Literature Review, Site analysis, Case studies

HOUSING DEVELOPMENT

04 Chandani Jha 08 Drishti Manandhar 19 Krishu Shrestha 22 Shreeja Shrestha 24 Aaditya Raman Singh 27 Dikshya Timilsina
 What is Design
housing? gudelines

LITERATURE
REVIEW
Types of Defensible
housing spaces

By-laws
INTRODUCTION TO HOUSING
More than just a physical structure
Spatial organization designed to accommodate
human habitation
Focuses on creating functional, comfortable and
aesthetically pleasing living environments while
addressing the technical, social and environmental
factors related to building homes.
Social connection and access to green spaces
Wide range of dwelling types: single-family homes,
apartments, condominiums, townhouses and mobile
homes
TYPES OF HOUSING UNITS

Deattached house: not sharing Row house: common sidewalls Triplex: three separate living
walls with other houses and continuous group units in a building

Semi deattached house: sharing a Duplex: two separate living Multiplex: separate living
common wall units in a building units in a building
TYPES OF HOUSING UNITS

Stacked row house: combination Low rise apartment: three to Mixed use apartment: three or
of row house and multi story four storied and has no more functions in a single
apartments elevator building

Small apartment: three to four Mid rise apartment: Five to

High rise apartment: 12 or
rooms to form thin rectangle eleven story with elevator
more stories with multiple
elevators
TYPES OF LAYOUTS IN HOUSING

RECTANGULAR/GRID PATTERN CUL-DE-SAC SHOESTRING DEVELOPMENT

Layout plan: almost square with Consists of approach road with a dead Houses arranged around a local road encircling
road meeting at right angles end a park in the centre
Suitable for flat country not for Houses face dead end road branching Houses arranged in groups, in the shape of shoe
traffic from main road at right angle where the main road forms a string
In practice since Greek and Roman A roundabout at the dead end for Each group placed on left and right side of the
towns vehicles to go around and return to the local road facing the park (shape S)
main road
Attractive feature provided at dead end
TYPES OF LAYOUTS IN HOUSING

HEXAGONAL LAYOUT RADIAL LAYOUT ORGANIC LAYOUT

Roadways form hexagonal shape Street (connection) radiate through Irregular street and housing unit
Travel time and distance are cut single point placed along it
down Form of grid pattern layout having a Doesn’t follow a pattern
Reduced traffic congestion central point
RECOMMENDED PROXIMITY:
Employment facilities

Industrial facilities,
Offices,
Commercial
facilities

Schools Market area

(Nursery to class 12)

Colleges
(upto 30 min HOUSING SITE
drive)
500 M
~8 mins walking
Parks, open 1000 M
spaces, 15 mins walking
playgrounds

Hospitals
(upto 30 min
drive)
STANDARD ROOM SIZES

BEDROOM (11.14 SQ.M) MASTER BEDROOM (19.24 SQ.M) LIVING ROOM (29.76 SQ.M)

Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions

Size Size Size
(in ft) (in m) (in ft) (in m) (in ft) (in m)

Small 10 x 10 3.04 x 3.04 Small 12 X 14 3.65 X 4.26 Small 14 x 16 4.27 x 4.88

Medium 12 x 12 3.65 x 3.65 Medium 14 X 20 4.26 X 6.10 Medium 18 x 22 5.49 x 6.71

Large 14 x 16 4.26 x 4.87 Large 16 X 24 4.87 x 7.31 Large 24 x 30 7.32 x 9.14

STANDARD ROOM SIZES
STUDY ROOM (11.32 SQ.M) KITCHEN (4.6 SQ.M) DINING ROOM (12.5 SQ.M)

Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions

Size Size Size
(in ft) (in m) (in ft) (in m) (in ft) (in m)

Small 10 x 10 3.04 x 3.04 Small 5 x 10 1.52 x 3.04 Small 10 x 14 3.04 x 4.27

Medium 12 x 12 3.65 x 3.65 Medium 10 x 16 3.04 x 4.87 Medium 14 x 18 4.27 x 5.49

Large 14 x 16 4.27 x 4.87 Large 12 x 20 3.65 x 6.09 Large 14 x 20 4.27 x 6.10

STANDARD ROOM SIZES
TOILET (3.35 SQ.M) MASTER BATHROOM (8.75 SQ.M) STORE ROOM (2.8 SQ.M)

Dimensio Dimension
Size
ns (in ft) s (in m)

Small 5X6 1.52 X 1.83

Medium 8 X 10 2.44 X 3.05

Large 12 X 14 3.65 X 4.2

Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions Dimensions

Size Size
(in ft) (in m) (in ft) (in m)

Small 4x9 1.22 X 2.74 Small 6X9 1.83 X 2.74

Minimum width of staircase: 1m
Minimum size of garage: 12 sq.m/ 130 [Link]
Medium 5 x 10 1.52 X 3.04 Medium 8 X 12 2.44 X 3.65 Minimum height of room: 2.5 m
Maximum height of boundary wall: 1.5 m

Large 8 x 12 2.44 X 3.65 Large 10 X 16 3.04 X 4.87

 Site Guidelines for Housing Construction
Regarding provision of Road

Controlled physical project: All roads connecting the existing public road must have separate entrance and exit gate and lane up
to 20m of that existing public road.

