NCERT LINE BY LINE CHEMISTRY- 9163681973

UNIT

9 GENERAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Exercise 1: NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs
9.0 INTRODUCTION

1. Which property of carbon is responsible for number of carbon compounds? NCERT Page-326/N-256
(a) Catenation
(c) Tetravalency
(b) Isomerism
(d) All of these

9.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION

2. Which of the following compound is the first synthesized organic compound and scientist who
discovered it NCERT Page-326/N-256
(a) Urea, F. Wohlar (c) Acetic acid, Kolbe
(b) Urea, Berzilius (d) Methane, Bertholet

9.2 TETRAVALENCE OF C- SHAPES OF O, COMPOUNDS

3. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ? NCERT Page-327 / N-257
a) A carbon atom having an 𝑠𝑝 hybrid orbital is less electronegative than carbon atoms possessing 𝑠𝑝2
or 𝑠𝑝3 hybridised orbitals.
b) 𝜋-bonds provide the most reactive centres in the molecules containing multiple bonds
c) The number of 𝜎 and 𝜋 bonds in compound CH2 = C = CHCH3 are 7 and 2 respectively.
d) A reagent that takes away an electron pair from reactive site is called nucleophile.
4. The state of hybridization of C2 , C3 , C5 and C6 of the hydrocarbon,

is in the following sequence NCERT Page-327 / N-257

(a) 𝑠𝑝3 , 𝑠𝑝2 , 𝑠𝑝2 and 𝑠𝑝 2 2
(b) 𝑠𝑝, 𝑠𝑝 , 𝑠𝑝 and 𝑠𝑝 3

(c) 𝑠𝑝, 𝑠𝑝2 , 𝑠𝑝3 and 𝑠𝑝2 (d) 𝑠𝑝, 𝑠𝑝3 , 𝑠𝑝2 and 𝑠𝑝3
x
5. The compound in which C uses its 𝑠𝑝3 -hybrid orbitals for bond formation is
𝑋 𝑋 𝑋 𝑋
(a) HCOOH (b) (H2 N)2 CO (c) (CH3 )3 COH (d) CH3 CHO
 9.3 STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
6. 2-Pentene contains NCERT Page-328 / N-258
(a) 15𝜎-and one 𝜋 - bond
(b) 14𝜎-and one 𝜋-bond
(c) 15𝜎 - and two 𝜋 - bonds
(d) 14𝜎 - and two 𝜋 - bonds

9.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

7. The correct decreasing order of priority of functional groups in naming an organic compound as per
IUPAC system of nomenclature is : NCERT Page-332 / N-266
(a) −COOH > −CONH2 > −COCl > −CHO (b) −SO3 H > −COCl > −CONH2 > −CN
|
(c) −COOH > −COCl > −NH2 > −C = O (d) −COOH > −COOR > −CONH2 > −COCl

9.5 NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

8. Which of the following compounds contains 1∘ , 2∘ , 3∘ as well as 4∘ carbon atoms?
(a) Neopentane NCERT Page-333 / N-263
(b) 2-methyl pentane
(c) 2,3-dimethyl butane
(d) 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane
9. The compound which has one isopropyl group is NCERT Page-N-263
(a) 2, 2, 3, 3 - Tetramethylpentane
(b) 2,2-Dimethylpentane
(c) 2,2,3-Trimethylpentane
(d) 2-Methypentane
10. IUPAC name of following compound is : NCERT Page-N-269

(a) 2-cyclohexylbutane
(b) 2 - phenylbutane
(c) 3-cyclohexylbutane
(d) 3 -phenylbutane
11. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound ? NCERT Page-335 / N-266

(a) 2-methyl-4-hexanamine (b) 5-methyl-3-hexanamine

(c) 2-methyl-4-amino hexane (d) 5-methyl-3-aminohexane
12. Which one of the following is ethyl-4-(dimethyl amino) butanoate? NCERT Page- N-267
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

13. Identify the correct IUPAC name of the compound given below NCERT Page-333 / N-269

(a) 4-benzyl-5-methyl hexanal

(b) 2-methyl-3-phenyl hexanal
(c) 5-isopropyl-5-phenyl butanal
(d) 5-methyl-4-phenyl hexanal
14. The IUPAC name of ethylidene chloride is :-
(a) 1-Chloroethene (b) 1-Chloroethyne
(c) 1,2-Dichloroethane (d) 1,1-Dichloroethane
15. IUPAC name of the following compound

(a) N, N-dimethylcyclopropane carboxamide

(b) N-methylcyclopropanamide'
(c) cyclopropionamide
(d) None of these
16. Which of the following is a 3-methylbutyl group? NCERT Page-334 & 335 / N-264 & 265
(a) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 −
(b) (CH3 CH2 )2 CH −
(c) (CH3 )3 CCH2 −
(d) (CH3 )2 CHCH2 CH2 −
17. The correct IUPAC name of the following compound is : NCERT Page-336 / N-266

(a) 4-methyl-2-nitro-5-oxohept-3-enal (b) 4-methyl-5-oxo-2-nitrohept-3-enal

(c) 4-methyl-6-nitro-3-oxohept-4-enal (d) 6-formyl-4-methyl-2-nitrohex-3-enal
18. The IUPAC name of neopentane is NCERT Page- N − 270
(a) 2,2-dimethylpropane
(b) 2-methylpropane
(c) 2,2-dimethylbutane
(d) 2-methylbutane
19. What is the IUPAC name of the following compound ? NCERT Page-338 / N-268

(a) 6-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene carboxylic acid

(b) 2-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene carboxylic acid
(c) Ortho-bromo - paraethyl benzoic acid
(d) 4-Bromo-3-ethyl benzoic acid
20. The IUPAC name of the following compound is NCERT Page- N-268

(a) N-phenyl ethanamide

(b) N-phenyl ethanone
(c) N-phenyl methanamide
(d) None of these
21. IUPAC name of

(a) But-2 ene-2, 3-diol (b) Pent-2-ene-2,3-diol

(c) 2-methylbut-2-ene-2,3-diol (d) Hex-2-ene-2, 3-diol
22. The IUPAC name of compound NCERT Page-336/N-266

