 1=02, H, =0.15, Ny = 12 5pm, Py = 5.77 N/mm? To find : (@ Stresses in serew (Ge, t Tmax+ Ts Ta) Power required to rotate the serew Gi) Number-of threads of nut in engagement with screw (2) Mae ee j Design of Power: i Seem 11.309" ewe em of sre core tet ‘hott pees rey xg = SST «59554075 Nom = 39-534) Ssgp ne Tog soured 10 Nee : Dy +Di) =. 915 x 10% 10° x oe Seas TE mae) ‘ T, = 65.7841 Nam ‘Step §: Power required to rotate the screw Power = ZNeT, _ 2X AKI? x65.7841 o o Power = 82.67 W ses ‘Step 6 Stresses in serew body sin screw body (0) - 10x10 Fay Faye FPF Q0y Ss eons = ‘AGude for Engineer esl of Machine Elements 1a Design of Power Serevt * 6, = 3 (by Torsional shears 1 = 41.8795 N/mm? a Ans. (© Maximum shear sess or movie pepe shar soess in screw ‘body (imax) aoe Using maximum sear sess hey, .ds of aut in engagement with screw (2) Step 7: Number of We know that being posure beeen threads is given by, x = 9.8074 = 10 threads ‘Step 8 : Stresses in screw threads (@) Diect shear stress so Aa git i applied at a radius d 1 [ SPPU : Dec. 2018, 12 Mart =3, d= 60mm, p= 8mm 10 N, w= 0.15, He = OH) Tanto nave eso Machine Elements 7 Friction angle, 0 = tan”! (4) = tan"! Stop 4: Effort required to raise the lad against thread triton () P = Wotan (9 + a) = 15 10 tan (8.538% 7.7682") = 4386022. ‘stop 2 : Torque required to raise the load against thread friction ) 4, 56 Ty th xSB = x % im = 439602 x > Tq = 122.8086x 10° Nemm = 122.8086 Nem ‘step 3 : Torque required to overcome collar friction (T.) Ty = He XW x Ry “He XW reo ne we [Beep] = os 5x10? x 10° Nemam = 92.8125 Nm Stop 5 : Effort required tan (9- @) = Step 6 : Torque required to lower th lad against thread frston 7) Ty = BX = = 5.5875x 10° Nem red to lower the load (Ty) + 92.8125 a ud for Englecring Sens _ Desitn of Power Ser, : Desi of Machine Elements as ioe i applied at radius op (00 Pein of Boer Seren a sn of Machine EICOCTE pesign of! Virtual angle of frict ee required (073 stop 8 : Fo J as@it 9a = tan7! (ita) = tan~ (0.1553) = 8.8270 Stop 1 : Effort required to raise the load against thread friction (P,) : oe Ang, P, = W-tan (0, + a) : Fe SE sr wi 190 me er) % = 300 « 10° tan 8.8270" 4.6463") = 71875.79 N aut 8 — worse od ot oe ‘ mcient of friction at y| S9P.2s Torque required to raise the loud against thread fection oo mm and the pic ouar friction. Tr) i theeads is 01S: NEE Tyo Bx Se = 7187579 x Ca seqie 0 ee b Tye = 3378161.92 Nemm = 337816 Nem —.. Ans. orque required t0 ower" gppu : May-2019, 12 Marks Stop 3 : Effort required to lower the load against thread friction (P,) ii) Emfciency of the sere" iif) Emficieney P, = Wotan (0, - a) ..: Given data = 3H o read = Trapezoidal, = 2 w= 300x10°N s P, = 300 x 10? x tan (8.8270° ~ 4.6463") ‘Type of - = j ia0mm, p= 12mm © =15, w= 015, He =O = 21929.03 N Seas? Step 4: Torque required to lower the load against thread friction Torque requited 10 raise the load (lr ) (Tu) a a ong eed 1 lowe fxd (Ty) Ty = Bx SB = 21929.03 x > Ty = 103066441 N-mm = 1030.66 N-m oss Ams. Stop 5 : Screw efficiency considering only thread friction (7) Ideal effort required to raise the load (Pj) 11 gual effort applied to raise the load against thread function (P,) Wine, tm = Won @a+o) tiny @) (212) tat 4.6463"), e = 4.6463" = = 03392 = 3392 % ... Ans. a= (2 a) Fee 1" Gamma) = me Visual coeticient of fction, END... nous Ha = hoe = 0.1553 0s 6 cos 15° B yo = ras ‘A Guide for Engineering Students = ee eons t Points to Remember ion of high stress es en a tn seress concentration i$ seed + Srp discontinils