Chapter 8 Lecture

Chapter 3 Lecture

Chapter 8
Momentum and
Energy

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 This lecture will help you understand
• Momentum and Impulse
• Impulse Changes Momentum
• Conservation of Momentum
• Energy and Work
• Power
• Conservation of Energy
• Sources of Energy

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 Momentum
• It is inertia in motion
• It can also be defined as the product of mass and
velocity. It is a vector quantity. The Symbol
momentum is 𝑝.
• Mathematical Equation
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑝ҧ = 𝑚 × 𝑣ҧ
• When direction is unimportant
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
• Unit of Momentum: In SI units, momentum
is measured in kilogram meters per second (kg⋅m/s).

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 Momentum

• Momentum is directly proportional to Mass and

Velocity

𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑶𝑹 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ⇒ 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎

𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ⇒ 𝑯𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎

𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑶𝑹 𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ⇒ 𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎

𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑳𝒐𝒘 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 ⇒ 𝑳𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎

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 Momentum
Check your Neighbor
A moving object has
A. Momentum.
B. Energy.
C. Speed.
D. All of the above.

D
When the speed of an object is doubled, its momentum
A. Remains unchanged in accord with the conservation of
momentum.
B. Doubles.
C. Quadruples.

B
D. Decreases.
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 Impulse
• Impulse
• product of force and contact time
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹 × 𝑡
• it is a Vector quantity and its unit is
newton Second (N.s).
• great force for long time large impulse
• same force for short time smaller impulse

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 Impulse Changes Momentum

• The change in momentum of an object is equal

to the impulse applied to it (force multiplied by
the time interval during which the force is
applied)

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚

Force × time = change in momentum
𝐹 × 𝑡 = ∆𝑝
𝐹 × 𝑡 = ∆(𝑚𝑣)

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 Momentum
Sample Problem
An 8 kg bowling ball rolling a 2 m/s bumps into a padded guardrail and
stops.
(a) What is the momentum of the ball just before hitting the guardrail?
(b) How much impulse acts on the ball?

Given Data: m = 8 kg, Vi = 2m/s, Vf = 0m/s

Equation/ Formula: 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣,

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚=∆(𝑚𝑣)

Calculation: p= 16 kgm/s, Impulse= mvf-mvi=0-16= -16 kgm/s

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 Impulse
Check your Neighbor
When the force that produces an impulse acts for twice
as much time, the impulse is
A. Not changed.
B. Increased by two times.
C. Increased by four times.
D. Decreased by half.

B
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 Impulse Changes Momentum
Cases of Momentum Changes
• Increasing momentum
• Apply Large force for long time produces Large
increase in momentum (i.e. Larger Change in Momentum)
• Examples
• Golfer follows through while teeing off
• Long barrels of long-range cannons

• Decreasing momentum Over a Long Time

• Results in smaller force
• Examples
• Driving into a haystack versus into a brick wall
• Jumping in a safety net versus onto solid ground

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 Impulse Changes Momentum

• When a car is out of control, it is better to hit a

haystack than a concrete wall. Common sense, but
with a physics reason:
• Same impulse occurs either way, but extension of hitting time
reduces hitting force.

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 Impulse Changes Momentum

• Examples
• In jumping, bend your knees when your feet make
contact with the ground because the extension of
time during your momentum decrease reduces the
force on you
• In boxing, ride with the punch

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 Impulse Changes Momentum
Check your Neighbor
A cannonball shot from a cannon with a long barrel
will emerge with greater speed, because the cannonball
receives a greater
A. Average force
B. Impulse
C. Both of the above
D. Neither of the above

Explanation:
The force on the cannonball will be the same for a short- or long-barreled cannon. The
longer barrel provides for a longer time for the force to act and therefore a greater
impulse. (The long barrel also provides a longer distance that the force acts, providing
greater work and greater KE of the cannonball.)

B
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 Impulse Changes Momentum
Check your Neighbor
A fast-moving car hitting a haystack or hitting a cement wall
produces vastly different results. Both experience
A. the same change in momentum.
B. the same impulse.
C. the same force.
D. A and B.

Explanation:
Although stopping the momentum is the same whether done slowly or quickly, the

D
force is vastly different. Be sure to distinguish between momentum, impulse, and force.

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 Impulse Changes Momentum
Check your Neighbor
When a dish falls, will the change in momentum be less if it lands
on a carpet than if it lands on a hard floor? (Careful!)
A. No, both are the same.
B. Yes, less if it lands on the carpet.
C. No, less if it lands on a hard floor.
D. No, more if it lands on a hard floor.