(a) 1, 2, 3-tricarboxy-2, 1-propane

(b) 3-carboxy-3 hydroxy-1, 5-pentanedioic acid
(c) 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-1, 5-pentanedioic acid
(d) 2-hydroxy propane-1, 2, 3-tricarboxylic acid.
 9.6 ISOMERISM
23. Which are isomers? NCERT Page-340 / N-270
(a) ethyl alcohol and dimethyl ether
(b) acetone and acetaldehyde
(c) propionic acid and propanone
(d) methyl alcohol and dimethyl ether
24. Methoxyethane and propanol are the examples of isomerism of the type NCERT Page-340 / N-270
(a) structural
(b) position
(c) functional
(d) tautomerism
25. Isomers of propionic acid are NCERT Page- N-270
(a) HCOOC2 H5 and CH3 COOCH3
(b) HCOOC2 H5 and C3 H7 COOH
(c) CH3 COOCH3 and C3 H7 OH
(d) C3 H7 OH and CH3 COCH3
26. C6 H5 C ≡ N and C6 H5 N ≡ C are which type of isomers? NCERT Page- N-270
(a) Position
(b) Functional
(c) Tautomerism
(d) Linkage
27. Which organic structure among the following is not an isomer of the compound
CH3 − CO − CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 ?
(a) CH3 CH2 OCH = CHCH2 CH3 NCERT Page-340 / N-270
(b) CH3 CH = CHCH2 CH2 CHO
(c) (CH3 )2 CH − CO − CH2 CH3
(d) CH3 CH2 COCH2 CH2 CH3
28. Which of the following compounds is isomeric with 2,2 , 4,4 tetramethylhexane? NCERT Page 𝐍 − 270
(a) 3-ethyl-2, 2-dimethylpentane
(b) 4-isopropylheptane
(c) 4-ethyl-3-methyl-4-n-propyloctane
(d) 4,4-diethyl-3-methylheptane
29. A functional isomer of 1-butyne is NCERT Page-340 / N-270
(a) 2-butyne
(b) 1-butene
(c) 2-butene
(d) 1, 3-butadiene
30. The compounds CH3 CH = CHCH3 and CH3 CH2 CH = CH2
(a) are tautomers
(b) are position isomers
(c) contain same number of 𝑠𝑝3 − 𝑠𝑝3 , 𝑠𝑝3 − 𝑠𝑝2 and 𝑠𝑝2 𝑠𝑝2 carbon-carbon bonds
(d) exist together in dynamic equilibrium
31. Which of the following compounds will show metamerism? NCERT Page-341 / N-271
(a) CH3 − CO − C2 H5
(b) C2 H5 − S − C2 H5
(c) CH3 − O − CH3
(d) CH3 − O − C2 H5
32. The compound C4 H10 O can show NCERT Page-340 & 341 / N-271 & 272
(a) metamerism
(b) functional isomerism
(c) position isomerism
(d) All of these
33. Which pair of isomerism is not possible together? NCERT Page-340 & 341/ N-340 & 341
(a) Ring-chain and functional
(b) Geometrical and optical
(c) Metamerism and functional
(d) Metamerism and chain

9.7 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS IN ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM

34. Which of the following ions is most stable? NCERT Page-341 / N-271
(a) (b)

+
(c) (d) None of these
CH3 CHCH2 CH3
35. Which of the following carbocations is most stable: NCERT Page- N − 271
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

36. The organic reactions which proceed through heterolytic bond cleavage called NCERT Page-341 / N-271
(a) ionic
(b) polar
(c) non-polar
(d) Both (a) and (b)
37. The shape of methyl carbanion is similar to that of-
(a) BF3
(b) NH3
(c) methyl free radical
(d) methyl carbocation
38. Homolytic fission of C − C bond in ethane gives an intermediate in which carbon is
(a) 𝑠𝑝3 -hybridised NCERT Page-342 / N-272
(b) 𝑠𝑝2-hybridised
(c) 𝑠𝑝-hybridised
(d) 𝑠𝑝2 𝑑-hybridised
39. Which of the following statements is not correct ? NCERT Page-341 / N-271
(a) Carbocation posses sextet of electrons.
+ +
(b) The order of carbocation stability is: CH3 > (CH3 )2 CH > (CH3 )3 + C
(c) Carbocations have trigonal planar shape
(d) Carbocations are formed by heterolytic cleavage
40. The order of stability of the following carbocations : NCERT Page-341 / N-271

(a) III > II > I (b) II > III > I (c) I > II > III (d) III > I > II
41. Select the most stable carbocation amongst the following NCERT PAGE-N-271
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

42. Arrange the carbanions, (CH3 )3 C̅, C̅Cl3 , (CH3 )2 C̅H, C6 H5 C̅H2 in order of their decreasing stability:
(a) (CH3 )2 C ̅ H > C̅Cl3 > C6 H5 C̅H2 > (CH3 )3 C̅ NCERT Page-342 / N-272
̅ ̅ ̅
(b) CCl3 > C6 H5 CH2 > (CH3 )2 CH > (CH3 )3 C ̅
(c) (CH3 )3 C̅ > (CH3 )2 C̅H > C6 H5 C̅H2 > C̅Cl3
̅̅̅̅2 > C̅Cl3 > (CH3 )3 C̅ > (CH3 )2 C̅H
(d) C6 H5 CH
43. The increasing order of stability of the following free radicals is NCERT Page-342 / N-273
(a) (C6 H5 )2 ĊH < (C6 H5 )3 Ċ < (CH3 )3 Ċ < (CH3 )2 ĊH
(b) (CH3 )2 ĊH < (CH3 )3 Ċ < (C6 H5 )2 ĊH < (C6 H5 )3 Ċ
(c) (CH3 )3 Ċ < (CH3 )2 ĊH < (C6 H5 )2 ĊH < (C6 H5 )3 Ċ
(d) (C6 H5 )3 Ċ < (C6 H5 )2 ĊH < (CH3 )3 Ċ < (CH3 )2 ĊH
44. Which of the following is strongest nucleophile NCERT Page-342 / N-273
−
(a) Br
(b) : OH −
(c) : CN −
(d) C2 H5 O̅:
45. The correct order of nucleophilicity is NCERT Page-N-273
− − − − −
(a) F > OH (b) H2 Ö > OH (c) RÖH > RO (d) NH2 > NH3
..
46. Which of the following species does not act as a nucleophile? NCERT Page- N-273
(a) ROH (b) ROR (c) PCl3 (d) BF3
47. Which of the following pairs represent electrophiles? NCERT Page- N-273
(a) AlCl3 , H2 O
(b) SO3 , NO+2
(c) BF3 , H2 O
(d) NH3 , SO3
48. Which out of A, B, C and D is/are not correctly categorised. NCERT Page-342 / N-273
Nucleophile Electrophile
A. HS − Cl+
B. BF3 (CH3 )3 N
+
C. H2 N − −C = O
D. R3C − X C2 H5 O−
(X = Halogen )
(a) B, C and D (b) C and D (c) C only (d) B and D
49. Polarization of electrons in acrolein may be written as NCERT Page N-274
𝛿− 𝛿+ 𝛿− 𝛿+
(a) C H2 = CH − CH = O (b) C H2 = CH − CH = O
𝛿− 𝛿− 𝛿+ 𝛿−
(c) C H2 = C H − CH = O (d) CH2 = CH − CH = O
50. Point out the incorrect statement about resonance? NCERT Page-346 / N-275
(a) Resonance structures should have equal energy
(b) In resonating structures, the constituent atoms must be in the same position
(c) In resonating structures, there should not be same number of electron pairs
(d) Resonating structures should differ only in the location of electrons around the constituent atoms
51. In which of the following, resonance will be possible? NCERT Page- N-275
(a) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CHO (b) CH2 = CH − CH = O
(c) CH3 COCH3 (d) CH2 = CH − CH2 − CH = CH2
52. Which of the following is not correctly matched ? Group showing +𝑅 effect Group showing −𝑅 effect
|
(a) −NHCOR, −COOH (b) −C = O, −OH
(c) −OR, - CHO (d) – OCOR, −NO2
53. The kind of delocalization involving sigma bond orbitals is called NCERT Page-347 / N-277
(a) inductive effect
(c) electromeric effect
(b) hyperconjugation effect
(d) mesomeric effect
54. Choose correct order of stability of carbocation using concept of hyperconjugation. NCERT-347 / N-277