For any road, the turning radius must be maintained to 3.5m.

WIDTH OF ROAD

LENGTH WIDTH

RIGHT OF WAY FOR DIFFERENT ROADS

50m 2m

ROAD TYPE ROW

200m 4m

Newly Constructed 3m
1000m 6m

Length < 50m 1.5m

2000m 8m

Existing building in 4m
2m
wide road Above 2000m 11m or wide

Source: वस्ती विकास, सहरी योजना तथा भवन निर्माण सम्बन्धि आधारभूत निर्माण मापदण्ड,२०७२
 Regarding built up unit

Building Height
Ground Coverage w.r.t. Site Area FAR w.r.t. Residential Zone Factors affecting building height
FAR and ground coverage

AREA GROUND COVERAGE ZONE FAR Maximum height for a residential building is 45
ft.
Max height (H) = 2 (ROW + 2x Setback)
< 250 sq.m ( 7 aana) 70% Core residential zone 4.1

> 250 sq.m ( 7 aana) 60%

FAR depends upon plot size and residential zone.

Allowed ground coverage decreases with

increasing size of plot.

PLOT SIZE FOR A SINGLE UNIT

OPEN SPACE: 5%
Appropriate plot size - 2.8 aana (80 sq.m)
Width of Plot - 6m minimum

Source: वस्ती विकास, सहरी योजना तथा भवन निर्माण सम्बन्धि आधारभूत निर्माण मापदण्ड,२०७२
 Set back w.r.t. Building Height

HEIGHT OF BUILDING SET BACK

h < 10m 2m from adjacent plot

10 < h < 17 3m from adjacent plot

5m or more from adjacent

h > 17m
plot

For residential minimum 1- 1.5 m set back is enough for opening door/ windows

Setback from Panauti Hydropower Canal- 8m from edge

Source: वस्ती विकास, सहरी योजना तथा भवन निर्माण सम्बन्धि आधारभूत निर्माण मापदण्ड,२०७२
KEY TO CREATE DEFENSIBLE SPACES

Territorial Definition Natural Surveillance

Clear demarcation of public, semi-private, Design layouts to maximize the visibility of

and private areas using physical barriers, communal areas from residents' windows and
signs, or landscaping. door.
Encourage residents to take ownership Avoid hidden or blind spots where illicit
and responsibility for their space. activities might go unnoticed.

Hierarchy of Space Access Control Minimize Ambiguity

Establish a clear transition from public to Implement controlled entry points Reduce the number of public pathways
private zones to make intruders feel and limit access to residential that intrude into semi-private or private
exposed and out of place. buildings . areas.
Proper zoning discourages unwanted Use landscaping, fencing, or design Ensure that areas intended for communal
access by creating psychological features to channel movement and use are clearly defined and observable.
barriers. direct outsiders away from
residential areas.
INTRODUCTION TO LAND POOLING: A Collaborative Urban
Develeopment Approach

Method where landowners voluntarily contribute their land for urban

development
Land reallocated back to the original owners after the development
process (infrastructure improvements)
The reallocated land is in smaller, serviced and more valuable plots

KEY ASPECTS OF LAND POOLING

Source: Implementation experiences of land pooling projects in Kathmandu Valley
Voluntary participation [Link]

Replotting
Cost sharing
Better infrastructure
Increased land value

BENEFITS OF LAND POOLING

Infrastructure Development
Equitable sharing
Increased land value
Urban organization
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAND
POOLING AND LAND PLOTTING

LAND PLOTTING LAND POOLING

LAND POOLING PROJECTS IN KATHMANDU
LARGE PLOTS INDIVIDUAL LAND
Gongabu Land Pooling Project
Kritipur Land Pooling Project
Dhapakhel Land Pooling Project
SMALLER PLOTS MERGED LAND WITH INFRASTRUCTURE
Imadol Land Pooling Project
Kapan Land Pooling Project
Taukhel Land Pooling Project
SELLING REDISTRIBUTED IMPROVED PLOTS
Manohara Land Pooling Project
Sano Bharyang Land Pooling Project
Kuleshwor Land Pooling Project
 SPONTANEOUS PLANNING

Spontaneous planning refers to the expansion of a city or town over a

large area , in a uncoordinated manner, typically characterized by
suburban development.

This kind of growth often happens without a comprehensive urban

strategy, leading to several challenges, such as inefficient land use,
increased reliance on private vehicles, depletion of water resources
and environmental degradation.

