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\begin{document}
Abstract
A two-port small Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna for Ultra-
Wide Band (UWB) applications is shown in the proposed study. The an-
tenna is constructed with two identical radiators and measures 20 × 44.1 ×
1.6mm\textsuperscript{3} overall on a FR4 substrate. A 50-microstrip line
feeds the specified antenna. To provide strong isolation between the MIMO
antenna elements, the proposed antenna incorporates extended F-shaped stubs
into the shared ground plane. The ground plane is modified to incorporate ex-

1
tended F-shaped stubs, which result in multiple resonance and strong isolation
between the radiating parts. The antenna delivers good impedance matching
in the UWB band. From 3.1 to 10.6 GHz, the suggested antenna has a lower
isolation of less than -25 dB and an envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of
less than 0.015. Antenna characteristics are assessed over time.
This planned research project will focus on a tiny dual band-notched two port
multiple input and multiple output antenna with minimal mutual coupling for
ultra-wide band systems. The antenna\textquotesingle s total dimensions are
18 X 29.5 X 1.6 mm³, with two 50Ω coplanar waveguide lines feeding the two
identical monopole elements. produced adjacent to one another on the FR-4
ground plane substrates\textquotesingle{} upper [Link] rectangular stub
was replaced with a T-shaped stub in an effort to reduce the mutual interac-
tion between the components. The proposed antenna records a wide resistance
bandwidth at each port between 2.3 and 12GHz and spans the UWB spectrum.
The size and design of this antenna are modest. The mutual coupling of the
element is less than -20 dB. 85 percent of the time, efficiency
\textbf{Keywords:}- Compact, ECC, Isolation, MIMO, and UWB antenna
Contents
Abstract 1
\textbf{1 Introduction} 2
1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots2
1.2 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots.. 6
\textbf{2 Literature Review} 6
2.1 Review of Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots. . 6
2.2 Research Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots. 11
2.3 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots{} 11
2.4 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots. 11
\textbf{3 Contributions} 12
3.1 \href{[Link]
Two-Port MIMO Antenna with High Isolation for UWB Applications}.
\ldots\ldots{} . 12

2
3.2 Design and Analysis of Enhancing Impedance Bandwidth and high
Isolation Characteristics of UWB MIMO Antennas . . . . .. . . . .
\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots\ldots{}
12
3.3 A UWB Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Reconfigurable Antenna. . . . .
\ldots.. \ldots\ldots\ldots.12
\textbf{4 Organization of Thesis} 12
\textbf{5 Publications 13}
\textbf{Bibliography} 13
\begin{quote} 15 \end{quote}
\textbf{1. Introduction}
In 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) allocated the unli-
censed UWB frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz {[}1{]}. Over the past decade,
UWB technology has received a lot of attention and tremendous progress due to
increasing data rates and channel capacities. However, UWB technology suffers
from multipath fading effect and has poor indoor coverage {[}2{]}. To address
this issue, a MIMO antenna has been designed on the transmitter and receiver
side for UWB applications. MIMO antennas allow communication systems to
improve communication efficiency, enhance coverage, and increase channel ca-
pacity {[}3{]}. UWB MIMO antenna must be small in design and easy install
in portable devices. The enhanced features of MIMO UWB antennas such as
high data rate and exclusion from interference make it a perfect candidate for
wearable applications. To meet these objectives, many techniques for MIMO
antennas have been presented in the literature {[}4-5{]}. Weak isolation be-
tween the elements of MIMO antennas occurs when they are arranged in a
small area. The objective of present research is to design a MIMO antenna with
reduced dimensions and improved isolation. For UWB applications, different
antenna forms have been suggested {[}6-8{]}. MIMO antennas are made up of
many antennas that must have strong isolation and be compact in size. Various
approaches,
Such as Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG), Complementary Split Ring Res-
onator (SRR), Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Decoupling Stubs and Neu-
tralisation Line, have been employed toproduce high isolation and small dimen-
sions {[}9-18{]}. In {[}9{]}, antenna elements are perpendicular to each other
to produce high isolation and polarization diversity. To reduce mutual coupling,
a parasitic T-shaped strip is used between the radiating components as a decou-
pling structure. The impedance bandwidth of antenna is from 3.1 to 11.08 GHz
and Lower than - 15 dB mutual coupling exists between ports. Size of antenna
is 38.5 × 38.5 mm2. In {[}10{]}, Two antennas are placed orthogonal to each
other. To reduce electromagnetic interference and improve isolation metamate-
rial unit structure is used. Isolation of an antenna is less than 25, impedance
bandwidth is 65.5\% and overall dimension of substrate is 40 × 80 mm2. Shunt