I II III IV
(a) I < II < III < IV (b) IV < III < II < I
(c) III < IV < II < I (d) None of these
55. Hyperconjugation is most useful for stabilizing which of the following carbocations? NCERT Page- N-277
(a) neo-Pentyl (b) tert-Butyl
(c) iso-Propyl (d) Ethyl
56. Which of the following is/are correct for inductive effect ? NCERT Page-344 / N-274
(a) In inductive effect polarisation of sigma bond is caused by the adjacent 𝜎 bond.
(b) Halogens, −NO2 , −CN, and −CH3 are electron withdrawing groups.
(c) −CH2 CH3 and −OC6 H5 are electron donating groups.
(d) +I effect is caused by electron withdrawing effect.
57. Which of the following statements regarding the resonance energy of benzene is correct? NCERT Page-
345 / N-275
(a) Resonance energy is the energy required to break the C − H bond in benzene
(b) Resonance energy is the energy required to break the C − C bond in benzene
(c) Resonance energy is a measure of stability of benzene
(d) Resonance energy is the energy required to convert

58. The polarity is produced in the molecule by the interaction of two 𝜋 - bonds or between a 𝜋 - bond and
lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom. The above statement is true for which of the
following? NCERT Page-344 / N-275
(a) Inductive effect
(b) Electromeric effect
(c) Resonance effect
(d) Hyperconjugation
59. Which of the following represents the correct order of stability of the given carbocations?
+ + +
(a) F3 C > F3 C − C + CCH3 NCERT Page-341 / N-271
+ ⇀ ++ +
(b) H3 C > F3 C − C > FF3C
C+
+ + +
(c) F3 C − + > C > F3 C
C+
+ + + F3
I+
(d) F3 C − > H3 C > C
60. The most stable carbanion among the following is NCERT Page-342 / N-272
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

61. For (i) I− , (ii) Cl− , (iii) Br − , the increasing order of nucleophilicity would be NCERT Page-342 / N-272
(a) Cl− < Br − < I−
(b) I − < Cl− < Br −
(c) Br − < Cl− < I −
(d) I − < Br − < Cl−
62. Which of the following does not represent formation of reactive intermediate correctly? NCERT Page-
342 / N-272
 (i) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(a) (ii) only

(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (ii) and (iv)
(d) (iii) and (iv)
63. Decreasing order of stability of following alkenes is NCERT Page-347 / N-277
(i) CH3 − CH = CH2
(ii) CH3 − CH = CH − CH3
(iii)

(iv)

(a) (i) > (ii) > (iii) > (iv)

(b) (iv) > (iii) > (ii) > (i)
(c) (iii) > (ii) > (i) > (iv)
(d) (ii) > (iii) > (iv) > (i)
64. Which of the following is a false statement?
(a) Free radicals, carbonium ions or carbanions are reaction intermediates.
(b) Reaction between methane and chlorine in presence of sunlight proceeds via free radical.
(c) The electronegative atom in the carbon chain produces +I effect.
(d) Homolytic fission of C − C bonds gives free radicals.
65. With respect to benzyl carbocation and benzyl carbanion, the correct statement is NCERT-342 / N-272
(a) C6 H5 C+ H2 ion is more stable that C+ H3 ion and C6 H5 C2− ion is also more stable than C − H3 ion
(b) C6 H5 C+ H2 ion is less stable than C + H3 ion and C6 H5 CH2− ion is more stable than C − H3 ion
(c) C6 H5 C + H2 ion is more stable than C + H3 ion and C6 H5 C− H2 ion is less stable than CH3− ion
(d) C6 H5 C+ H2 ion is less stable than C + H3 ion and C6 H5 C− H2 ion is also less stable than C− H3 ion.
66. Which of the following resonating structures of 1-methoxy1, 3-butadiene is least stable? NCERT- N-275
(a) C− H3 − CH = CH − CH = O+ − CH3 (b) CH2 = CH − C − H − CH = O+ − CH3
− +
(c) C2 − C H − CH = CH − O − CH3 (d) CH2 = CH − C − H − C+ H − O − CH3
67. The decreasing order of stability of the below mentioned carbocations is NCERT Page-342 / N-271
+
(i) F3 CC H2 (ii)

(iii) Cl3 CC+ HCH3 (iv)

(a) (iv) > (iii) > (ii) > (i) (b) (iv) > (ii) > (iii) > (i)
(c) (iii) > (iv) > (ii) > (i) (d) None of these
68. (CH3 )4 N+ is neither an electrophile, nor a nucleophile because it NCERT Page-342 / N-273
(a) does not have electron pair for donation as well as cannot attract electron pair
(b) neither has electron pair available for donation nor can accommodate electron since all shells of
nitrogen are fully occupied
(c) can act as Lewis acid and base
(d) None of these
69. Which of the following is true?
(a) tert-Butoxide is a stronger base as well as stronger nucleophile than ethoxide.
(b) tert-Butoxide is a weaker base but stronger nucleophile than ethoxide.
(c) tert-Butoxide is a stronger base, but weaker nucleophile than ethoxide.
(d) tert-Butoxide and ethoxide are equally strong bases as well as strong nucleophiles.
70. Arrange the following carbocations in decreasing order of stability. NCERT Page-342 / N-271

(a) IV > III > I > V > II

(b) IV > I > III > II > V
(c) V > IV > I > III > II
(d) V > IV > III > I > II
71. In a conjugated system resonance effect involves NCERT Page-346 / N-276
(a) delocalization of 𝜋-electrons along a conjugated system
(b) delocalization of non-bonding electrons along a conjugated system
(c) delocalization of 𝜎-electrons into an adjacent 𝜋 bond
(d) all of these.
72. Which of the following series contains atoms/groups having only −𝑀 (mesomeric) effect?
(a) COR, OR, COOR
(b) Cl, CHO, NH2
(c) , NO2 , CN, SO3 H
(d) OH, NR, SR