CAUSES
High Population growth
Rural to Urban Migration
Lack of enforcement of comprehensive urban plans
High land prices and expensive formal housing

Pictures showing impact of spontaneous planning

Jorpati area near Narayantar
bridge in Kathmandu has been
completely covered by buildings
and concrete structures within two
decades.

Spontaneous planning often results in

insufficient infrastructure like roads,
drainage, water supply, electricity, and
waste management.

This leads to overcrowding, poor

sanitation, limited access to services,
increased health risks, and a lower
2003 2023
quality of life.
 Difference between planned and unplanned land
Parameters Planned Land Unplanned Land

Layout Structured Design: Organized streets, Chaotic Design: Irregular streets and mixed
zones, and public spaces uses
Zoning: Defined areas for different uses No Zoning: Conflicting land uses without
(residential, commercial, etc.) defined areas

Infrastructure Pre-Established: Roads, drainage, and Ad-Hoc Development: Infrastructure built as

utilities are planned and developed needed, often inconsistent
Quality Services: Consistent and reliable Variable Quality: Services may be
infrastructure inadequate or uneven

Land use Efficient Use: Optimized land use with Inefficient Use: Disorganized land use with
regulations and guidelines less regulation
Public Spaces: Includes parks and Limited Public Spaces: Few designated
community amenities community amenities

Sustainability Sustainable Growth: Consideration for Limited Consideration: Less focus on

environmental impact and future expansion sustainability and future growth
 Sensory
Site location
information

Site proximity Utilities in site

Climate and
weather SITE ANALYSIS Design
gudelines

Site growth Future growth

pattern opportunities
 Location:

1000 M
15 mins walking

500 M
~8 mins walking

Panauti, Kavre, Province-3, Nepal

 Location:
Sati forest

Gorakhnath
Temple (2200 m)

Panauti museum
(1850 m)
Phulchwoki
Temple (1800 m)
Siddhartha Vanasthali
Institute (1150 m)

Tej Ganga multiple

campus (1200 m)

1000 M
15 mins walking

500 M
~8 mins walking

Panauti irrigation

Malpi International Malpi -8, Panauti, Kavre, Province-3, Nepal

School (500 m)
2001
2012

New Buildings

Tunnel farming
2012
2021

Visible increase
in vegetation

Road expansion

Tunnel farming
2021

Settlement
growth
2021
2024

Deforestation; land Clerance

indicating future settlement
growth Massive
increase in
Tunnel farming
Future growth possibilities

Prevalent
urban center

Probable: Farmlands
Reasons:
Lowlands, easier to irrigate,
fertile soil, better for
agricultural use.

Probable: New Settlement

Reasons:
High lands, difficult to
irrigate, great view to the
north, northwest and
northeast
SITE

0 M
15
0M

M
200
+4 M

300
+8 M

M
+12 M 210 M

Site area:
98-13-0-1.1
M 50270 sq.m
+16 M 130
+20 M
 Panauti Bazar

Panauti Bazar

i
ut
na
Pa
to
ay
W
Way to Khopasi

road ways

i
Way to Malp
 Roads and access uti
ana
P
y to
a
W
Way to Khopasi

MAIN ACC
ESS
0M
(Width: 15
ft)

+4 M

+8 M

alpi Downward slope from

to M south to north
Way
+12 M

+16 M Rain water drains to the

canal to the north
+20 M
 SITE SECTION

+16 M
+12 M
+8 M
+4 M
+0 M
Man-made features: ON SITE

Houses
Man-made features: AROUND
SITE

Tunnel farming
infrastructures

Tunnel farming
infrastructures

Irrigation canal

Water source

Houses
Electrical power lines

three phase mainline

single phase line

 Sun and wind

19:16

5:23
1 7 :2

7 :0 4
7

Prevalent wind direction: Winter solstice daylight: 10:24

Southwest-Northeast 39.00° Summer solstice daylight: 13:53

85.85°
 WEATHER DATA

>> low temperature deviations during high rainfall

PRECIPITATION: TEMPERATURE:
Highest: July Highest: May (~30°C)
Lowest: November Lowest: January (~10°C)
INFERENCES: (considering thermal comfort range 20-25°C)
+ Cross ventilation

provide protection from

Proper ventilation rainwater damage

Angle < ~60°

Hot wet summer Shading devices

For directly south facing
Must allow sunlight windows
in the winter
>>> temperature crosses 25°C threshold from:
Late March to Early October
(64°-56° solar altitude angle)

Prevent water buildup guide stormwater to

Proper drainage
during heavy rain irrigation canal
INFERENCES: (considering thermal comfort range 20-25°C)
More openings with
Shorter shading,
southward orientation, to
maximize solar gain accounting for day time

Openings
Thicker glazing towards
North, to reduce
thermal loss
Cold dry winter

Increase in
thicker outer walls Building
thermal mass

Prevalent wind direction:

Southwest-Northeast
>>> Shading devices should
account for wind carried rain
Full length shading
to the south
VIEWS FROM THE SITE
VIEWS THROUGH THE SITE
views TO the site
 View to the North