3
short-circuited stubs and three inter digital edge coupled microstrip lines, are
used in feedline in {[}11{]}, to obtain frequency cut-off and improve selectivity.
The impedance bandwidth of an antenna is from 3.1-10.6 GHz. The size of
antenna is 68 × 35 mm2. A multi-branch stub with square monopole antenna
is constructed in {[}12{]} to decrease mutual coupling. The antenna dimension
is 40 × 20 mm2. Resonating frequency is from 3-11 GHZ and isolation is less
than -15 dB. In {[}13{]}, F-shaped stub is used in ground plane to achieve high
isolation. Overall size of antenna is 50 × 30 mm2 with impedance bandwidth is
from 2.5--14.5 GHz. In {[}30{]}, a hexagonal ring components MIMO antenna
is presented. Arc-shaped stub is used to achieve good isolation on 45 \emph{×}
25mm2 substrate.
Antenna isolation is greater than -15 dB, and the impedance bandwidth from
3.1-12 GHz. UWB-MIMO antenna with GSM band is presented in {[}15{]}.
Antenna design on 36 \emph{×} 45 mm2 substrate with frequency band from
3.01-12.5 GHz. The isolation is less than -20 dB. In {[}16{]}, T-shaped stub is
used to reduce mutual coupling of an antenna. The overall length of antenna
is 24 \emph{×} 32 mm2 with 3.1--12.5 GHz frequency band. T-shaped stub
is used to minimize the mutual coupling is presented in {[}17{]}. The over-
all dimension of an antenna is 26 \emph{×} 28 mm2. In {[}18{]}, circular
shape MIMO antenna is presented. Decoupling structures are used in the top
and bottom layers of the substrate to reduce mutual coupling. Size of antenna
is 40 \emph{×} 40 mm2 with operating frequency is from 3.1--11 GHz. The
planar microstrip array antenna with a 4 × 4 modified Butler matrix is pre-
sented {[}21{]}. An effective method to suppress mutual coupling between two
substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) slot antenna arrays is presented {[}22{]}.
The antenna structures in {[}9-15{]} have large dimensions. In {[}16-17{]}, an-
tenna size is small, but isolation is low. A compact two-port MIMO antenna for
UWB applications is proposed. The MIMO antenna is made up of two identical
radiating components arranged in the shape of a right triangle. To achieve high
isolation, extended F shapes of stubs are used in the ground plane. S12 \text-
less{} -25dB is obtained over the frequency range 3.1-10.6 GHz. The antenna
has a stable radiation pattern with an ECC of 0.01. The antenna is smaller in
size than the most recent reported antennas.
The structure of the MIMO antenna constructed on a 20 × 44.1 × 1.6
mm\textsuperscript{3} substrate is illustrated in Figure 1. The effect of with
and without stubs in the ground plane are discussed in this section. The
proposed antenna is built on a FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of �r =
4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna is made up of two right triangle
radiating elements connected by a 50 Ω microstrip line. The centres of the
radiating elements are separated by 26.5 mm. The antenna’s structure must
be small enough to accommodate the space between the two patches with
distances between them of about �0/2 (�0 is the free space wavelength), in case
of the distance between the patches is larger than �0/2, the mutual coupling
is already small. Mutual coupling among neighbouring antenna elements can
take place when antenna elements are close to each other, this effect can

4
reduce MIMO channel capacity. The feed line length and width are 6 and 3
mm, respectively. The ground plane width is the same as the width of the
antenna, and its length is 4.47 mm. F type stubs are utilised in the ground
plane to increase impedance bandwidth and isolation. The optimized antenna
parameter is shown in table 1. We have added design equation, relationship
between the distance the antennas and impact of the distance between the fed
points on input impedance are added in the revised manuscripts.
All simulations were performed using High Frequency Simulation Software
(HFSS) to validate the provided antenna. Figure 2 depicts the total impact of
ground on MIMO antenna bandwidth and impedance of an antenna. Figure
2 shows that antenna bandwidth increases, and impedance is matched at 4.2
mm ground length, which is the offered antenna ground length. In this design,
an F-shaped decoupling stub is employed between radiating components to
provide good isolation between MIMO antennas. The evaluation steps of
without stub and with extended F shaped stub structure for the proposed
antenna are depicted in Figure 4. The initial stage is to develop and verified
results a plain traditional ground plane. In the second step, an F-shaped stub
is attached to the ground plane for customization. The F-shaped stub will
provide desirable increased isolation.
\textbf{1.1 Overview}
The word ‘Ultra wide band (UWB) commonly refers to signals or systems that
either have a large relative, or a large absolute bandwidth. The frequency band-
width of an antenna can be expressed in terms of either the absolute bandwidth
(ABW) or the fractional bandwidth (FBW). Assuming that the antenna band-
width has a lower edge frequency of fL, an upper edge frequency of fU and a
center frequency of fC. The ABW is defined as the difference between the upper
and the lower edge frequencies of
\includegraphics[width=6.68889in,height=3.42222in]{vertopal_cb3eb67a743c4b1a8648cc2745348b73/media/im
\textbf{Figure 1.1 UWB versus other radio communication systems}
\textbf{High Bandwidth}: According to the FCC definition of UWB system,
any transmitting system, which transmits signals in a bandwidth greater than
500 MHz or 20\% bandwidth. UWB technology works in the bandwidth range
of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz
\textbf{Low power spectral density}: The main reason of the UWB technology
to co-exist without causing interference to other services such as GPS, WLAN,
WiMAX, Wi-Fi and cellular network system is low power spectral density .
\textbf{Low Cost}: UWB technology did not required any carrier signal for
transmission. Also, there is no need for a Radio Frequency (RF) converter or
modulator. Hence, transmitters and receivers are simpler and easier to design
and implement at low cost.
\textbf{Low Power Consumption}: UWB technology needs less than 1 mW of