9.8 PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

73. The best method for the separation of naphthalene and benzoic acid from their mixture is:
(a) distillation NCERT Page-348/N-279
(b) sublimation
(c) chromatography
(d) crystallisation
74. In steam distillation the vapour pressure of volatile organic compound is NCERT Page- N-281
(a) equal to atmospheric pressure
(b) double the atmospheric pressure
(c) less than atmospheric pressure
(d) more than atmospheric pressure
75. Fractional distillation is used when NCERT Page-348 / N-279
a) there is a large difference in the boiling point of liquids
 b) there is a small difference in the boiling points of liquids
c) boiling points of liquids are same
d) liquids form a constant boiling mixture
76. Purification of petroleum is carried out by
(a) fractional distillation
(b) steam distillation
(c) vacuum distillation
(d) simple distillation
77. Distillation under reduced pressure is employed for NCERT Page-348 / N-280
(a) C6 H6
(b) petrol
(c) CH2 OHCHOHCHOH2
(d) organic compounds used in medicine
78. Glycerol can be separated from spent lye in soap industry by which of the following method?
(a) Steam distillation NCERT Page-348 & 349 / N-279
(b) Fractional distillation
(c) Distillation under reduced pressure
(d) Differential extraction
79. The latest technique for the purification of organic compounds is NCERT Page-348 & 352 / N-281
(a) chromatography
(b) fractional distillation
(c) crystallization
(d) vacuum distillation
80. Which of the following is used as an adsorbent in adsorption chromatography? NCERT Page-352 / N-282
(a) Silica gel
(b) Alumina
(c) Zeolite
(d) Both (a) and (b)
81. Which of the following acts as the stationary phase in paper chromatography? NCERT Page- N-284
(a) Water (b) Alumina (c) Silica gel (d) None of these
82. The most satisfactory method to separate mixture of sugars is NCERT Page-352 / N-282
(a) fractional crystallisation
(b) sublimation
(c) chromatography
(d) benedict reagent
83. TLC analysis of a mixture having 3 components (A, B, C) using silica gel as the stationary phase gave
following 𝑅𝑓 values; for A = 0.72, B = 0.48, C = 0.20.
Regarding the above observations, which one of the following statements is not correct for column
chromatography of the mixture? NCERT Page-353/N-283
(a) A is the most non-polar component
(b) C is the most soluble component in mobile phase
(c) A will be eluted first
(d) C is the most strongly absorbed component
84. In paper chromatography NCERT Page- N-284
(a) moving phase is liquid and stationary phase in solid
(b) moving phase is liquid and stationary phase is liquid
(c) moving phase is solid and stationary phase is solid
(d) moving phase is solid and stationary phase is liquid
85. For the separation of two immiscible liquids which method is used? NCERT Page-352 / N-281
(a) Chromatography
(b) Fractionating column
(c) Fractional distillation
(d) Separating funnel
86. Which of the following statements are correct for fractional distillation? NCERT Page-349 / N-279
(i) Fractional distillation method is used if the two liquids have sufficiently large difference in their
boiling points.
(ii) A fractionating column provides many surfaces for heat exchange between the ascending vapours
and the descending condensed liquid.
(iii) Each successive condensation and vaporisation unit in the fractionating column is called a
theoretical plate.
(iv) Fractional distillation method is used to separate different fractions of crude oil in petroleum
industry.
(a) (i), (ii) and (iv)
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
87. Which technique among the following, is most appropriate in separation of a mixture of 100mg of 𝑝-
nitrophenol and picric acid? NCERT Page-353 / N-283
(a) Steam distillation
(b) 2-5 ft long column of silica gel
(c) Sublimation
(d) Preparative TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography)

9.9 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS

88. In sodium fusion test of organic compounds, the nitrogen of the organic compound is converted into
(a) sodamide NCERT Page-354 / N-284
(b) sodium cyanide
(c) sodium nitrite
(d) sodium nitrate
89. Which of the following compounds does not show Lassaigne's test for nitrogen ? NCERT Page- N-284
(a) Urea
(b) Hydrazine
(c) Phenylhydrazine
(d) Azobenzene
90. The compound formed in the positive test for nitrogen with the Lassaigne solution of an organic
compound is NCERT Page-354 / N-284
(a) Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3
(b) Na3 [Fe(CN)6 ]
(c) Fe(CN)3
(d) Na4 [Fe(CN)5 NOS]
91. In Lassaigne's test, the organic compound is fused with a piece of sodium metal in order to
(a) increase the ionisation of the compound NCERT Page- N-284
(b) decrease the melting point of the compound
(c) increase the reactivity of the compound
(d) convert the covalent compound into a mixture of ionic compounds
92. The Lassaigne's extract is boiled with dil. HNO3 before testing for halogens because
(a) silver halides are soluble in HNO3 NCERT Page 355/ N-285
(b) Na2 S and NaCN are decomposed by HNO3
(c) Ag 2 S is soluble in HNO3
(d) AgCN is soluble is HNO3

9.10 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS

93. In quantitative analysis of carbon and hydrogen, the mass of water produced is determined by passing
the mixture through a weighed 𝑈 − tube containing X and carbon dioxide is absorbed in concentrated
solution of Y NCERT Page-355 / N-286
(a) X = CaCl2 , Y = NaOH
(b) X = Ca(OH)2 , Y = CuSO4
(c) X = CuSO4 , Y = Ca(OH)2
(d) X = CaCl2 , Y = KOH
94. Kjeldahl method is not applicable to which of the following? NCERT Page-357 / N-288
(a) Nitro compounds
(b) Azo compounds
(c) Pyridine
(d) All of these
95. Duma's method involves the determination of nitrogen content in the organic compound in form of
(a) NH3 NCERT Page-356 /.N-286
(b) N2
(c) NaCN
(d) (NH4 )2 SO4
96. In Kjeldahl's method nitrogen present is estimated as NCERT Page-358 / N-287
(a) N2
(b) NH3
(c) NO2
(d) None of these
97. 5.0 g of an organic compound was Kjeldahlished and the NH3 evolved was absorbed in 100 mL of
1.0MH2 SO4 . The residual acid required 120 cm3 of 1.0MNaOH. The % of nitrogen in the organic
compound is NCERT Page-358 / N-288
 (a) 25.4
(b) 22.4
(c) 2.24
(d) 2.54
98. 0.25 g of an organic compound on Kjeldahl's analysis gave enough ammonia to just neutralize 10 cm3 of
0.5MH2 SO4 . The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is NCERT Page- 𝐍 − 288
(a) 28
(b) 56
(c) 14
(d) 112
99. The percentage of sulphur in an organic compound whose 0.32 g produces 0.233 g of BaSO4 [At. wt.
Ba = 137, S = 32 ] is NCERT Page-359 / N-289
(a) 1.0
(b) 10.0
(c) 23.5
(d) 32.1
100.2.79 g of an organic compound when heated in Carius tube with conc. HNO3 ; H3 PO4 formed converted
into MgNH4 ⋅ PO4 ppt. The ppt. on heating gave 1.332 g of Mg 2 P2 O7 . The percentage of P in the
compound is NCERT Page-359 / N-289
(a) 23.33%
(b) 13.33%
(c) 33.33%
(d) 26.66%
[Link] Duma's method 0.52 g of an organic compound on combustion gave 68.6 mL N2 at 27∘ C and
756 mm pressure. What is the percentage of nitrogen in the compound? NCERT Page-356 / N-287
(a) 12.22%
(b) 14.93%
(c) 15.84%
(d) 16.23%
[Link] Carius method of estimation of halogen, 0.15 g of an organic compound gave 0.12 g of AgBr. What is
the percentage of bromine in the compound? NCERT Page-358 / N-289
(a) 68.08%
(b) 34.04%
(c) 42.1%
(d) 50%
[Link] Duma's method of nitrogen estimation, nitrogen is NCERT Page- N − 286
(a) absorbed in KOH
(b) collected in upper part of graduated tube
(c) gets converted to ammonium sulphate
(d) all of these.
 Exercise 2 : NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEET
NCERT EXEMPLAR QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following is the correct IUPAC name? NCERT Page-334 / N-264
(a) 3-Ethyl-4, 4-dimethylheptane
(b) 4,4-Dimethyl-3-ethylheptane
(c) 5-Ethyl-4,4-dimethylheptane
(d) 4,4-Bis(methyl)-3-ethylheptane
2. Correct IUPAC name for H3 C − CH − CH − CH3 is NCERT Pàge-334 / N-264
(a) 2-ethyl-3-methylpentane
(b) 3,4-dimethylhexane
(c) 2-sec-butylbutane
(d) 2,3-dimethylbutane