Explanation:
The momentum becomes zero in both cases, so both change by the same amount.
Although the momentum change and impulse are the same, the force is less when the
time of momentum change is extended. Be careful to distinguish between force,

A
impulse, and momentum.

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 Conservation of Momentum
• In every case, the momentum of a system cannot change unless
it is acted on by external forces.
• A system will have the same momentum both before and after
any interaction occurs. When the momentum does not change,
we say it is conserved.
Law of conservation of momentum
In the absence of an external force, the
momentum of a system remains unchanged.
Mathematically
(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

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 Conservation of Momentum
Collisions
• When objects collide in the absence of external forces, net
momentum before and after collision is equal.

(𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

Types of Collision
• Elastic collisions
• Inelastic collisions

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 Conservation of Momentum

Elastic collision
• It is defined as a collision whereupon objects
collide without permanent deformation or the
generation of heat. (The elastic balls bounce!).

• An elastic collision is a collision in which there is

no net loss in kinetic energy in the system as a
result of the collision. Both momentum and
kinetic energy are conserved quantities in elastic
collisions.

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 Conservation of Momentum
Example of Elastic collision
• In Figure (a)
• Moving green ball hits yellow ball, initially at rest
• Green ball comes to rest, and yellow ball moves away
with a velocity equal to the initial velocity of the green
ball
• In Figures (a) through (c)
• Momentum is simply
transferred from one
ball to the other.

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 Conservation of Momentum
Inelastic collision
• It is defined as a collision whereupon colliding objects
become tangled or coupled together, generating heat.
(Inelastic collisions are often sticky.)

• An inelastic collision is a collision in which there is a

loss of kinetic energy. While momentum of the
system is conserved in an inelastic collision, kinetic
energy is not.

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 Conservation of Momentum
Example of Inelastic collision
• It the figure below, Orange Fright Car is moving at 10 m/s and
collide with stationary Green Fright car at rest.
• Both fright cars are of equal mass and coupled together after
collision
• Orange car with mass m is moving with 10 m/s before collision
and after collision both coupled cars moves with 5 m/s and mass
become 2m
• (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = (𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚)𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
(𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝒎𝒗)𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = (𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝒎𝒗)𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
(𝑚 × 10 𝑚/𝑠)𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 = (2𝑚 × 5 𝑚/𝑠)𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏

Important
(𝐾. 𝐸)𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 ≠ (𝐾. 𝐸)𝑨𝒇𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏
1 1
(𝑚)𝑣1 ≠ (2𝑚)𝑣22
2
2 2

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 Conservation of Momentum
Check your Neighbor
Freight Car A is moving toward identical Freight Car B that is at rest.
When they collide, both freight cars couple together. Compared with the
initial speed of Freight Car A, the speed of the coupled freight cars is
A. the same.
B. half.
C. twice.
D. None of the above.

Explanation
After the collision, the mass of the moving freight cars has doubled. Can you see that their
speed is half the initial velocity of Freight Car A?

B
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 Work
Work
• It is defined as the product of force exerted on an object and
the distance the object moves (in the same direction as the
force).
• It is scalar quantity
• It is represented by “W”.
• It is done only when the force succeeds in moving the body
it acts upon.
• Mathematical equation of work
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑊 =𝐹×𝑑
• Unit of work is newton meter (N.m) which is called Joule
(J).

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 Work

• Two things enter where work is done

• Application of force
• Movement of something by that force
• Work done on the barbell
It is the average force multiplied by the
distance through which the barbell is
lifted.
• Work falls into two categories:
• Work done against another force
• Work done to change the speed of an object

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 Work
Check your Neighbor
If you push against a stationary wall for several
minutes, you do no work
A. On the wall.
B. At all.
C. Both of the above.
D. None of the above.

Explanation:
You may do work on your muscles, but not on the wall.

A
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 Work
Check your Neighbor
Work is done in lifting a barbell. How much work is
done in lifting a twice-as-heavy barbell the same
distance?
A. Twice as much.
B. Half as much.
C. The same.
D. Depends on the speed of the lift.

Explanation:
This is in accord with work = force × distance. Twice the force for the same distance
means twice the work done on the barbell.

A
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 Work
Check your Neighbor
You do work when pushing a cart. If you push the cart
twice as far with the same constant force, then the
work you do is
A. Less than twice as much.
B. Twice as much.
C. More than twice as much.
D. Zero.

B
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 Energy
Energy
• It is defined as that which produces changes in matter OR
• The ability of an object to do work OR
• It is the property of a system (object) that enable it to do
work
• Effects of energy observed only when
• It is being transferred from one place to another OR
• It is being transformed from one form to another
• Unit of Energy
• Both work and energy are measured in joule (J).