Pres age tration factor is defined as the rai ncentratat near the discontinuity t0 the corp, It is denoted bY Ky~ ti ctor is defined as the 1 ea ig it Oneonta Bo ra nial sess the same seco. Au minum sess inncchspesinen Ky * “Nominal ess in notch-fiee specimen 4 The notch sensitivity (q) is defined as the degree to which the theoretical effect of stess concentration is actually reached. ae Ke aK -D- The loads which vary in magnitude and direction with respect '¢ time are called as fatigue or fluctuating or alternating loads ea! the coresponding variable stresses induced in the components called as fatigue or fluctuating or alternating stresses. an ‘+ Mean stress (Gq) and stress amplitude (.,) Snax +2min = Sax —Fnin som and a, = «The endurance strength or fatigue strength or fatigue life of a material is defined as the of completely reversed stress cycles’ that the standard test specimen can complete before the appearance of the first fatigue crack. It is denoted by Sy. © The endurance limit or fatigue limit of a material is defined as the maximum amplitude of completely reversed stress that the standard i ith stand without fatigue failure for the infinite denoted by Sy an actual component is different from the specimen due to the mumber of factors. om = factors are used to derate or reduce the enduranc men and make it suitable for the actual compon: is subjected to Various parts of 1) Goodman line (Goodman crit © A straight line joining on the ordinate and on the abscissa is called as Goodman line. 2) Soderberg line (Soderberg criterion) : ‘© A straight line joining Se on the ordinate and S y, on the abscissa is called as Soderberg line. 3) Gerber parabola ( ng_on the ordinate and on the abscissa is fare subjected to uniaxial stress and shear shear stress. aos Tater agnng Sd The endurance limit or fatigue ‘maximum amplitude of completely re denoted by S, section. I is denoted by Ky. Maximum st x, = Hatin ts ine component near discon Nominal stress a the same section fe, 2013, Aug. 2015, 6 Marks) fined as the is actually ed stress that the standard te can withstand without fatigue failure for the infinite number éefined as the ratio of maximum stress’ i atinuity to the nominal stress at the sf A Gute for Engineering Sut = Maximum stresses at discontinuities in N /mm* where, Gmmax 20d Tmax in N/mm? Go and to= Nominal stresses at the same a.2 What is stress concentration ? What are the causes of stress cocentration ? Explain any two methods to reduce GP[SPPU : Doc. 2014, 6 Marks} ‘Ans. + 1. Stress concentration : Stress concentration is defined as the Concentration of high stresses due to discontinuities present in the component and sudden change of the cross-section. 2. Causes of Stress concentration : The different causes of stress concentration are as follows : in a component = Practically, the discontinuities like ‘and grooves, key-ways, splines, screw threads, etc. fare unavoidable due to certain features of the component. Hence, there is stress concentration in the region of discontinuities. fi) Sudden change in cross-section of a component : Generally, while mounting gears, pulley, ball bearings, etc. on a transmission shaft, the steps are cut on the shaft and shoulders are provided. This feature is essential, but it create change of the crdss-section of the shaft. This change in cross-section results in stress concentration. y g 2 : We know that, ike shoulders, holes, st should keep in mind that, to the stress lines tend to bunch up and somner. Hence, to avoid