3. The IUPAC name for is NCERT Page-337 / N-287

(a) 1-hydroxypentane-1, 4-dione
(b) 1,4-dioxopentanol
(c) 1-carboxybutan-3-one
(d) 4-oxopentanoic acid
4. The IUPAC name for NCERT Page-339 / N-289

(a) 1-chloro-2-nitro-4-methylbenzene (b) 1-chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

(c) 2-chloro-1-nitro-5-methylbenzene (d) m-nitro-p-chlorotoluene
5. Electronegativity of carbon atoms depends upon their state of hybridisation. In which of the following
compounds, the carbon marked with asterisk is most electronegative? NCERT Page-327 / N-257
∗
(a) CH3 − CH2 − CH2 − CH3
(c) CH3 − CH2 − C ≡ ∗ CH
(b) CH3 − ∗ CH = CH − CH3
(d) CH3 − CH2 − CH = ∗ CH2
6. In which of the following functional groups, isomerism is not possible? NCERT Page-340 / N-270
(a) Alcohols (b) Aldehydes (c) Alkyl halides (d) Cyanides
7. The fragrance of flowers is due to the presence of some steam volatile organic compounds called
essential oils. These are generally insoluble in water at room temperature but are miscible with water
vapour in vapour phase. A suitable method for the extraction of these oils from the flowers is
(a) distillation NCERT Page-350 / N-281
(b) crystallisation
(c) distillation under reduced pressure
(d) steam distillation
8. During hearing of a court case, the judge suspected that some changes in the documents had been
carried out. He asked the forensic department to check the ink used at two different places. According
to you which technique can give the best results? NCERT Page-352 & 353 / N-283
(a) Column chromatography (b) Solvent extraction
(c) Distillation (d) Thin layer chromatography
9. The principle involved in paper chromatography NCERT Page-353 / N-284
(a) adsorption (b) partition (c) solubility (d) volatility
10. What is the correct order of decreasing stability of the following cations? NCERT Page-345 & 346 / N-271
⊕ ⊕ ⊕
I. CH3 − C H − CH3 II. CH3 − C H − OCH3 III. CH3 − C H − CH2 − OCH3
(a) II > I > III (b) II > III > I (c) III > I > II (d) I > II > III
11. In which of the following compounds the carbon marked with asterisk is expected to have greatest
positive charge? NCERT Page-344 / N-274
(a) ∗ CH3 − CH2 − Cl (b) ∗ CH3 − CH2 − Mg + Cl−
(c) ∗ CH3 − CH2 − Br (d) ∗ CH3 − CH2 − CH3
12. Ionic species are stabilised by the dispersal of charge. Which of the following carboxylate ion is the most
stable?
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

13. Electrophilic addition reactions proceed in two steps. The first step involves the addition of an
electrophile. Name the type of intermediate formed in the first step of the following addition reaction.
H3 C − HC = CH2 + H + ⟶ ?
(a) 2∘ carbanion
(b) 1∘ carbocation
(c) 2∘ carbocation
(d) 1∘ carbanion
14. Covalent bond can undergo fission in two different ways. The correct representation involving a
heterolytic fission of CH3 − Br is NCERT Page-341 / N-271
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

15. Addition of HCl to an alkene proceeds in two steps. The first step is the attack of H + ion to > C = C <
portion which can be shown as NCERT Page-342 / N-272
(a)
 (b)

(c)

(d) All of these are possible

PAST YEARS NEET

16. In Lassaigne's extract of an organic compound, both nitrogen and sulphur are present, which gives blood
red colour with Fe3+ due to the formation of NCERT Page-362 & 363 / N-284 & 285 | NEETI 2023
(a) Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 × xH2 O (b) NaSCN
4
(c) [Fe(CN) 5 NOS] (d) [Fe(SCN)]2+
17∗ . The number of 𝜎 bonds, 𝜋 bonds and lone pair of electrons in pyridine, respectively are: NEET 2023
(a) 11,2,0 (b) 12,3,0 (c) 11,3,1 (d) 12,2,1
18. The correct IUPAC name of the following compound is: NCERTR Page-333 / N-264 | NEEII 2022, C

(a) 6 bromo-2-chloro-4 methylhexan-4-ol (b) 1-bromo-4-methyl-5-chlorohexan-3-ol

(c) 6-bromo-4-methyl-2-chlorohexan-4-ol (d) 1-bromo-5-chloro-4-methylhexan-3-ol
19. The Kjeldahl's method for the estimation of nitrogen can be used to estimate the amount of nitrogen in
which one of the following compounds? NCERT Page-358 / N-287 | WERI 2022, C
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

20. The compound which shows metamerism is : NCERT Page-341 / N-271 / NEET 2021, C
(a) C4 H10 O (b) C5 H12 (c) C3 H8 O (d) C3 H6 O
21. Paper chromatography is an example of NCERT Page-353 / N-284 | NEET 2020, C
(a) Partition chromatography (b) Thin layer chromatography
(c) Column chromatography (d) Adsorption chromatography
22. A tertiary butyl carbocation is more stable than a secondary butyl carbocation because of which of the
following? NCERT Page-341 / N-277 / NEET 2020, C
(a) +R effect of −CH3 groups (b) −R effect of −CH3 groups
(c) Hyperconjugation (d) −I effect of −CH3 groups
23. Which of the following is correct with respect to −I effect of the substituents? (R = alkyl)
(a) −NH2 < −OR < −F NCERT Page-344 / N-274 | NEET 2018, C
(b) −NR 2 < −OR < −F
(c) −NR 2 > −OR > −F
(d) −NH2 > −OR > −F
24. Which of the following carbocations is expected to be most stable? NCERT 2018, A
(a) (b)

(c) (d)