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 Power
Power
• It is the measure of how fast work is done OR
• It is rate of doing work per unit time
Mathematical Equation
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑊
𝑃=
𝑡
Unit of Power
• It is measure in joule per second (J/s) or watt (W)
(1 watt = 1 joule of work in 1 second)

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 Power
Check your Neighbor
A job can be done slowly or quickly. Both may
require the same amount of work, but different
amounts of
A. Energy
B. Momentum
C. Power
D. Impulse

Explanation:
Power is the rate at which work is done.

C
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 Potential Energy
Potential Energy
• It is defined as stored energy due to position, shape, or
state. In its stored state, energy has the potential for doing
work.
• Examples
• Drawn bow
• Stretched rubber band
• Raised ram of a pile driver

Types of Potential Energy

• Elastic Potential Energy
• Electrical (Electromagnetic)
Potential Energy
• Gravitational Potential
Energy
• Nuclear Potential Energy
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 Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
• The energy possessed by a body due to its position in the
gravitational field of Earth (or any other massive body).
Mathematical Equation
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
Examples
• Water in an elevated reservoir
• The elevated ram of a pile driver

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 Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
• The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an
elevated object is equal to the work done against gravity in
raising it.
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
• Work done equals force required to move it upward × the
vertical distance moved
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
• The upward force when moved at constant velocity is the
weight of the object.
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔
• So the work done in lifting it through height h is the product
mgh.
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ ∴ℎ=𝑑

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 Potential Energy
Example of Gravitational Potential Energy
Potential energy of 10-N ball is the same in all 3 cases
because work done in elevating it is the same

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 Potential Energy
Check your Neighbor
Does a car hoisted for repairs in a service station have increased
potential energy relative to the floor?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Sometimes
D. Not enough information

Explanation:
And if the car were twice as heavy, its increase in potential energy would be twice as
much.

A
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 Potential Energy, Work, Power
Sample Problem
Show that 470 W of Power is expended by a weight lifter who lifts a 60 kg
barbell a vertical distance of 1.2 m in a time interval of 1.5 s.

Given Data: P = 480W, m = 60kg, h= 1.2m, t= 1.5 s

𝑊
Equation/ Formula: 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ, 𝑃 =
𝑡
Calculation: 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ= 60x9.8x1.2=705.6 J
705.6
𝑃=
1.5
= 470 W

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 Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy
• It is defined as the energy of a moving body OR
• It is the energy possessed by a body due to its
motion
• Mathematical Equation
1
𝐾𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 2
2
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
• small changes in speed large changes in KE

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 Kinetic Energy
Check your Neighbor
Must a car with momentum have kinetic energy?
A. Yes, due to motion alone.
B. Yes, when motion is non accelerated.
C. Yes, because speed is a scalar and velocity is a vector quantity.
D. No.

Explanation:
Acceleration, speed being a scalar, and velocity being a vector quantity, are irrelevant.
Any moving object has both momentum and kinetic energy.

A
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 Work, Kinetic Energy
Check your Neighbor
The work done in braking a moving car to a stop is the force of
tire friction × stopping distance. If the initial speed of the car is
doubled, the stopping distance is
A. Actually less.
B. About the same.
C. Twice.
D. None of the above.

Explanation:
Twice the speed means four times the kinetic energy and four times the stopping
distance.

D
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 Kinetic Energy and Momentum
Comparison of kinetic energy and momentum
• Both depend on mass and velocity—Momentum
depends on mass and velocity.
KE depends on mass and the square of its velocity
(or speed).
• Momentum is a vector quantity.
Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity.

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 Law of Conservation of Energy
• Conservation defined in
• Everyday language as " to save"
• Physics as to "remain unchanged"

Law of conservation of energy

In the absence of external work input or output, the energy of
a system remains unchanged.
OR
Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be converted
from one form to another form.

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 Conservation of Energy
Example
• Energy transforms without net loss or net gain in the
operation of a pile driver.
• The potential energy of the elevated ram of the pile
driver is converted to kinetic energy during its fall.

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 Law of Conservation of Energy
• Consider the system of a bow and arrow. In drawing the bow,
we do work on the system and give it potential energy.
• When the bowstring is released, most of the potential energy is
transferred to the arrow as kinetic energy and some as heat to
the bow.
Check your Neighbor
Suppose the potential energy of a drawn bow is 50 joules, and the
kinetic energy of the shot arrow is 40 joules. Then
A. Energy is not conserved.
B. 10 joules go to warming the bow.
C. 10 joules go to warming the target.
D. 10 joules is mysteriously missing

D
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