the effect ‘A Guide for Enginvering Students cant: Matos of 024? ri of reduc various methods ing ty 210 9 at OT coer splindrical members yi Fe a censatoa ely. ses esa we cing stress concentration ( Soees concentation in cfndricel members with holes Fa L (w Petered embers wth threads Fig. 0.2.4 : Methods of reducing stress concentration Q3 Draw S-N diagram for (1) Steel (2) Aluminum EF [SPPU : Doc, 2043, 4 Ma A Gul for Englneern6 i ‘pesign of Machine Elements 46 Design against Fluctuating Loads Design af Machine Elemente _ 476 ___ Design agninet Fincinstng Loess ‘Ans #1. Steel: crack Loweycla High cycle fatigue fatigue Tinie ei Ve z < 3 : 2. Aluminum : i) Fatigue strength (1og,9S, 0123 4,8 67 6 Number of svess cycles (09g) — {b) For non-ferrous materials Fig. 0.3.4 (b) foc A Gulde for Enginccring Students | sgn oalnst FUCUOINE Logg, jon for asiel and bending gots, Juno 2022, 4 Mati yetuating axial oF bending | se strength Sy. is plotted om ‘both the axe ining these two points. This line con the ordinate and Sy on bese two ins is B and the region OA pie aa ponents subjected Tencents te region of sefey for the com Trang stresses for infinite Lie. Tr regio OABC is called as modified Goodman. diagrar and bY eras shuld cause neither fatigue, fle ra agus efiterion represented by G00) Tne and yield eiterion represented by yield line. Te angle Bis given by, tnd = SE or und= St All Sp Om The eution of ine CD is, all ——___ ing ‘Guide for Enginest _— and the equation of line AE is, ss Seeder -o Now, the equations for modified Goodman diagram are as follows : For 05 Oy + When 6 <0,» line CD governs the desin , Sm Send Sn Sx By considering the factor of safety, on 9 = Sr Se FOS For 62 6, = When 0> Oj, line AE governs the design. ase eee ‘By considering the factor of safety, om 4 Saw ash as (45) 5 Draw the following diagrams and write their equations 1) Goodman diagram i) Soderberg dlagrams Ia {SPPU : Dec 208, Aug. 2015 Oct. 2018, 4 Marks] w= (Q42) “.(Q43) on (Q44) ‘Ans. : For Goodman line and Soderberg line sign og! FLICK Lng “8 posi of Mois Te 1s equation | nes nes ie becomes: x erequin ot CO lin Soy See! Sa’ Se weg If the factor of safety 1 a Ore oe rg we 2, soderberé equations = — simias to Goods equation of SOdeP=E tine (susight tine) is similar an tine So 4-1 Se Se «By considering the factor of safe) On 8 = hg ets 78 . if eer ated stress veppoting sketchy aerenise perween repeated stress, cag With suppers Tress and actuating stress along with one between the 10 ‘minimum ste8S (Grin etely reversed example for each PE Fig. Q.6.4 + Flu ment is the stress induced im the mechanical_ component apyspPu : May 2014, 9 Maria) subjected to the fatigue of the component i subjected Gi, The value of stress Vane ‘maximum stress (Grnax) 284 jctuating stresses pesign of Machine Elements “0 Dest ten aginst Fluctuating Loads @ During the analysis of fluctuating st ee etre ot Soca the tensile stress is considered There are 1, Repeated 2210 i.e. Onin = Fig. 2.6.2 : Repeated stress 6 om = 20% and, = 2 im 9 ae 2, Completely reversed stress of the — cycle 7 consists of tensile | mance | ay AB ar x nee see WwW W reversed stress Som cession between these two halves an! ene 22 srress is zer0 ie. om =0 ax +0nin _ Sos +(- Sos) nw Son tOnin, = Seat Sat) = 0 (Oni 8 mn = Spa +C Sass) = 0. (Gain =“ Os) 9, = fos sonin. = Sess a sch modifying factor th ‘ing any component sub] papyspPU : May 2014, Engineering Sens ‘4, Temperature factor (Ky) + 7 1 component operas focng ad eas Ini dees wi eres tress concentration (K,) concentration is considered by the modifying factor 1 miro finish in the ai jal scratches. The ‘acta | finish. yes and geometic seratche test is $0 % and if the required is poor, there - 7 a Boer ere 8 ESS raisers and result i sufice iy the reliability ofthe fa os men ec DORA i aneenat 30 % the celal factor is taken less an 1 Tpnish factor ie- Ka iy suze inr's equations and sate i's applicability gPPU : May 2016 2 Mat] eat is subjected 1 the mechanical compor fh coversed sess) for various pars of Such components is found by Miner's 4 of surface finishing iced of % “Anse + In certain applications, iterent stress levels (complete ‘The fatigue lite o increase in St reas before fatigue failure t by the $H fatigue life due © component reauees with the i Fon is taken info account 1 - proportionate damage of 4 The endurance limit of the of the component. This Limitati e factor ie. Ky. 4. Load factor (Ke) HS per the ype of load, the load factor taken into account. Tt is pr % Ke = 0923 for xl lating with Sy $1520 Ninn? By Me sana NN > 1520 N/mm sr one unc ed a ne ai ove equation te fr nici ee K, = 1 for axial loading with Sur K, = 1 for bending ve and Soderberg 4 Marks) a i ald as Gsber Eaquaion of Gerber curve : Jeeteeh ines are rarely used they ae more safe Gon design consideration Gerber pat of view. (040 Explain with neat sketch S-N curve for steel material. ‘Ans. © During the test polished surface is subjected to a pure bending moment and its magni SZ |SPPU : Aug. 2017, 4 Marks] 1, the specimen of standard size and hi is adjusted by using weights. ution counter, subjected to pure bending moment. i ene jue stength and end it at tener we we cared on) uta Hint of 8 specimen is rotated by an electric motor and the number of before the appearance of the first fatigue crack is recorded | aligning ball bearings are used to ensure that the specimen | | A Gulde for Engineering 6% | Design against Fluctuating Loads ted as fatigue strength (S;) (N) on horizontal axis. This lrawn on a log-log paper. Low oycle High cycte fatigue fatigue 7 Bs. i i ja OM 23 4.5 6 7 8 Number of stress cycles (logy) —— ‘For the ferrous m: at 10° eye University Examples Q.11 A cantilever beam of circular cross-section is fixed at the end jected to a completely reversed load of + 100 N at the free end, The force is perpendicular to the axis of the beam. The distance Detw "d_and the free eud is 400 mm. There is no stress ‘The beam is made of steel with an 85 respectively. The of the beam for a [SPU : May 2013, 12 Marks} ‘A Gulde for Engineering Statens sinat Fluctuating eS asin wud esgn of MoO 2 ar = 1300 MPa, ras Gi 0 Keck Sit Be a po ON asa Ne x, 205t, Ken OR Kati: Dameer of O eam. pce it ore ORT “ cateuiate tno endure atta te wns Ky Se g, = 055 ce 700 Ma } wHIChENEE is smaller s.- 05 yo MPa } whi si, = 650 MPA K, 7 08% 5 poe 1 jchever is smaller K, 7 0868) Ke=l Kp = 08s K, = Ker! es in equation @s x 1x 0868 * toss and stress amplitude Assume subsung al these va 5, = 087 x 0gsx 1x1 {culate the mea”) Foug = + 100N and Fig. 41-4 cee Myax +Munia 40x18 + (~40%108 ) 2 2 7 sw» (Completely reversed) | Muar “Mma _ 40x10? ~(—40%108 ) 7 7 =40x 10? Nem Inthis is subj case, the beam is subjected to bending stress. Muy | My-d/2_ 32Mg 3 ard and My = om Jue! Ss Sony “A Gude for Engineering 04% Design against Fluctuating ecuting Loads 32x 40% 103 _ 407.4366% 10% om = nd? ae stop - 3 Calculate the diam For finite life of the beam, eter of the beam s pee eget 7G om = = (Assume FOS = 1) Ong = Sp = $078366% 10° i