25. The IUPAC name of the compound is : NCERT Page-336 / N-266 | INEET 2017, S

(a) 5-formylhex-2-en-3-one (b) 5-methyl-4-oxohex-2-en-5-al

(c) 3-keto-2-methylhex-5-enal (d) 3-keto-2-methylhex-4-enal
26. The pair of electron in the given carbanion, CH3 C ≡ C− , is present in which of the following orbitals?
(a) 2𝑝 NCERT Page N-272 | NEET 2016, C
3
(b) 𝑠𝑝
(c) 𝑠𝑝2
(d) 𝑠𝑝
 ANSWER KEYS
Exercise - 1 : (NCERT Based Topic-wise MCQs)
1 (d) 12 (d) 23 (a) 34 (a) 45 (d) 56 (a) 67 (b) 78 (c) 89 (b) 100 (b)

2 (a) 13 (d) 24 (c) 35 (d) 46 (d) 57 (c) 68 (b) 79 (a) 90 (a) 101 (b)

3 (b) 14 (d) 25 (a) 36 (d) 47 (b) 58 (c) 69 (c) 80 (d) 91 (d) 102 (b)

4 (d) 15 (a) 26 (b) 37 (b) 48 (d) 59 (b) 70 (c) 81 (a) 92 (b) 103 (b)

5 (c) 16 (d) 27 (b) 38 (b) 49 (d) 60 (d) 71 (d) 82 (c) 93 (d)

6 (b) 17 (c) 28 (b) 39 (b) 50 (c) 61 (a) 72 (c) 83 (b) 94 (d)

7 (b) 18 (a) 29 (d) 40 (d) 51 (b) 62 (d) 73 (b) 84 (b) 95 (b)

8 (d) 19 (b) 30 (b) 41 (b) 52 (b) 63 (b) 74 (c) 85 (d) 96 (b)

9 (d) 20 (a) 31 (b) 42 (b) 53 (b) 64 (c) 75 (b) 86 (b) 97 (b)

10 (b) 21 (b) 32 (d) 43 (b) 54 (b) 65 (a) 76 (a) 87 (d) 98 (b)

11 (b) 22 (d) 33 (c) 44 (c) 55 (b) 66 (c) 77 (c) 88 (b) 99 (b)

Exercise - 2 : (NCERT Exemplar & Past Years NEIET)

1 (a) 5 (c) 9 (b) 13 (c) 17 (c) 21 (a) 25 (d)

2 (b) 6 (c) 10 (a) 14 (b) 18 (d) 22 (c) 26 (d)

3 (d) 7 (d) 11 (a) 15 (b) 19 (b) 23 (a)

4. (b) 8 (d) 12 (d) 16 (d) 20 (a) 24 (d)

 9.0 INTRODUCTION
EXERCISE - 1
1. (d) ' C ' atom has the tendency to form covalent bond with other ' C ' atoms in order to gain octet, and
as a result makes long chain and rings.
2. (a) First synthesized organic compound :

NH4 CNO ⎯⎯→ NH2–C–NH2
ammoniumcyanate ||
O
3. (b) A carbon having an 𝑠𝑝 hybrid orbital with 50% 𝑠-character is more electronegative than carbon
atoms having 𝑠𝑝2 and 𝑠𝑝3 hybrid orbitals with 33% and 25%, 𝑠-character respectively.
In CH2 = C = CHCH3 , Number of 𝜎 bonds : 𝜎C−C = 3, 𝜎C−H = 6, total = 6 + 3 = 9
Number of 𝜋 bonds = 2
A reagent that take an electron pair from reactive site is called electrophile.
4. (d)
5. (c)
6. (b) No. of 𝜎 bonds = 14, No. of 𝜋 bond = 1
7. (b) −SO3 H > −COCl > −CONH2 > −CN
8. (d) 2,2,3-trimethyl pentane
9. (d)
10. (b) The compound is a derivative of butane.
11. (b) The compound contains longest chain of 6C atoms and amino group. Hence it is an alkanamine.
12. (d) The compound is an ester. Its IUPAC name is derived from alkyl alkanoate.
13. (d) The compound is an aldehyde containing longest chain of 6C-atoms and side chains.
14. (d) 1,1-Dichloroethane is ethylidene chloride.
15. (a) IUPAC name : N, N-dimethylcyclopropane carboxamide
16. (d) (CH3 )2 CHCH2 CH2 −
3-Methylbutyl group
17. (c)
18. (a) Neopentane or 2, 2-Dimethylpropane
19. (b) The compound is a derivative of benzoic acid. The positions of substituents attached to benzene
nucleus are represented by number of C-atoms and not by ortho, meta and para.
20. (a) It is derivative of ethanamide having N-phenyl group.
21. (b) The compound contains longest chain of 5C - atoms and ' 𝑒 ' of ene is retained as the suffix name
starts with constant
22. (d) The compound contains longest chain of 3C - atoms and three −COOH groups and one −OH group
attached to it (latest convention).
23. (a) Dimethyl ether and Ethyl alcohol are functional isomers.
[H3 C − O − CH3 ][H3 C∘ − CH2 − OH]
24. (c) Alcohols and ethers show functional isomerism.
25. (a) Same number of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in both the compounds.
26. (b) ' −CN ', (cyanide), '−NC ' (isocyanide)
27. (b) Structures (𝑎), (𝑐) and (d) have the same molecular formula (C6 H12 O) while (𝑏) has same molecular
formula (C6 H10 O) as compound given.
28. (b) 2, 2, 4, 4-Tetramethylhexane has 10 carbon atoms, only 4-isopropylheptane has also 10 carbon
atoms, so these two are isomers.
29. (d) CH3 − C ≡ C − CH3 , positional isomer.
30. (b) The two isomers differ in the position of the double bond are called position isomers, so given
compounds are position isomers.
31. (b) C2 H5 SC2 H5 and C3 H7 SCH3 are metamers.
32. (d) C4 H10 O :

Thus, option (d) is correct.

33. (c) Metamerism shown among compounds of the same functional group.
34. (a) Carbocation are electron deficient species. In general, greater the number of alkyl groups attached to
it, greater is the +I effect and stabilisation of the cation.
35. (d) This molecule have more number of resonating structure as well as +M stabalization.
36. (d) The organic reaction which proceed through heterolytic bond cleavage are called ionic or
heteropolar or just polar reactions.
37. (b) Methyl carbanion is 𝑠𝑝3 hybridised, with three bond pairs and one lone pair same is the case with
NH3 .
38. (b) Homolytic fission of the C − C bond gives free radicals in which carbon is 𝑠𝑝2-hybridised.
39. (b) The order of stability of carbocations is :
+ + +
(CH3 )3 C > (CH3 )2 CH > CH3
This order can be explained on the basis of hyper conjugation and Inductive effect.
40. (d) Higher stability of allyl and aryl substituted methyl carbocation is due to dispersal of positive charge
due to resonance
whereas in alkyl carbocations dispersal of positive charge on different hydrogen atoms is due to
hyperconjugation hence the correct order of stability will be

⊕ ⊕
⏟ > CH2 = CH − C H2 > CH3 − CH2 − C H2
Allyl Propyl
Benzyl
41. (b) Structure (𝑏) is a 3 carbocation, and more stable due to resonance with 2Ph-ring while (𝑎) is 2∘ (𝑐)
∘

and (𝑑) are 1∘ carbocations; thus (𝑏) is the most stable.