5
power to transmit hundreds of Kbps as far as 5 meters due to absence of carrier
signal. Thus, UWB devices operate efficiently at low power levels.
\textbf{High Data Transfer Rates}: The data transmission is done over high
transfer rates of 500Mb/s over 5m, 250Mb/s over 10m, 200Kb/s over 50m,
10Kb/s over 100m due to availability of enormous amount of bandwidth.
\textbf{Secure}: UWB technology operates on a wide bandwidth at very low
power level, which generates low probability for intercept thus making it highly
secure. Practically, it is highly difficult to filter a pulse signal from a background
of electronic noise. Thus, it becomes almost impossible for external user to
detect the signal
UWB data transmission behavior is significantly different from conventional nar-
rowband RF and spread spectrum (SS) technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi,
as it does not requires carrier signal to transfer information. A UWB transmitter
works by sending billions of pulses of low duty cycles across 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz
at a limited transmit power of -41dBm/MHz, which transmits with power level
less than one thousand times of an average cell phone. Due to the low emission
limit on power, the other radio systems consider UWB signal as noise, which
results in a low probability of interception and detection. The corresponding
receiver then translates the received sinusoidal pulses into data. These pulses
are carrying information in coded form and extremely brief with a capacity of
almost unlimited number of users, which improves speed by listening for a fa-
miliar pulse sequence sent by the transmitter . UWB share the same wireless
transmission medium with a number of users simultaneously transmitting pulses
using spread spectrum technology. Therefore, UWB provides a superior wireless
connectivity among WPAN devices due to its high data throughput potential in
short-range at very low power. UWB operates in single-band mode and multi-
band mode; single-band mode is similar to spread spectrum technology, whereas,
in case of multi-band mode whole frequency spectrum is divided into smaller,
non-overlapping bandwidths above 500 MHz. Multi-band is favored because it
uses complete UWB spectrum to send coded pulses.
\textbf{1.2 MOTIVATION}
In recent decades, UWB technology has advanced significantly. Despite
UWB\textquotesingle s potential and opportunities, fully deploying the tech-
nology remains a challenge. Coexistence with other narrowband communication
systems, which causes interference, is one of the major challenges in imple-
menting UWB MIMO antenna. However, after fabrication, the band-notched
frequency of UWB MIMO antennas is uncontrollable and also static, failing to
meet the real-time reconfigurability requirement. As a result, the reconfigurable
technique has received a lot of attention in the field of wireless communications.
The motivation for this study is the design of a compact UWB MIMO antenna
with tunable band notched characteristics. Several band-notched and tunable,
reconfigurable antennas have been developed and investigated in recent years.
However, these antennas had the issue of a poor band notch frequency that

6
could not be tuned continuously, as well as large dimensions, which made
them unsuitable for today\textquotesingle s applications. Compact band notch
reconfigurable MIMO antennas are required in the current 9 scenario. As a
result, downsizing of UWB MIMO antennas with band notch and tunable band
notch has become an interesting research area.
\textbf{2. Literature Review}
\textbf{2.1 Review of Literature}
In this chapter, different kinds of band notching techniques are discussed for
the rejection of interfering band with UWB antenna. These techniques involve
Etching/Cutting Slots, Defective Ground Structure, Electromagnetic Band Gap,
Stepped Impedance Resonator, Split Ring Resonators, Stepped Impedance Res-
onator and Parasitic Elements which are discussed in detail. The main attention
is paid on factors such as total number of bands rejected, size of antenna and
the bandwidth achieved.
1) Amit Kumar, Abdul Quaiyum Ansari, Binod Kumar Kanaujia, Jugul Kishor,
Sachin Kumar et al 2020 {[}1{]} in the paper titled “An ultra-compact two-port
UWB-MIMO antenna with dual band-notched characteristics”, “T” shaped stub
is introduced on ground plane and obtain band notch at 6.5GHz open ended slots
are introduced on upper edge of octagonal radiator and radiating patch to obtain
dual band notch characterises at {[}4.37-5.95 GHz{]} and {[}6.52-7.45GHz{]}
respectively. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate of 19x30x0.8mm3 di-
mension. Minimum isolation of proposed antenna is grater than 18dB and ECC
less than 0.13 Gain of proposed antenna is 1.2-2.91dBi with efficiency is grater
the 70\% of overall frequency from {[}3.1-10.6GHz{]}
2) Megha Agarwal,Jasdeep Kaur Dhanoa, Mukesh Kumar Khandelwal, et al.
2021 {[}2{]} in the paper titled “Two-port hexagon shaped MIMO microstrip
antenna for UWB applications integrated with double stop bands for WiMax
and WLAN” A tapered fed hexagon-shaped patch microstrip antenna is de-
signed for UWB applications integrated with two stop bands. the antenna size
is 35 × 46 × 1.5748 mm3. Two stopbands are achieved at 3.5 GHz and 5.5 GHz
maximum coupling power of − 24.5 dB within almost full band except − 15 dB
from 3.8 GHz to 4.8 GHz. Overall frequency range is 2.1 GHz to 11.4 GHz
3) Abhik Gorai, Rowdra Ghatak et al. 2020 {[}3{]} in the paper titled “Utiliza-
tion of Shorted Fractal Resonator topology for high isolation and ELC resonator
for band suppression in compact MIMO UWB antenna” L shaped stub is intro-
duced on ground plane and obtain band notch at 5.5GHz band notch charac-
terises at {[}5.5GHz{]} respectively. The antenna is designed on FR4 substrate
of 15.5x24x1.59mm dimension. Minimum isolation of proposed antenna is grater
than -20dB and Gain of proposed antenna is 5dBi with efficiency is grater the
88\% of overall frequency from {[}3-12GHz{]}
4) Shuang Luo, Daiqiang Wang, Yuqing Chen, Ershi Li, Chong Jiang et al., 2021
{[}4{]} in the paper titled “A compact dual-port UWB-MIMO antenna with