a From Fig. Q11.1 (@), log49(S) 1og3o(0-9 Su) | 1eay0(S) legyot) . (by similar triangles) = 10810 (Se )= 2.6203 6=4.6765 “A Guile for Engineering Soadens — FS inst Fuctuat in Long % ‘pesign sal 7.4148 N/mm? = 65 © sing wis ae 2 A p74 pus Any, poe of mechanical component subjected caervof following they , Fpenaing stresses tz The work completely reve ements 2 or 85 tof time. 2-# 500 Nimm? for 3 % of time, 1, £350 Nima 5.2 400 Nin for resin ‘ime. Toe component i made of pic carbon stel s0c4 cmt of component 1s 280 Nima’ | 2). If enduranc apne : Dec. 2013 May 2046, 8 Marty fog io (Sp )- 2.447 ‘ans : Given dat2 = g, = 350 MPa for o 085, 0) =500MPa for oz = 0,03 co; «400 MPa for a3 = OP S = 660 MPa for, = 280.00 6-N= To find : Life ofthe component | 0.1086 tee of component I N = 6-[ 2851-2447] ses when only completely reversed ut, for finite life of the Pens | -° "is acting respectively. nied component AE -- (Assume FOS = 1) | .- (By similar triangles) Gi ¥B ” DB Jogy9 (10° )~ logy9 (10% ) Now, Jog 9 (10 )= log 2773-2447 _ log yo Sp )-2.447 63 Jogio (Sp )- 2.447 oN 50)- 2447 = 5.1062 0.1086 = So ee 4 as Gale for B “A Gude for Engineer" ru against FltUAting Logg, 24.75% 10° Cycles - chine Elements “0 Design against Fluctuating Loads pails 2. $$$ ——Err—e—=< Se = 300 N/mm? bes og 0 (400=2447| «4.579 K, = 08, Ky =085, K, = 0923 1 [ 0.108 assume Kat ty Ky "0897 my 26 ‘gs72 2373.25x 10° Cyeles Ky = 4(K,-1)+1=08 227-1) +1=2016 3 (10)? = = (10) a Life for Ns Cyeles Ke = go> apie 7 0496 a oe Ry ~ 2016 now, tN TNS Ace substituting all these values in equation (j), 0084 FN Se = 0.8 x 0.85 x 0.923 x 1x 0.496 x 0.897 x 08s 885 + areas? N % 0897 ee Tas 4.778% 10 a S- = 83.7733 MPa ° “La yaz6xi Stop - 21 Calculate the mean stress and amplitude stress of the N mponent ww Au, | comp N= 7s412x 10% Cycles ball From Fig. Q. ‘50C8 (Sut a a Pac = +45 KN = + 45x 109 N completely reversed axial force of : ay conertravon factor at the change | and Pain = —45 KN=~ 45x 10° N 2 factor and size factor are 08 Pax + Py 45x 10? + (—45 x 103 ros-secton is 2.27. The surf 4 i ate x10) _ eg reece, The oad factor 0.979 and he Felabily . 2 2 i factor is 0.897 for the |” oe ++ (Completely reversed) expected reliability of G Prax —Prin _ 45% 103 -(-45 x 10° 50th the factor of sasi-=—fiz0] |Z] py = Fa Prin = SAIC BAT) 2 45% 10°N safety is 2 and notch P. ” is 08 find | Now, ~ a, = “2 =0 Py =0) koa af pte: Se elt _ for infinite life. Fig. Q.13.1 45x 10° _ 750 2 oe amt =o EE ISPPU : May 2044, 9 Mart] i ‘Ans. : Given data: Calculate the thickness of the plate Su = 600 MPa, P= +45 KN, K, = 227, Ky = 0.8, life of the component, Ky = 085, K, = 0923, K, = 0.897, FOS = 2, q = | Se_ _ 83.7733 > fc = 0.923, Ky 4 = 08 ~oe= = 41.8866 N/mm? “i Toind : Plate thickness for infinite life, 2 Fos" 2 1.8866 N/mm Gi) Step =1: Calculate as, juating equ: pet os ulate the endurance limit of the component ee Oa . 6 = Ky Ky Ke Kgs Kes Ky S 41.8866 = cee MS, = 05 Su, oF 7006 : oo “" 700 N/mm?) whichever is smaller t= 175054 ma aa = 05 x 600 = ot 700 N/mm?) whichever is smallet A Guide for Engineering Std “A Guide for Engineering Students es i is 90 % for which te safery is 25 determi storion-eneray tery of fl factor. sor) | im _| 085 K, To find : Diameter ofthe shaft ‘Sep -4 : Calculate the endurance limit of the shaft paignef Machine Elements 4-22 bay en 2 __ betes ring ns wi Sy 7 OSTTSy = step +2: Calculate the mean ‘We know that, BaD ee ME er | Brat 7 = 6 Trax _ 16% 400% 103 Sean’ = te nd? nd? gg = Lo Tnin = 16% 100% 108 ane! ad? nd