42. (b)

43. (b) The order of stability of free radicals is

 (C6 H5 )3 Ċ > (C6 H5 )2 ĊH > (CH3 )3 Ċ > (CH3 )2 ĊH
The stabilisation of first two is due to resonance and last two is due to inductive effect (i.e., +R > +I ).
44. (c) The strength of nucleophile depends upon the nature of alkyl group R on which nucleophile has to
attack and also on the nature of solvent. The order of strength of nucleophiles follows the order :
CN − > I− > C6 H5 O− > OH − > Br − > Cl−
45. (d) Negatively charged ions of same atom are more nucleophilic then their neutral counterpart.
Nucleophilicity ∝ electro density on donor atom ∝ size of donor atom (in gas)
1
∝ (for period)
electronegativity of atom
46. (d) BF3 is an electrophile because beron has empty porbital and accept the electron pair.
47. (b) Electrophiles are electron deficient or positively charged species. In SO3 , oxygen is more
electronegative than sulphur and therefore can withdraw electron density towards themselves, creating
positive charge on sulphur atom, hence SO3 becomes electron deficient and can act as a electrophile.
48. (d) BF3 and R 3 C − X are electrophiles, while (CH3 )3 N and C2 H5 O− are nucleophiles.
49. (d) Due to-I effect of the-CHO group, oxygen acquires𝛿 - charge and the terminal carbon acquires 𝛿 +
charge.
50. (c) All resonating structures should have same number of electron pairs.
51. (b) Only structure (b) has a conjugated system, which is necessary for resonance.
52. (b) −OH shows +R effect while > C = O shows −R effect.
53. (b) The 𝜎-electrons of C − H bond of the alkyl group enter into partial conjugation with the attached
unsaturated system or with the unshared 𝑝-orbital.
54. (b) The stability of carbocation on the basis of hyperconjugation can be explained as hyperconjugation
stabilises the carbocation because electron density from the adjacent 𝜎-bond helps in dispersing the
positive charge.
In general greater the number of alkyl groups attached to a positively charged carbon atom, the greater is
the hyperconjugation interaction and stabilisation of the cation.
Hence, stability of carbocation is directly proportional to number of alkyl group directly attached to
carbocation.
55. (b) Stability order of different alkyl carbocations on the basis of hyperconjugation is :
3∘ > 2∘ > 1∘ > methyl
In t-butyl cation, the C-atom bearing the positive charge is attached to three methyl groups therefore it
possesss nine 𝛼-hydrogens. It will give maximum ten hyperconjugative structures leading to maximum
stability.
56. (a) (b) −CH3 is an electron donating group whereas in (c) −OC6 H5 is an electron withdrawing group.
(d) + I effect is caused by electron donating group.
57. (c) The energy difference between the resonance hybrid structure and the lowest energy resonance
structure is known as resonance stabilization energy.
58. (c) Resonance effect is the polarity produced in the molecule by the interactions of two 𝜋 - bonds or
between a 𝜋-bond and a lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom.
59. (b) -I group destablises carbocation and since inductive effect decreases with increasing length of carbon
chain. Therefore (b) is the correct option.
60. (d) −NO2 group, being strong electron-withdrawing, disperses the-ve charge, hence stabilizes the
concerned carbanion.
61. (a) Nucleophilicity increases down the group in the periodic table. I− > Br − > Cl− > F −
62. (d)

63. (b) Higher the number of 𝛼 − H, more the hyperconjugating structures, and hence more will be the
stability of the compound.
64. (c) The electronegataive atom in the carbon chain produces −𝐼 effect.
65. (a) Both carbocation and carbanion, get resonance stabilization by phenyl ring present in conjugation.
66. (c) The molecule in which all the atoms have complete octet is more stable. Also, more the number of
resonating structures, more will be the stability.
(a) and (b)
(b) have complete octet but in
(c) and
(d) all atoms do not have complete octet. Hence (c) and (d) are unstable.
67. (b) Electron releasing groups stabilize carbocations whereas electron withdrawing groups (−CF3 )
destabilize carbocation.
68. (b) (CH3 )4 N+ has no electron pair available for donation to act as nucleophile. Valence shell of nitrogen
is completely filled and has no scope for acceptance of extra electrons to act as electrophile.
69. (c) + I effect of three methyl groups weakens the acidity of 𝑡-butyl alcohol. Hence, its conjugate base is
strong.
70. (c) Cyclopropylmethyl carbocation is especially stable because of conjugation between the bent orbitals
of the cyclopropyl ring and the vacant 𝑝-orbitals of the cationic carbon.
71. (d) Filled or empty p-orbitals in conjugation overlaps with each other.
72. (c) (a) −COR, −COOR ⇒ −𝑀; −O𝑅 ⇒ +𝑀
(b) −Cl, −NH2 ⇒ +𝑀; −CHO ⇒ −𝑀
(c) −NO2 , −CN, −SO3 H ⇒ −𝑀
(d) −OH, −NR, −SR ⇒ +𝑀
73. (b) Among the given compounds naphthelene is volatile but benzoic acid is non-volatile (it forms a
dimer). So, the best method for their separation is sublimation, which is applicable to compounds which
can be converted directly into the vapour phase from its solid state on heating and back to the solid
state on cooling. Hence it is the most appropriate method.
74. (c) The atmospheric pressure (𝑝) = the volatile organic compound vap. pressure (p1 ) + the water vap.
pressure (p2 ).
75. (b) If there is a small difference ( 10 or less) in the boiling points of liquids fractional distillation is used,
e.g. acetone b.p. 329 K and methanol b.p. 338 K.
76. (a) Fractional distillation is used for the distillation of petroleum. This method is used for separating a
mixture of two or more miscible, volatile liquids having close (less than 40 degrees) boiling points. (For
example, a mixture of acetone, b.p., 56∘ C and methanol, b.p. 65∘ C )
77. (c) Glycerol decomposes at its boiling point, hence it should be purified by distillation under reduced
pressure.
78. (c) This method allows the purification of compounds not readily distilled at ambient pressure.
79. (a) The latest technique for the purification of organic compounds is chromatography. These are of
various types like column, paper and gas-chromatography.
80. (d) Both silica gel and alumina are used as adsorbents in adsorption chromatography.
81. (a) Chromatography paper contains water trapped in it, which acts as the stationary phase.
82. (c) The mixture of sugars is a homogenous one. Homogeneous mixtures of a solvent and one or more
solutes (dissolved substances) are often separated by chromatography. Chromatography works to
separate a mixture because the components of a mixture distribute themselves differently when they
are in contact with a "two phase system". One phase is stationary and the other is moving or mobile.
The stationary phase may be a solid packed in a tube or a piece of paper. The mobile phase may be
liquid of gaseous.
83. (b) The R𝑓 (retardation factor) value is the ratio of the Solute's distance travelled to the Solvent's
distance travelled.
Polar molecules will attract more toward adsorbent and cover smaller distance from the baseline.
A has maximum R𝑓 so it will less adsorbed on the adsorbent surface and travel faster and will be eluded first.
C has minimum R𝑓 value. So it is more strongly adsobred and less soluble in mobile phase.
84. (b) A special quality paper is used in this chromatography. Chromatographic paper contains water
trapped in it, which acts as the stationary phase.
85. (d) Separating funnel is used when the two liquids are immiscible.
86. (b) Fractional distillation method is used if the difference in boiling points of two liquids is not much.
87. (d) 𝑝-nitrophenol have intermolecular H-bonding whereas picric acid have intramolecular H-bonding.
Picric acid slowly sublimes at room temperature and have explosive property. So TLC is the best method
to separate 100mg of 𝑝-nitrophenol and picric acid. TLC separation is based on polarity of compounds
involved.
88. (b) Na + C + N → NaCN (Compound + sodium fusion extract)
89. (b) Hydrazine (NH2 NH2 ) does not contain carbon and hence on fusion with Na metal, it cannot form
NaCN; consequently hydrazine does not show Lassaigne's test for nitrogen.
90. (a) Prussian blue Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 is formed in Lassaigne test for nitrogen.
6NaCN + Fe2+ ⟶ Na4 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 2Na+
𝑥H2 O
3Na4 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 4Fe3+ → Fe4 [Fe(CN)6 ]3 ⋅ 𝑥H2 O + 12Na+
Prussian blue