7
quadruple band-notched characteristics” A compact dual-port UWB-MIMO an-
tenna with quadruple rejection bands is presented. The oversize of the proposed
antenna is 39 mm × 30 mm × 0.8 mm, which consists of two identical antenna
elements with microstrip-fed and a common ground plane. A rectangular strip
with the size of 10 mm × 22 mm and two concave grooves are introduced in
common ground plane to broaden the impedance bandwidth and enhance the
isolation. The band-notched at 5.2--5.51 GHz and 6.1--6.53 GHz can be ob-
tained by etching two various U-shaped slots on radiating patches. The band
suppression characteristics at 7.37--7.8 GHz and 9.15--9.7 GHz are achieved.
The designed antenna has a wide bandwidth ranging from 3.0--11.0 GHz with
four rejection bands, low mutual coupling is less than − 20 dB, stable radiation
patterns, and envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.02.
5) Wenjing Wu, Bo Yuan, and Aiting Wu et al., 2018 {[}5{]} in the paper titled
“ A Quad-Element UWB-MIMO Antenna with Band-Notch and Reduced Mu-
tual Coupling Based on EBG Structures” The antenna consists of four circular
monopoles with modified defected ground plane and a periodic electromagnetic
band gap (EBG) structures. Etching four crescent ring-shaped resonant slots
on the radiators, a sharp band-notched characteristic is achieved. From the
experimental results, the −10 dB bandwidth of the antenna is extended covers
from 3.0 to 16.2 GHz, with a sharp notched band at 4.6 GHz. And the isolation
is greater than 17.5 dB between its elements, with a peak gain of 8.4 dB and a
peak efficiency of 91.2\%. Moreover, it has a compact size of 0 6� × 0 6� × 0
016� at 3 GHz
6) Zhijun Tang, Jie Zhan, Xiaofeng Wu, Zaifang Xi, Long Chen \& Shigang
Hu et al., 2020 {[}6{]} in the paper titled “Design of a compact UWB-MIMO
antenna with high isolation and dual band-notched characteristics” A compact
UWB-MIMO antenna with dual band-notched behaviors is proposed. The bend-
ing and E-shaped meander structures are introduced to broaden the bandwidth.
Two circular patches are placed orthogonally and dual U-shaped branches are
added for reducing the mutual couplings. Dual notches are achieved by embed-
ding two L-shaped slots in the elements. The bandwidths of 2.68--12.50 GHz
(Element 1) and 2.82--11.20 GHz (Element 2) except two notched bands. The
notched bands of 5.12--5.81 GHz and 7.06--8.03 GHz are achieved for the ele-
ment 1. The notched bands of 5.08--5.83 GHz and 7.02--7.98 GHz are achieved
for the element 2.
7) Muhammad Saeed Khan, Adnan Iftikhar, Raed M. Shubair, Antonio-Daniele
Capobianco, Sajid Mehmood Asif, Benjamin D. Braaten, Dimitris E. Anagnos-
tou [Link].,2020 {[}7{]} in the paper titled “Ultra-Compact Reconfigurable Band
Reject UWB MIMO Antenna with Four Radiators” A compact reconfigurable
UWB MIMO antenna with four radiators that accomplish on-demand band re-
jection from 4.9 to 6.3 GHz is presented. An LC stub is connected to the ground
plane by activating the PIN diode for each radiator. Compact size 25 × 50 mm2.
FR4 laminate. On demand band rejection through the use of PIN diodes, wide
impedance matching (2--12 GHz), high isolation amongst the radiators, com-