testa — 1/200 = 1639021 x AGuld fr Engineering Sues hue or ExgineringSoens | ‘Design against Fluctuating Logg, | Design of Machine Elements Long ~ ‘tess ampli () Seo - 178.9438 _ 1.0337 Sa TBI s, tan®, = == 1.0337 Lg ‘But for any point under consideration, 6, the equation of line AB governs the design. Hence, et Ss s ee FOS See See (a.273ix 106/43) _ 1 379867 = 2 @ = 30,7014 mm ‘As 75 £4 $50, it means the initial assumption is correct ie. Ky Q.45 A circular bar of 500 mm length is supported freely ends. It is acted upon by a central concentrated cyclic load having * minimum value of 20 KN and a maximum value of 50 KN. 1e diameter of the bar by taking a factor of safety of 1.5, = 085 Se we f A Guide for. ‘Engineering ™ peignefMahineBlenens 44 bay, teh acute of 085, surface finish factor of 0. The materia sett of Ofjven by limate strength of en etal Benes of bar Soo MNim? and endurance strength of 360 ui ‘ans. : Given data : EEPTSPPU ; Dee 20168 Mars] = 500 mim, Prin = 20 KN = 20 x 103 N, Posy = $0 A= 50 «10? ¥, 70S = 1.5, K, = 09, Ky = 085, S, =350 MN/m?, S,, = 650 MN/m?, Sqq = 500 MIN/m? ‘To find : Diameter of the bar (8), step 1; Calculate the endurance limit of a beam S_ = Ky:Ky'Ke-KaKe-Kg-Se =O K, = 085, K,=09 assume K, = Ka=Kg=Kr=1 Substituting all these values in equation (), ‘ Se = 0.85 x 09 x 1% 1x 1x 1 x 350.= 26775 MPa Stop 2+ Calculate the mean stress and stress amplitude ofthe beam For a simply supported beam, At mid point 500 5 x 108 Nem 3 $0 gas 0 Mrax = Pass * 4750810 "4 500 9.5 x 10° N-mm Leap x? see 2s he ee ee 435 ‘Now, Gah aa na . 32Mop soe2sxi0l 24670 ra ease a 63,6619x10° 25.4687 108 dst an «1 OS ee eae 2 __ gsese0® re re gg = gegen nf OES 7 2 BS 7 a, = 12088808 a , = Bee ‘As per goodman eto feat ogeeei) 3a'Se FOS wiseaper0® ,19.0986x108 oe 650xd> 267.75xd? 15 ssggsebt 1 a 1s so A d= 59.4234 mm 2.46 Determine the diamet ‘material with a fatigue strength (complete {s subjected to a varying a Use factor of safety as 2.0, CSPISPPU : May 2016, Wax = 700 KN, F.0.S.= 2, Ky = 1.8 eons é 32 Mis 2 32562589 ter of a circular rod made, of ductile ‘yield strength of 350 MPa. The member jad from Wain = — 300 KN to Waray = 700 KN and has a stress concentration factor = 1.8. 2, Syy =350 MPa, Wain = —300KN, 63:6619%10° np, 2oe5 stress reversal) 8 Marks, Oct. 2019, 6 Marts] "A Gulde for Engineering S#™ | y- pesign aelnst FUCLBINE Ly | egg ep acing Eee BEST + nei eget ices ee po find ¢ oop = Cateuate he mean ses and sri ‘ampinds ‘of the eam 3 best ad Minium ss is given by, On Mae = Wx 102, 2a 107 mex a Rg nd? Be Bee ; Bad nd gg, = Mini = 220109 12004102 min Ra Rye ge z Fa Be nd’ a ae 2800x103 _1200x 103 max + Onin - 7A zd? _ 00x10? 2 Om z 2 Rad? 2800% 103 1200x 102 gg = ome Sin = nd? 2000x103 Haga 2 z na? step 2: Calculate the diameter of circular rod ‘We know that, according to Soderberg’s line, Om ,8aXKi 2 1 St Se. ROS 800x103 200% 103 - po x18 nd? nd mA. 350 265 2 727.5654 , 43242097 _ 1 @ @ 2 d? = 10103.5502 ADS. d= 100.5164 mm 47 A centrifugal blower rotates at 600 rpm. A connect the blower to a 15 kW and 1750 rpm electric molor, a belt forces a torque of 280 Nem and a force of 2800 N of the shaft. Fig. Qtr shoe the location of bearings the steps 12 the shat and 4 ude for Engineering Studens eons unst Fluctuating Loads torque act THO rae pl fore gmeter 1812 and the ween diameter. Find the i to ave a factor robot roled ste tan stress = 300 MPa, Ultimate concentration factor at sapyspPu : May 2018, 8 Marks) Keyway, ‘Ans. : Given data = y= 00 spo, No = 1750 P,P 