Definition:
Unilateral (or one-sided) z-transform
Symbolically represented by
The Region of Convergence:
EXAMPLE Consider the sequence
the z-transform of x[n] is
For the convergence of X(z) we require that
Alternatively, by multiplying the numerator and denominator by z,
EXAMPLE Consider the sequence
Its z-transform X(z) is given by
X(z) may be written as
Properties of the ROC:
Some Properties of the z-Transform
Some Common z-Transform Pairs
The Inverse z-Transform
A. Inversion Formula:
where C is a counterclockwise contour of integration enclosing the origin.
B. Use of Tables of z-Transform Pairs:
C. Power Series Expansion:
The defining expression for the z-transform is a power series where the sequence values x[n] are the
coefficients of 𝑧 −𝑛 . Thus, if X(z) is given as a power series in the form
D. Partial-Fraction Expansion:
If m > n
The System Function of Discrete-Time LTI Systems
Applying the convolution property
Characterization of Discrete-Time LTI Systems:
1. Causallty: For a causal discrete-time LTI system,
2. Stablllty: A discrete-time LTI system is BIBO stable if and only if
3. Causal and Stable Systems:
System Function for LTI Systems Described by Linear Constant-Coefficient
Difference Equations:
A discrete-time LTI system for which input x[n] and output y[n] satisfy the general linear
constant-coefficient difference equation of the form
Systems Interconnection:
EXAMPLE Find the z-transform of
(a)
EXAMPLE
For z not equal to zero or infinity, each term in X(z) will be finite and consequently X(z) will converge. Note that
X(z) includes both positive powers of z and negative powers of z. Thus, we conclude
that the ROC of X(z) is
EXAMPLE Consider the sequence
we see that there is a pole of (N - 1)th order at z = 0 and a pole at z = a. Since x[n] is a finite
sequence and is zero for n < 0 , the ROC is I z I > 0 . The N roots of the numerator polynomial are at
EXAMPLE Find the z-transform X(z) and sketch the pole-zero plot with the ROC for each of the following sequences:
5
2𝑧(𝑧 − )
𝑋 𝑧 = 12
1 1
(𝑧 − 2)(𝑧 − 3)
(a)
(b)
(c)
We see that the ROCs in Eqs. do not overlap and that there is no common ROC, and thus
x[n] will not have X(z).
EXAMPLE
(a)
(b) Since x[n] is a two-sided sequence, we can express it as
If a< 1, we see that the ROCs overlap, and thus,
EXAMPLE
Find the inverse z-transform of
Multiplying out the factors of Eq. we can express X(z) as
Then, by definition
EXAMPLE
Using the power series expansion technique, find the inverse z-transform of the
following X(z):
(a)
and so by definition we have
(b)
and so by definition we have
EXAMPLE
Find the inverse z-transform of the following X(z):
EXAMPLE
Using the power series expansion technique, find the inverse z-transform of the following X(z):
and so by definition
and so by definition
EXAMPLE
Find the inverse z-transform of
Since the ROC is I z I > 2, x[n] is a right-sided sequence
EXAMPLE
Find the inverse z-transform of
Since the ROC of X(z) is I zl < 1, x[n] is a left-sided sequence,
EXAMPLE
The Unilateral z-Transform
Basic Properties:
System Function:
Find the unilateral z-transform of the following
For each of the following difference equations and associated input and initial conditions, determine the
output y[n]:
Initial value theorem
Final value theorem