8
pactness achieved by angular placement of the radiators, low gain variation
over the entire bandwidth, band rejection control achieved by adjusting the gap
between stub and ground plane.
8) Md Shahidul Alam, Amin Abbosh et al., 2018 {[}8{]} in the paper titled
“Reconfigurable band-rejection antenna for ultra-wideband applications” an arc-
shaped slot and two open ended L-shaped stubs to realise the band rejection.
The antenna operates in four modes: a full UWB (3.1--10.6 GHz) coverage
antenna, On-demand individual and simultaneous band-rejections are imple-
mented by controlling the arc-slot and L-stubs using three PIN diodes. Thus,
the adopted control technique is quite easy and requires low operational power
(approximately 40 mW max.). Details of the design process and reconfiguration
mechanism are presented. A prototype is built on the FR4 substrate and tested
to validate the performances.
9) Tao Li, Yunquan Dong , Pingyi Fan,and Khaled Ben Etaief et al., 2017 {[}9{]}
in the paper titled “ Wireless Communications With RF-Based Energy Har-
vesting: From Information Theory to Green Systems” Harvesting energy from
ambient environment is a promising technology to free electronic devices from
electric wire and lifetime-limited battery, which have found many significant ap-
plications in sensor networks and body-area networks. This paper investigates
the fundamental limit of information transmission in a wireless communication
system with RF-based energy harvesting, where a master node acts both the in-
formation source and the energy source for a child node, while only information
is transmitted back from the child node to the master node. In the systemic
level viewpoint, we jointly investigate the two way information transmission be-
tween the two nodes under the unique external power supply constraint at the
master node. In particular, three typical receivers are considered, including the
optimum receiver, the orthogonal receiver and the power splitting receiver.
\textbf{“Comparative Study of Literature Review and Research Gap Analysis”}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth -
6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.0851}} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth
- 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3247}} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth
- 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.3118}} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{(\columnwidth
- 6\tabcolsep) * \real{0.2785}}@{}} \toprule() \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright
Sr. No. \end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright Au-
thor and Journal \end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright
Contribution \end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{\linewidth}\raggedright
Research Gap \end{minipage} \\ \midrule() \endhead 1 & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright
[Link] Kumar
[Link] Quaiyum Ansari\\ [Link] Kumar Kanaujia
[Link] Kishord
[Link] Kumar

9
“An ultra-compact two-port UWB-MIMO antenna with dual band-notched char-
acteristics”\strut \end{minipage} & 1. Frequency Range {[}3.1-10.6 GHz{]}
2. Band Notch {[}4.37-5.95GHz, 6.52-7.45GHz{]}
[Link] {[}19x30x0.8 mm{]} =456mm
[Link] {[}1.2-2.91dBi{]}
5.Efficiency 70-90\%
[Link] \textgreater20dB
[Link]: T shaped stub and open ended slot & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright
[Link] can reduce size of antenna.\\ 2. We can achieve triple band notch char-
acteristics.\\ 3. We can improve the isolation.\\ 4. We can tune band notch fre-
quency\strut \end{minipage} \\ 2 & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright
[Link] Agarwal
[Link] Kaur Dhanoa\\ [Link] Kumar Khandelwal
“Two-port hexagon shaped MIMO micro strip antenna for UWB applica-
tions integrated with double stop bands for WiMax and WLAN”\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright [Link]
Range {[}2.1-11.4GHz{]}
[Link] Notch {[}3.8-4.8GHz{]}\\ {[}Two stopbands are achieved at 3.5 GHz
and 5.5 GHz{]}
[Link] Notch Frequency {[}3.3-3.7GHz and 5.2-5.8GHz{]}
[Link] {[}35x46x1.578mm\textsuperscript{3}{]}
[Link] {[}1.2dBi{]}
6.Efficiency \textgreater75\%
[Link] = \textless-24.5dB
[Link]= T-stub on ground plane\strut \end{minipage} & \be-
gin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright 1. We can reduce size of antenna.\\
2. We can achieve triple band notch characteristics.\\ 3. We can improve the
isolation.\\ 4. We can tune band notch frequency\strut \end{minipage} \\ 3
& [Link] Gorai
[Link] Ghatak
“Utilization of Shorted Fractal Resonator topology for high isolation and ELC
resonator for band suppression in compact MIMO UWB antenna” & 1. Fre-
quency Range {[}3.1-10.6 GHz {]}
2. Band Notch
{[}4.56-7.25-9.08GHz{]}
[Link] {[}1.5748x4.4x0.02 mm{]}

10
4. Gain {[}4.99-5.21dBi{]}
5. Isolation: \textgreater25dB
[Link]:T shaped stub & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright 1.
We can reduce size of antenna.\\ 2. We can achieve triple band notch char-
acteristics.\\ 3. We can improve the isolation.\\ 4. We can tune band notch
frequency\strut \end{minipage} \\ 4 & [Link] Kumar Raheja
[Link] Kumar
[Link] Kumar Kanaujia
“Compact quasi-elliptical-self-complementary four-port super-wideband
MIMO antenna with dual band elimination characteristics” & \be-
gin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright 1. Frequency Range {[}1.25-
40GHz {]}\\ 2. Band Notch {[}3.5-5.5GHz{]}\\ [Link] {[}52x52x1.6
mm\textsuperscript{3}{]}
4. Gain {[}-4/4.55dBi{]}
5. Efficiency \textgreater88\%
[Link] : \textgreater18dB
[Link] : elliptical shape conductor patch and a slot\strut \end{minipage}
& \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright 1. We can reduce size of an-
tenna.\\ 2. We can achieve four band notch characteristics.\\ 3. We can im-
prove the isolation.\strut \end{minipage} \\ 5 & [Link] Agarwal
[Link] Kaur Dhanoa
[Link] Kumar Khandelwal
“Ultrawide band two-port MIMO diversity antenna with triple notch bands,
stable gain and suppressed mutual coupling” & [Link] Range
{[}3.1-10.6 GHz {]}
2. Band Notch
{[}4.56-7.25-9.08GHz{]}
3. Size{[}1.5748x4.4x0.02 mm{]}
[Link] {[}4.99-5.21dBi{]}
5. Isolation: \textgreater25dB
[Link]:T shaped stub & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright 1.
We can reduce size of antenna.\\ 2. We can achieve multiple band notch char-
acteristics.\\ 3. We can improve the isolation.\\ 4. We can tune band notch
frequency\strut \end{minipage} \\ 6 & [Link] Sharma
[Link] Dhasarathan