10% N-mm, = 15 KW, T= 250 Nem = 250 I F =2500N, FOS = 3, Se = 180 MPa, Syy = 300 MPa, d (Shaft diameter) ‘Thus, For the above values theoretical stress concentration factor, K, = 1.62 The product K, x M will decide, which of the two sections, is eriicsl s sae = AGulde for Engineering mace sfachine Elements 4-28 ‘Bending moment at the end of the keyway, Ky XM = 1.62 x 2500 x (100~25— 10) = 263.25 « 103 Nmm ding, moment atthe shoulder fillet, Ky %M = 1.62 x 2500 x (100 ~ 25) = 30375 x 103 Nemm Bet large, shoulder fillet is considered as Sy _ 16 Sye P fs [Seo] 16 De 25x30 - EX 3) 30375109] + @s0x10°)* y “OS g 50 = 2033.8253% 10. na? d= 38,5997 mm = 40 mm seADS. As shaft diameter, d = 40 mm Jounal diameter, D = 1.2x d= 1.2x 40 = 48 mm ewAnS. i Radius of the r=ixd=tx40= nA. us of the fille, r= 75x d= 74x40 = 4 mm Ans, 18 A rod of a linkage mechanism made of steel 40 CrI Gy: = 550 MPa) is subjected to a completely reversed axial load of 1000 KN. The rod is machined on a lathe and the reliability is 90 %. There is no stress concentration. Determine the diameter of the rod using a factor of safety of 2 for an infinite conditions. Assume K, = 0.78, Ky = 0.85, for 90 % reliability = 0.868. GPISPPU : Aug. 2016, 2046, 6 Marks] Aus. : Given data : w = $50 MPa, P = + 1000 KN, FOS =2, Ks Ky = 0.868 = 0.78, Ky = 0.85, Guile for Engineering Students ee | But, ‘Assume Substituting all these ¥ an itude stress of the | Ss 3 te the mean stress and ampl Siup- 2; Catelte component ’ 7 Py = +1000 KN = + 1000 x 10° N and Pup = ~ 1000 RN = ~ 1000 « 109 N s, 70 gy = 275 Nam? ist K, = 078 Kp 208s, Ke x, = 0.923 for axial loading < af Banh eqaton clues in e is fg, = O78xA85x 923% x1 0869 _ Prasy + Prin. 1000 10° + TURE Py = ES 1000 x 10? + (1000 x 10°). 4 2 .. (Completely reversed) = 30003 10% — (= 1000 x 10°) . 999 x 10° 7 rn 2 Pn = 0) Ine Elements 4-30 of Machi Design against Fluctuating Loads i) and ( 4000x103 nd? pelt equating esuatons 73.0361 = a = 132.0341 mm ie “49 A machine component is subjected to fluctuating stress that ves from 40 to 100 MPa. The corrected endurance limit stress for the machine component is 270 MPa, The ultimate tensile strength id yields strength of the material are 600 and 450 MPa stspectively. Find the factor of safety using ) Gerber theory i) Soderberg tine ii) Goodman line, Also find factor of safety against static failure, ESP(SPPU : Aug: 2016, Aug. 2016, 6 Marka] ‘Ans. : Given data : Sup = 600 N/mm?, Sy = 450 N/mm?, Gay = 100 N/mm?, Onin = 40 N/mm?, S, = 270 N/mm? To find : Factor of safety using, i) Soderberg line ii) Goodman line iti) Gerber Theory Step-1: Calculate the mean stress and stress amplitude on = 28 Fai = 100% gn? oy = Sassen = 100-4039 ina? As, on a 70 = & “Sq = 70 FOS and 3, = =. 30 = Sy = 30 FOS Step -2: Caleulate the factor of safety by using Soderberg line oy = = 0x10 2mm? Bea 7d? By Soderberg line (criterion), 9, Step -3: Calculate the diameter of the rod Sen a wate, Paes = Se, 160n2 Beek Oa = Fog" — 7 — = 73.0361 N/mm? 450° 270 ~ Fos = Fos = 3.75 sn Ans. rings] CSB “A Guide for Engineering Students A Gulde for Engineer ae oy cilgn agent Flucts Design of Machine Elements. 4-31 Deiign against Stop -3: Calculate the factor of safety by using Goodman line By Goodman line, S, 1 % gt Sips 70,30, 1 0370 * FOS | FOS = 43902 res: ‘Stop «4: Caleulate the factor of safety by using Gerber theory rove Pees MSs Ky = 0814 By Gerber theory, Assume. Ke = Ky=1 Gm :FOS) ,(92FOS) _ 1 Kp = a(K-e1e i ( Su ye =e ce “0906 “+ tose 1 oxFos) ,(30

You might also like