North ward slope:

Southward slope: View of mountain and
Tiered design for hills
maximum solar main access road to
exposure the north, so possibility
to provide more private
spaces
 National case
studies: International
case studies:
Comfort Housing

Kanchanjunga Apartments

Star housing

CASE STUDIES Habitat 67

Chauni Housing

Belapur Housing

Kuleshwore Awas Chetra

SITAPAILA HOUSING/Star CHHAUNI HOUSING COMFORT HOUSING
Chhauni, Kathmandu Sitapaila, Nagarjun
Homes Designed By: Ar. Rajesh Krishna
Construction Date: 2009-2013
Sitapaila, Nagarjun Shrestha/ Bastukala Pramarsha
Constructed By: Sharma and Company
Designed By: Ar. Shesh Krishna Construction Date: 2002-2007
Total Land Area: 29 Ropanis
Shrestha/Fresh DOME Consultancy Constructed By: CE Construction
Total Dwelling Units: 55
Construction Date: 2003-2007 Total Land Area: 38.4 Ropani
Population: 200-300
Constructed By: Sharma & Company Dwelling Units: 60
Price Range: 3.5-5Cr
Total Land Area: 28 Ropanis Population: 250-250
No. of Units: 67 Units Price Range: 5-12Cr
Population: 250-350
Price Range: 5.3Cr to 8cr

LIVE CASE STUDIES

2003

GROWTH PATTERN
2013

GROWTH PATTERN
2013

GROWTH PATTERN
2013

GROWTH PATTERN
2023

GROWTH PATTERN
SITAPAILA HOUSING/Star
Homes
Sitapaila, Nagarjun
Designed By: Ar. Shesh Krishna
Shrestha/Fresh DOME Consultancy
Construction Date: 2003-2007
Constructed By: Sharma & Company
Total Land Area: 28 Ropanis
No. of Units: 67 Units
Population: 250-350
Price Range: 5Cr to 8cr
 Times School
Shuvekshya
Hospital
Salesberry
Department
Store
Sunrise Bank
Machapuchhre
Bank
Samaj Dental
CK Cinemas
Anupam Mall
Ringroad

300M

PROXIMITY
 Times School
Shuvekshya
Hospital
Salesberry
Department
Store
Sunrise Bank
Machapuchhre
Bank
Samaj Dental
CK Cinemas
Anupam Mall
Ringroad
Army barrack
Acme
Engineering
College
500M Kantipur College
of Medical
Science

PROXIMITY
 Times School
Shuvekshya
Hospital
Salesberry
Department
Store
Sunrise Bank
Machapuchhre
Bank
Samaj Dental
CK Cinemas
Anupam Mall
Ringroad
Army barrack
Acme
Engineering
College
1000M Manmohan
Hospital
Military Museum
Birendra Military
Hospital
Soaltee Hotel
Halchwok Armed
Police Force

PROXIMITY
 Open Green Space
5.1%
Building Typology
Circulation
Type A- 4Nos 15.1%

Type B- 5Nos

Type C- 47 Nos

Type D- 4 Nos

Type E- 5 Nos

Type F- 1 Nos

Type G- 1 Nos

Total No. of Houses: 67

Width of Primary Road:18ft
Width of secondary roads: 15ft

Total Area: 13800sqm/28 Ropani

Total Built Up Area: 11010sqm
Total Circulation Area: 2090sqm Built Up Area
Total Open Space: 700sqm 79.8%
Type A Type B Type C
3BHK 3BHK 4BHK

Type D Type E Type F

4BHK 5BHK 5BHK
Type C
4BHK
6 ANA 2 PAISA
(2277SQFT)
BUILT UP AREA:
3 ANA 1 PAISA (1015
SQFT)
Family Room Formal and Informal Living Room Bedrooms

Bedrooms Kitchen Hallway

 Architectural Features

Pediment

balustrade

Ionic Capital

fluted pillar

Tinted Windows

Garden and
Boundary Parking
Wall
Mix Used Building Ganesh Mandir

Guard Security Open Space

Amenities and Features

Community Building

Community Building

Amenities and Features

 UTILITIES

Water is stored in tanks and supplied Electrical wires and Wi-Fi cables are Waste is collected by private Rainwater flows through drains
to each house continuously, installed underground for a cleaner company twice a week with a provides at the side of the road and
ensuring a 24-hour water supply. and safer environment. Meter boxes monthly fee of Rs.600/- is connected to municipal sewage
Residents have their own tank above are located outside in three zones. Solid Waste is connected to sewage line.
their homes which store the water
line and there is no provision for
including a reserve tank underneath
septic tanks.
their homes
Services-Water Supply Electricty Supply