11
[Link] K. Patel
[Link] Khang Nguyen
“An ultra-compact four-port 4 x 4 super wideband MIMO antenna including
mitigation of dual notched bands characteristics designed for wireless network
applications” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}3.10-20.80 GHz {]}
2. Band Notch
{[}3.26-20.33 and 3.18-20.10GHz{]}
[Link] Notch Frequency
{[}3.51-4.25 and 5.06-5.92
and 3.42-4.23 and 4.95-6.04GHz {]}
4. Size {[}25x50x0.787
and 50x50x0.787 mm\textsuperscript{3}{]}
5. Gain {[}\textless-20dB{]}
6. Efficiency 50\%
[Link] \textgreater20db
[Link]:
T-Cb shaped stubs / slot & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright [Link]-
duces the overall size of the antenna\\ [Link] reduction of antenna also has no
change in wide operating bandwidth of the proposed antenna and interfering
bands\\ 3. Improve the isolation\strut \end{minipage} \\ 7 & [Link] Banerjee
2. Abhik Gorai
3. Rowdra Ghatak
“Design and analysis of a compact UWB MIMO antenna incorporating fractal
inspired isolation improvement and band rejection structures” & 1. Frequency
Range
{[}2.7-11.22 GHz {]}
2. Band Notch
{[}3.7-4.2 and 5.15-5.825
and 7.9-8.4GHz {]}
[Link] Notch Frequency
3.85GHz
[Link] {[}30.75x37.8 x80mm{]}

12
5. Gain {[}0.07-3.40dBi{]}
6. Efficiency 52-72\%
7. Isolation: \textgreater20dB
8. Techniques :Slot & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright [Link]
the overall size of the antenna\\ 2. Improve the isolation\strut \end{minipage}
\\ 8 & 1.A.W. Mohammad Saadh
[Link] Ashwath
[Link] Ramaswamy
[Link] Ali
[Link] Anguera,
“A uniquely shaped MIMO antenna on FR4 material to enhance isolation and
bandwidth for wireless applications” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}4.4-6.0 GHz {]}
[Link] Notch {[}5GHz{]}
[Link] {[}20x20x1.6mm\textsuperscript{2}{]}
[Link]{[}5.9dBi{]}
5.Efficiency \textgreater90\%
[Link]: \textgreater-30dB
[Link]: Split-shaped slotted radiating patch
partial ground plane & 1. Reduce the antenna size
2. Improve the Isolation \\ 9 & 1.P. Ravi Teja Naidu
[Link] Saha
3. K. Vamshi Krishna
[Link] A. Shaik
5 Jawad Yaseen Siddiqui
[Link] Antar
“Compact multiple EBG cells loaded UWB-narrowband antenna pair with high
isolation for cognitive radio (CR) based MIMO applications” & 1. Frequency
Range {[}2.0-11GHz{]}
2. Band Notch {[}4.63-6.42GHz {]}
[Link] {[}50x50mm\textsuperscript{2}{]}
[Link] {[}15-20dBi{]}

13
5. Isolation : -15 -20dB
-25 dB over most of IBW
[Link]: Etching slots on the ground multiple EBG elements and isolation
stub & [Link] high isolation between the two radiators is obtained by accom-
modating multiple electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) cells and an isolating stub
between the UWB and NB radiators \\ 10 & [Link] Kumar
2. K. Usha Kiran
“Meander-line electromagnetic band gap structure for UWB MIMO antenna
mutual coupling reduction in E-plane” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}3.1-10.6GHz{]}
2. Band Notch {[}3.4-8GHz {]}
[Link] {[}4.4x1.6mm{]}
[Link] {[}17-40dBi{]}
[Link]: 17-40dB
[Link] of coupling : E-plane & 1. UWB MIMO antenna with edge to edge
gap of 8 mm has been designed \\ 11 & [Link] Rajan
[Link] Puthiyapurayil Viswanathan
[Link] Chaluvayalil [Link] Pezholil
5. Vasudevan Kesavath
“Coplanar waveguide fed compact dual-band antenna with capacitive shorting
between signal strip and ground plane” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}1.99-5.17GHz{]}
2. Band Notch
{[}1.99-5.17-6.21GHz {]}
[Link] Notch Frequency
{[}4.93-6.7GHz{]}
[Link] {[}18.2x20x1.6mm3{]}
[Link]{[}2.05dBi{]}
6.Efficiency 75-85\%
[Link]: slot and ground plane & Antenna size is reduce \\ 12 & 1. Faezeh
Bahmanzadeh
2. Farzad Mohajeri