Water is supplied to housing

through boring water which is then
stored in tanks and supplied to each
house continuously, ensuring a 24-
Electrical wires and Wi-Fi cables are
hour water supply. Residents have
installed underground for a cleaner
their own tank above their homes
and safer environment. Meter boxes
which store the water including a
are located outside in three zones
reserve tank underneath their
as shown in the figure
homes
CHHAUNI HOUSING
Chhauni, Kathmandu
Construction Date: 2009-2013
Constructed By: Sharma and Company
Total Land Area: 26 Ropanis
Total Dwelling Units: 55
Population: 200-300
Price Range: 3.5-5Cr
 Central Food Cafe
Acme Engineering
College
Global IME Bank
Threads Art
Army Barrack

300M

PROXIMITY
 Central Food Cafe
Acme Engineering
College
Global IME Bank
Threads Art
Army Barrack
Salesberry
Departmental Store
Ring Road
Kantipur College of
Medical Science
Laxmi Sunrise Bank
Euro School
Suvekchya Hospital
CK Cinemas
500M

PROXIMITY
 Central Food Cafe
Acme Engineering
College
Global IME Bank
Threads Art
Army Barrack
Salesberry
Departmental Store
Ring Road
Kantipur College of
Medical Science
Laxmi Sunrise Bank
Euro School
Suvekchya Hospital
CK Cinemas
Military Museum
Birendra Military
1000M Hospital
Adhikari Driving
Institute
Jyoti Academy
Sitapaila
Recreation Center
The Soaltee
Kathmandu

PROXIMITY
 Open Green Space
4.3%

Building Typology Circulation

18.9%
Type A- 49 Nos

Type B- 4 Nos

Type C- 2 Nos

Type D- 1 Nos

Type E- 1 Nos

Total No. of Houses: 55

Width of Primary Road:15ft
Width of secondary roads: 15ft

Total Area: 13520sq.m/29 Ropani

Total Built Up Area: 10,187sqm
Total Circulation Area: 2673.88sqm
Built Up Area
Total Open Space: 600sqm
76.8%
Type A Type B Type C
3BHK 5 BHK

Type D Type E
 SITE AREA
LAND AREA- 28'3" X 49'4" = 1393.57 [Link] = 4 AANA 0 PAISA 1.1 DAM
LOWER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
UNDER STAIR AREA- 44.0 [Link]

Bedrooms- 4
Bathrooms- 3
Garage- 1
Area- 2300 [Link]
Plot Size- 4.5 Aana
Total Cost: Rs. 4,50,00,000
Architectural Drawings
of Type ‘A’ House
 Lobby Bedroom

Dining Kitchen

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

FLOOR AREA- 743 [Link]

Architectural Drawings
of Type ‘A’ House

LIving room
Lower terrace
SECOND FLOOR PLAN ROOF FLOOR PLAN
FLOOR AREA: 280.3 [Link]

Architectural Drawings
of Type ‘A’ House
Architectural Features

Pediment

balustrade

Corinthian
Capital
Pseudo
Cornerstone
Detailing

fluted pillar

Plaster Mould
Decoration

Garden and
Boundary Parking
Wall
 Parking
Community
Building

Gym
Swimming

Security and
Temple
Park
AMMENITIES and FEATURES
AMMENITIES and FEATURES
 UTILITIES

Organic and inorganic wastage are Rainwater flows through road

not separated and are collected by drains, while household liquid waste
municipal trucks on alternate days is directly connected to the
municipal sewer line.
Services-Water Supply Electricty Supply

Water is supplied to housing

through boring water which is then
stored in tanks and supplied to each
house continuously, ensuring a 24-
Electrical wires and Wi-Fi cables are
hour water supply. Residents have
installed underground for a cleaner
their own tank above their homes
and safer environment. The
which store the water including a
transformer is located outside the
reserve tank underneath their
Housing, with each house being
homes
responsible of their meter box.
COMFORT HOUSING
Sitapaila, Nagarjun
Designed By: Ar. Rajesh Krishna
Shrestha/ Bastukala Pramarsha
Construction Date: 2002-2007
Constructed By: CE Construction
Total Land Area: 38.4 Ropani
Dwelling Units: 88
Population: 250-250
Price Range: 5-12Cr
 Times School
Shuvekshya
Hospital
Jyoti academy
Sunrise Bank
Machapuchhre
Bank
Samaj Dental
Swayambhu
hotels and
apartment
Anupam Mall
Star Homes
Housing

300M

PROXIMITY
 Times School
Shuvekshya
Hospital
Jyoti academy
Sunrise Bank
Machapuchhre
Bank
Samaj Dental
Swayambhu
hotels and
apartment
Anupam Mall
Star Homes
Housing
Tegar School
Ringroad
500M Salesberry
Departmental
store
Arya Academy
Kantipur College
of Medical
Science