14
“Simulation and fabrication of a high-isolation very compact MIMO antenna
for ultra-wide band applications with dual band-notched characteristics” & 1.
Frequency Range
{[}2.3-12GHz{]}
2. Band Notch
{[}3.3-3.7GHz{]}
[Link]
{[}18 x 35 x 1.6mm\textsuperscript{3}{]}
[Link] {[}\textgreater20dBi{]}
5.Efficiency \textgreater90\%
[Link] : \textgreater20dB
[Link] : T shape stubs & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright
1. We can reduce size of antenna.\\ 2. We can achieve triple band notch
characteristics.\\ 3. We can improve the isolation.\\ 4. We can tune band
notch frequency\strut \end{minipage} \\ 13 & 1. Manoj Sharma
2. Anil Kumar Gautam
3. Niraj Agrawal
[Link] Singh
“Design of MIMO planar antenna at 24 GHz band for radar, communication
and sensors applications” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}21.42-25.86GHz{]}
[Link] {[}40x6 mm\textsuperscript{2}{]}
[Link] {[}9.8dBi{]}
4.Efficiency 87\%
[Link] better than 45dBi
[Link] : Slot and ground plane & Reduced the coupling via surface wave
propagation and use of defective ground as decoupling structure has contributed
for significant isolation improvement. \\ 14 & [Link] Naga Jyothi Sree
2. Suman Nelaturi
“Design and experimental verification of fractal based MIMO antenna for lower
sub 6-GHz 5G applications” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}2.0-10.0GHz{]}
2. Band Notch
{[}3.5-6.0GHz{]}

15
[Link] {[}25 x 38 mm\textsuperscript{2}{]}
4 Gain {[}\textless-72dBi{]}
[Link] \textless-72dB
6. Techniques : Slots & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright 1. Re-
duce the size\\ 2. To design the triple band notch antenna\\ 3. Improve the
isolation\strut \end{minipage} \\ 15 & [Link] D. Chaudhari
2.K.P. Ray
“A single-layer compact four-element quasi-Yagi MIMO antenna design for
super-wideband response” & 1. Frequency Range
{[}1.37-16GHz {]}
2. Band Notch
{[}12.3GHz, 3.6GHz{]}
[Link] {[}110 x 110 x 1.6 mm\textsuperscript{3}{]}
[Link] {[}3.5-5.4dBi{]}
5.Efficiency \textgreater90\%
[Link] :16dB
[Link] : Ground plane & \begin{minipage}[t]{\linewidth}\raggedright
1. Dual band notch is obtained.\\ 2. Isolation is less than 16 dB\\ 3. Re-
duce the size of antenna\\ 4. Improve the isolation\strut \end{minipage} \\
\bottomrule() \end{longtable}
\textbf{2.2 Research Gap}
1. Reported UWB band notch MIMO antennas suffered the problem of poor
rejection at notched frequency that cannot be tuned continuously and relatively
large sizes; making them unsuitable for the present-day applications.
2. Band notch frequency is fixed after fabrication failing to meet the real-time
configurability requirement.
\textbf{2.3 Problem Statement}
The first research focus on the problem statement is miniaturization of UWB
MIMO antenna for portable devices.
The second focus on selecting a suitable technique (EBG, cutting slots on ground
plane or radiator, SRR, ERR, and defective ground plane) to achieve band notch
characteristics of UWB MIMO antenna. Adjusting the bandwidth of UWB and
rejecting frequency for a small antenna.
The third focuses on reconfigurable or continuously tunable band notch fre-
quency of UWB MIMO antenna and 5G antenna using active elements like PIN
diode, varactor diode or MEMS switch.

16
\textbf{2.4 OBJECTIVES}
1) To design and analyse the MIMO antenna that covers UWB range with a
reflection coefficient of \textbar S11\textbar{} \textless{} -10dB.
2) To improve the impedance bandwidth and isolation of the UWB MIMO
antenna.
3) Investigate the miniaturization technique to achieve a small size UWB MIMO
antenna
4) To design band-notch UWB-MIMO antenna to reject potential interference
of existing wireless narrowband communication application.
5) To design reconfigurable band-notch UWB MIMO antenna by using active
elements.
6) To design compact tunable MIMO antenna for 5G application
\textbf{3. Contributions}
\textbf{3.1 \href{[Link]
Two-Port MIMO Antenna with High Isolation for UWB Applications}}
The proposed research presents a two-port compact Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) antenna for Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) applications. The de-
signed antenna has two identical radiators and has an overall dimension of 20
× 44.1 × 1.6mm3 on a FR4 substrate. The designed antenna is fed by a 50-
microstrip line. Extended F-shaped stubs are introduced in the shared ground
plane of the proposed antenna to produce high isolation between the MIMO an-
tenna elements. Extended F-shaped stubs are introduced in the ground plane to
produce multiple resonance and high isolation between the radiating elements.
The antenna offers good impedance matching in the UWB band. The proposed
antenna has lower isolation \textless{} -25 dB and Envelope Correlation Coef-
ficient (ECC) \textless{} 0.015 from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. Antenna parameters are
evaluated in term of return loss, ECC, Diversity Gain (DG), gain, Total active
reflection coefficient (TRAC) radiation pattern and isolation. The proposed an-
tenna is tested and fabricated. However, obtained results are good agreement
which make suitable for UWB wearable applications.
\textbf{3.2 Design and Analysis of Enhancing Impedance Bandwidth and high
Isolation Characteristics of UWB MIMO Antennas}
A small dual band-notched two port multiple input and multiple output antenna
with low mutual coupling for ultra-wide band systems is the subject of this
planned research study. The two identical monopole elements are fed by two
50Ω coplanar waveguide lines, making the total antenna dimensions of 18 X 29.5
X 1.6 mm³. Manufactured side by side on the upper surface of FR-4 ground
plane substrates.A T-shaped stub was substituted for the rectangular stub in
order to lessen the mutual coupling between the parts. The suggested antenna
covers the UWB spectrum and records a wide resistance bandwidth at each