PROXIMITY
 Times School
Shuvekshya
Hospital
Jyoti academy
Sunrise Bank
Machapuchhre
Bank
Samaj Dental
Swayambhu
hotels and
apartment
Anupam Mall
Star Homes
Housing
Tegar School
Ringroad
1000M Salesberry
Departmental
store
Arya Academy
Kantipur College
of Medical
Science
Army barrack
National
Museum
Bhairav Yoga
Centre
Sitrapaila
Recretion Centre
Halchwok Armed
PROXIMITY Police Force
 Total Area: 13800sqm/28 Ropani
Total Built Up Area: 11010sqm Open Green Space
3%
Total Circulation Area: 2090sqm Circulation
12.2%
Total Open Space: 700sqm
Total No. of Houses: 67
Width of Primary Road:18ft
Width of secondary roads: 15ft

Total Area: 25088sqm

Built Up Area: 21771 sqm
Circulation: 3137
Open Green Spaces: 762sqm

Built Up Area
84.8%

Buildings on site
The contours of the land run from east to west,
influencing the positioning of the housing units in a
corresponding manner.
By adapting the layout to the land's contours, each
housing unit is situated to maximize views, sunlight BLOCK A BLOCK B

exposure, and overall functionality.

Architectural Features

Building Typologies
7 Anna house 6 Anna house 8 Anna house

Ground floor: Laundry , lounge, storage Ground floor: Laundry , lounge, storage Ground floor: lounge, storage units
units and common bathroom, kitchen units and common bathroom, kitchen and common bathroom, kitchen

First Floor: Master-bed room, 2 Bed First Floor: Master-bed room, 2 Bed First Floor: Master-bed room, 2 Bed
room, common toilet, Balcony room, common toilet, Balcony room, common toilet, Balcony, laundry
Ammenities and Features

Guard House

open space for sitting

near temple

Temple

Playground for children

Swimming Pool
Ammenities and Features

Community Block
Gym

Storage for electrical

distribution box

Basketball court
Badminton court
Services-Water Supply Services-Waste Management

In Comfort Housing, water supply is

managed by filling water reservoirs tank
through a pumping system using main In Comfort Housing, wastewater is
tankers. discharged into the municipal sewer
system.
Each tanker reservoir holds 8,000 liters of
water, and there are 6 reservoir tanks in Solid waste is collected weekly from in
total. front of each house and taken away by
municipal trucks.
The tankers are refilled monthly to
maintain a continuous water supply for Rainwater is drained through pipes and
the community. directed to roadside drainage systems.
Services-Electricity Supply Overhead distribution system is installed which has created
bad aesthetic impact and safety issues.

The housing society is equipped with its own dedicated

transformer to ensure reliable electricity supply to its
residents.

Additionally, electric transmission lines are installed

throughout the area,
supported by electric poles to distribute electricity .
Architectural Features

Balcony with complex roofing Presence of roof design in entry

style with skylight. gates of each units.

Influence of Neoclassic Influence of minimalist factor

triangular facade with design
feature.
KULESHWOR RESIDENTIAL AREA
Kuleshwor, Kathmandu
KULESHWAR RESIDENTIAL AREA

Established to provide housing to government employees.

Site is conveniently located near to main road and public services, well justified for urban development.
The location is also significant for government operations due to easy access to central administrative
offices.
Initiated in 2036 B.S. under the Ministry of Housing and Physical Planning by the Government of Nepal.
Overview:
Open Green Space
4.3%

Total Area: 522 ropani (about 6.2 hectares) Circulation

13.2%
Total Number of Residential Plots: 817

Green Area and Open Space:

26 plots, covering an area of 22 ropani and 13 aana

Kuleshwar School Area: 9 ropani

Market Area: 8 ropani and 8 aana

Total area covered by roads:

69-5-3-0 ropani
(35,288 square meters)

Built Up Area
79.2%
Features of Kuleshwor Residential area

Improved Accessibility Transformation of Agricultural Land

Provision of Infrastructure Equitable Land Redistribution

Public Amenities and Open Spaces Increased Property Value

Typical plan:

7m wide road 25 M X 15 M
Plot

5m wide road

10 M X 21 M
Plot
3m wide road
for pedestrian and two
wheelers

green spaces
Alternate plan:

10 M X 21 M
Plot

green spaces

5m wide road
2003

GROWTH PATTERN
2013

GROWTH PATTERN
2023

GROWTH PATTERN
KANCHANJUNGA APARTMENT
Architect : Charles Correa
Location: Cumbala Hills, Mumbai, India
Construction Period: 1970-1974
Associate structural Engineer: Shirish Patel and
Association Construction Pvt. Ltd.
Structure type: High rise apartment
Height: 84 m, 32 floors
Architectural Style: Brutalism
Location
 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY IN KANCHANJUNGA APPARTMENT

Climate-responsive Modular design

Large terraces for natural ventilation and sun Staggered units for privacy, views, and airflow.
protection.

Cultural integration Vertical living

Inspired by traditional Indian bungalows with verandahs. High-rise design suited for Mumbai's urban density.
DESIGN APPROACH

The site has a separate road for individual approach which East-West facing to catch prevailing sea breezes
is connected to the main road
Best view of Arabian sea
Approachable from two opposite sides, one from the east
and other form the west. Faces the sun and heavy rain

Apartment

Lobby

Parking
 Section

Shaded Terraces: Reduce direct sunlight and heat.

Type A - 3 BHK with 294 sq.m 10 units / 49 Cross Ventilation: Enhances natural airflow for
sq.m per person cooling.

Recessed Design: Limits heat gain.

Type B - 3 BHK with 242 sq.m 12 units / 40
sq.m per person Smart Orientation: Avoids harsh sunlight.

Type C - 5 BHK with 373 sq.m 8 units / 37 sq. Thermal Mass: Concrete moderates temperature.
m per person
Stacked Voids: Promotes wind flow and natural
cooling.
Type D - 4 BHK with 361 sq.m 10 units / 45
sq.m per person
CONSTRUCTION

Reinforced Concrete Frame: Provides strength for the high-

rise structure.

Slipform Construction: Used for the central core, including

elevators and staircases, enabling rapid vertical construction.

Cantilevered Terraces: Large terraces supported by

cantilever beams, creating open spaces and shading

Modular Units: Prefabricated elements for efficient and

repetitive construction of the apartment units

Thick Concrete Walls: Ensure thermal insulation and

structural durability. Slipform Construction

DRAWBACKS
Maintenance issues with exposed concrete in humid conditions.

Privacy concerns due to large, open terraces.

Uneven climate adaptation in some units.

Higher construction and maintenance costs due to complex design.

 Habitat 67
Architect : Israeli-Canadian architect Moshe Safdie
Location: Cité du Havre, Montreal, Canada
Construction Period: 1967-1969
Area: 2,38,000 [Link]
Structure type: Urban Garden Residence + High rise
appartment
3D Modular building system
158 Residences
Location
FORM DEVELOPMENT DESIGN CONCEPT

Environmental Focus
Modular Design
Cube Symbolism
Resemblance to Taos pueblo
communities
PLANNING

Modular design and prefabrication

Integration of nature with private terraces

Hybrid of private and communal spaces

High-density urban living with suburban comfort

Efficient use of space and resources

Vision for future cities and mass-produced housing

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Prefabricated Concrete Modules:
354 units manufactured off-site for speed and precision.
Post-Tensioning Techniques:
Steel cables enhance stability and resistance.
Use of Lightweight Concrete:
Reduces weight for easier transport and assembly.
On-Site Assembly with Cranes:
Modules are quickly lifted into place.
Custom Molds for Each Module:
Ensures seamless fitting and varied layouts.
Integrated Utility Systems:
Utilities embedded in modules for streamlined connections.
Dynamic Load Distribution System:
Shares weight among modules for stability.
PHOTO GALLERY
Belapur Housing Architect : Charles Correa
Developer: CIDCO
Location: India (Navi Mumbai)
Construction Period : 1983-1986
Type: Incremental Housing
Built area: 3,55,2087 [Link] (64 Ropani)
Plot size: (484.37 - 807.2925) [Link]
Population Density: 500 people/hectare or 100
units/hectare
No. of dwelling units: 550 approx.
Price range: INR. 20,000 (lowest), INR. 30,000-
50,000 (middle), INR. 1,80,000 (Upper)
Architectural Style : Incorporating international
modernism in the Indian context
Location
FEATURES OF HOUSING

Mangalore tiles for roof

Colorful wooden structure

1 or 2 storey

Boundary walls

Outdoor paving stone blocks

White paint on bricks

Architectural style : Incorporating international modernism in the Indian context

DESIGN PHILOSHPHY

Expansion area Human-centered design

Community and social interaction

Sustainability
Central
courtyard Affordable and inclusive design

Urban integration and connectivity

Health and well-being

Building Blocks
Charles Correa's approach: self-sufficiency, low-rise high-density,

adaptability

FEATURES
Low-rise, high-density layout

Affordable and adaptable

Clustered around courtyards

Incremental growth design

Climate-responsive features

Self-sufficient communities

Local materials used

 TYPES OF HOUSES

A kitchen, bath and Two rooms, kitchen, Two rooms in each floor, Ground floor with kitchen,
A room,a toilet, a
toilet, verandah and toilet and bath with kitchen, bath and toilet, room, bath and toilet with
tap and a yard
courtyard a yard and balcony, studio, yard and covered yard
courtyard courtyard

PLANNING APPROCH
Attempts to demonstrate how high densities can be easily achieved within context of a low rise typology,
Site plan was generated by a hierarchy of community spaces
Each of these houses is on its own piece of land so that families can have the advantage of open to sky
SERVICES

Accesibility
2 km from Belapur railway station, 32 km
away from eastern freeway, 40 km away
from the airport

Water Supply Drainage

No UGT, Each building has its over head tank Wastewater- Municipal sewer
Timing of water - 2 to 3 hrs morning and
evening