17
port between 2.3 and 12GHz. This antenna has a modest size and design. The
element\textquotesingle s mutual coupling is less than -20 dB. Efficiency is 85\%
and the envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.04. Evaluation of antenna
parameters is done in terms of return loss, gain, DC, and ECC.
\textbf{3.3 A UWB Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Reconfigurable Antenna}
An ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna
that is programmable is shown in this work. The frequency range covered by
the described antenna is 11:1 from 440 MHz to 5 GHz. while maintaining a
small footprint for MIMO applications. By combining a UWB monopole an-
tenna with a tunable matching network via two distinct signal routes from a
single feed point, the ultra-wide band functionality is achieved. The UWB an-
tenna functions across the remaining frequency range, whereas the adjustable
part spans the 440 MHz to 700 MHz range. Orthogonally positioning two identi-
cal UWB antennas on the same substrate allows for the construction of a MIMO
configuration and polarization diversity. The presentation of MIMO diversity
parameters and the reflection coefficient for the complete operation region is
made.
\textbf{4. Organization of Thesis}
\textbf{Chapter 1: Introduction}
In this chapter, we provide the necessary background and context of the research
topic, which revolves around the basics of Ultra wide band MIMO antenna. We
present the problem statement, research objectives of the study. Furthermore,
we outline the structure of the thesis.
\textbf{Chapter 2: Literature Review}
In this chapter, different kinds of band notching techniques are discussed for
the rejection of interfering band with UWB antenna. These techniques involve
Etching/Cutting Slots, Defective Ground Structure, Electromagnetic Band Gap,
Stepped Impedance Resonator, Split Ring Resonators, Stepped Impedance Res-
onator and Parasitic Elements which are discussed in detail. The main attention
is paid on factors such as total number of bands rejected, size of antenna and
the bandwidth achieved.
\textbf{Chapter 3: Technologies used for MIMO antenna design}
This chapter presents different technologies used to design the MIMO antennas
in the present
thesis. Some of these techniques are well established and used here to improve
the characteristics of the MIMO antenna systems.
\textbf{Chapter 4: Materials and Methods}
The design of compact and inexpensive ultra-wideband antennas with notch
characteristics and the designing of UWB MIMO antenna was our target in
this thesis. This chapter focuses on the theoretical background and design

18
methodology used in designing those antennas and also the design of MIMO
UWB system. Starting from the initial design for the microstrip-line-fed printed
circular disc monopole antenna followed by Elliptical monopole antenna with
CPW fed we developed different novel antenna structures for future UWB and
UWB MIMO applications.
This chapter is organized as follows: 4.1 presents the numerical and analyti-
cal techniques used in designing all UWB antennas and UWB MIMO. All the
antennas designed in this thesis are based on Finite Element (FE) method as
used in Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) .The fundamental
antenna parameters are explained in section 4.2 .The operation principles and
design methodologies of UWB disc monopole antennas and the UWB MIMO
antennas with dual band notched characteristics of the antenna performance
and characteristics
\textbf{Chapter 5 Results and Discussion}
This chapter presents the design verification of the four different antennas
using High Frequency Structure simulator (HFSS). The simulation results
of different parameters which includes VSWR (voltage standing wave ra-
tion),S11,S21(return loss),radiation pattern ,gain of the UWB and with one
additional parameter envelope correlation coefficient of UWB MIMO antennas
will be shown and discussed in details.
\textbf{Chapter 6: Conclusion and Future Work}
The concluding chapter provides a concise summary of the main findings of
the research. We discuss the study’s contributions using proposed method of
UWB MIMO antenna Additionally, we provide recommendations for further
research endeavours or practical applications based on the study’s outcomes.
Reconfigurable antenna elements may be used to enhance diversity performance.
Different other structures may be tried to further reduce the mutual coupling
\textbf{5. Publications}
\textbf{Journal Papers}
Shivanand Konade, Manoj M. Dongre, “\href{[Link]
Two-Port MIMO Antenna with High Isolation for UWB Applications}”. Iranian
Journal of Electrical \& Electronic Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 02, June 2024,
Scopus Indexed
Shivanand Konade, Manoj M. Dongre, “Design and Analysis of Enhancing
Impedance Bandwidth and high Isolation Characteristics of UWB MIMO An-
tennas”. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engi-
neering. Vol. 12 No. 3 (2024). ISSN: 2147-6799, 11/03/2024, ( Impact Factor:
2022 - 1.74) Scopus Indexed
\textbf{International Conference Papers}

19
Shivanand Konade, Manoj M. Dongre, “A UWB Multiple-Input Multiple-
Output Reconfigurable Antenna ” International Conference on Researches in
Science and Technology (ICRST-24)03rd-August-2024 \textbar{} Bangalore,
India
Mr. Abhijit Shankar Mali Dr. Manoj Dongare
Research Scholar Research Supervisor
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering Telecommunication Engineering
RAIT, Nerul, Navi Mumbai RAIT, Nerul, Navi Mumbai
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\end{document}

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