Maintainance
Electricity
Residential, Cleaning staff maintaining
Electricity provided by MSEB (Maharashtra
the open spaces, Few people into
State Electricity Board)
gardening

User group
Originally built for artists Mixed occupancy now
 CHANGES

REASON FOR CHANGES

Some inhabitants said they were very impractical

(eg. toilets outside the house)
Concrete Houses: result of modernism (modern
Original type E house Original type A house materials) and changing needs.
with an external Proper spaces not provided: thus artisans sold their
staircase house
The development of transport facilities and streets,
no provision for parking
Lack of commercial spaces, the housing facing the
streets transformed into shops
Cultural center made for the artists to exhibit their
works remained unused

Addition of weather, shed and Residential reconstruction with

safety elements greater heights
 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS

POSITIVE
Interaction among people
Open spaces and green spaces
Local community feeling
Feeling of space still intact
Affordability
Community focus
Adaptability
Sustainability
Use of local materials
Access to amenities
Human scale design
NEGATIVE
Absence of parking provision
Problem of natural ventilation
Toilets outside of the house
Limited privacy due to clustered design
Maintenance challenges for shared
spaces
Potential overcrowding in communal
areas
Vulnerability to market demand
fluctuations
May not align with all cultural practices
Strain on local infrastructure and services
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

BASES COMFORT STAR HOMES CHHAUNI HABITAT 67 BELAPUR

LOCATION Sitapaila, Nagarjun Sitapaila, Nagarjun Chhauni Canada Navi Mumbai

TOPOGRAPHY Gentle Slope Gentle Slope Gentle slope Flat Flat terrain

SITE AREA 38.4 Ropani 28 Ropani 29 ropani 131.67 ropani 106 ropani

BUILT AREA 21771 sqm 11010 sqm 21 ropani 126.26 ropani 66 ropani

BUILT AREA% 84.8% 79.8% 76.8 % 96% 62.2 %

NO OF UNITS 88 67 55 158 100

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

HABITAT
BASES COMFORT STAR HOMES CHHAUNI BELAPUR
67

ENTRANCE ROAD WIDTH 18ft 18ft 18 ft - -

PLOT ARRANGMENT Linear Linear Linear linear clustered, organic

CIRCULATION % 15.1 % 12.2 % 18.9% - -

HOUSING TYPLOGY Detachment Detachment Detached, Duplex Stacked Detached

upto 2 proposed,
NO. OF STORIES 2-2.5 2-2.5 2-2.5 12
currently exceeds

OPEN SPACE % 3% 5.1 % 4.3 % - 30%

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS - SERVICES

BASES COMFORT STAR HOMES CHHAUNI HABITAT 67 BELAPUR

NEA Supply and Back NEA Supply

ELECTRICITY up generator (Underground)
NEA (Underground) Hydro Qebec MSEB

Water is brought and Boring water

WATER SUPPLY filled their tankers (underground)
Boring water Muncipal Muncipal

Surveillance camera, Surveillance Camera, Surveillance Camera,

SECURITY Guard House Guard House Guard House
- -

WASTE Throw to municipal Throw to municipal

Muncipal Truck Muncipality -
MANAGEMENT trucks every week trucks every week

DRAINAGE Municipal sewage Municipal sewage Muncipal Sewage Muncipal Muncipal sewage

Gym, Swimming Pool, Community

Gym, Swimming Pool, Gym, Swimming Pool, Incremental housing,
FACILITIES Basketball court,
Poolhouse, Park Poolhouse, Park
space, Terraces,
park
Playground Parks
 INFERENCES FROM COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

LOCATION : Should be situated at a reasonable distance from busy city centers with good transportation facilities , services & tranquil setting,

TOPOGRAPHY: Flat/Gentle slope terrain is ideal for easy and proper planning

BUILT AREA: 70% - 80% of the total site area.

NO OF UNITS: Vary based on the intended demographic. For the mid-income group, the focus will be on creating efficient and compact housing units
for accommodating a larger number of individuals.

ENTRANCE ROAD WIDTH: 18ft-28ft

PLOT ARRANGEMENT : Plot divisions should be executed to attain the most efficient sub-divisions within the contours of the existing site, ensuring
each plot has suitable road access.

NO. OF STORIES: Housing units are generally limited to 2-2.5 storeys.

CIRCULATION : About 12% to 20%

OPEN SPACES : About 5% to 10%

ELECTRICITY : Underground supply is prefrred for safety and apperance.

REFERENCES

वस्ती विकास, सहरी योजना तथा भवन निर्माण सम्बन्धि आधारभूत निर्माण मापदण्ड,२०७२
भवन निर्माणको नमूना मापदण्ड २०७०
[Link]
[Link]
and-community/
Time Saver Standards For Housing And Residential Development by Joseph De Chiara, Martin Zelnik
THANK YOU!