91. (d) To convert covalent compounds into ionic compounds such as NaCN, Na2 S, NaX, etc.
92. (b) Na2 S and NaCN, formed during fusion with metallic sodium, must be removed before adding
AgNO3 , otherwise black ppt. due to Na2 S or white precipitate due to AgCN will be formed and thus
white precipitate of AgCl will not be identified easily.
Na2 S + 2AgNO3 ⟶ 2NaNO3 + Ag 2 S ↓
Black
NaCN + AgNO3 ⟶ NaNO3 + AgCN ↓
White
NaCl + AgNO3 ⟶ NaNO3 + AgCl ↓
White
boil
Na2 S + 2HNO3 → 2NaNO3 + H2 S ↑
boil
NaCN + HNO3 → NaNO3 + HCN ↑
93. (d) Anhydrous CaCl2 is moisture absorber. CO2 absorbing in KOH solution forms potassium bicarbonate.
94. (d) Kjeldahl method is not applicable to any of the given compounds. As nitrogen of these compounds
does not change to ammonium sulphate on heating with conc. H2 SO4 .
95. (b)
 𝑦
C𝑥 H𝑦 N𝑧 + (2𝑥 + ) CuO ⟶
2
𝑦 𝑧 𝑦
𝑥CO2 + H2 O + N2 + (2𝑥 + ) Cu
2 2 2
96. (b) In Kjeldahl's method nitrogen is converted into (NH4 )2 SO4 , then to NH3 .
97. (b) 120 mL1.0 mNaOH ≅ 60 mL2 . 0 mH2 SO4
Volume of excess of acid used to neutralise NH3 = 100 − 60 = 40 mL
Normality of acid used = 1.0 × 2 = 2 N
1.4×V×N 1.4×40×2
Percentage of N = m = 5.0 = 22.4%
98. (b) Percentage of N in a compound
1.4 × Normality of acid × Volume of acid used
=
Mass of the substance tak 4
Mass of the substance taken
Given, 0.5MH2 SO4 is used.
Mol. mass 98
Normality = Molarity × 𝑛 where 𝑛 = Eq. mass = 49 = 2
∴ Normality = 0.5 × 2 = 1NH2 SO4
Volume of acid used to neutralise NH3 = 10 cm3
Mass of organic compound taken = 0.25 g
1.4×1×10
∴ % N = 0.25 = 56.

32 Wt. of BaSO4 32 0.233

99. (b) % of = 233 × × 100 = × × 100 = 10%
[Link] compound 233 0.32
62 Wt. of Mg2 P2 O7 62 1.332
100.(b) Percentage of P = 222 × × 100 = 222 × × 100 = 13.33%
Wt. of compound 2.79
101.(b) V1 = 68.6 mL, P1 = 756 mm, T1 = 300 K
V2 =? , P2 = 760 mm, T2 = 273 K
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2
P V T
At NTP, vol. of N2 , V2 = 1T 1 ⋅ P2
1 2
756 × 68.6 273
= × = 62.09 mL
300 760
Percentage of nitrogen in organic compound
28 V2 28 62.09
= × × 100 = × × 100 = 14.93%
22400 w 22400 0.52
102.(b) Molar mass of AgBr = 108 + 80 = 188 g mol−1
80 0.12
Percentage of Br2 = 188 × 0.15 × 100 = 34.04%
103.(b) Mixture of gases produced in this method collected over an aqueous solution of KOH which absorbs
CO2 and N2 is collected in upper part of graduated tube.
EXERCISE- 2
1. (a)

3-Ethyl-4, 4-dimethyl heptane

2. (b)

3. (d)

Note : Carboxylic acid (−COOH) has more priority than ketone ( > C = O ).
4. (b) For tri or higher substituted benzene derivatives, the compounds are named by identifying
substituent positions on the ring by following the lowest locant rule.
5. (c) Electronegativity of carbon atom depends on its state of hybridisation. More the 𝑠-character more
will be the electronegativity.
𝑠𝑝3 < 𝑠𝑝2 < 𝑠𝑝
𝑠-character : 25% 33% 50%
Thus, 𝑠𝑝-carbon (CH3 − CH2 − C ≡ ∗ CH) has the highest electronegativity.
6. (c) Two or more compounds having the same molecular formula but different functional groups are
called functional isomers. Functional isomer of alcohol is ether, aldehyde is ketone and cyanide is
isocyanide. But alkyl halides do not show functional isomerism.
7. (d) Essential oils are insoluble in water and have high vapour pressure at 37.3 K but are miscible with
water vapour in vapour phase, it means these are steam volatile. Thus, steam distillation technique is a
suitable method for the extraction of essential oils.
8. (d) Thin layer chromatography (TLC) involves separation of substances of a mixture over a thin layer of
an adsorbent coated on a glass plate.
A thin layer of an adsorbent is spread over a glass plate and glass plate is placed in an eluant. As eluant
rises, components of the mixture move up along with the eluant to different distances depending on
their degree of adsorption and separation takes place. Therefore, TLC technique will give the best
results in identifying the different types of ink used at different places in the documents.
9. (b) Partition chromatography is based on continuous differential partitioning of components of a
mixture between stationary and mobile phases. Paper chromatography is a type of partition
chromatography.
10. (a) Stability of the given cations can be understood by the following structures:
 Hence, the correct order of decreasing stability of carbocation will be : II > I > III
11. (a) Electronegativity of Cl, Br, C and Mg follows the order Cl > Br > C > Mg, thus chlorine has the
greatest-I-effect and disperse the positive charge on ' C ' atom most effectively.
Hence, ∗ CH3 − CH2 − Cl has the greatest positive charge.

12. (d) In all the given ionic species, the negative charge is dispersed which stabilises them. Here, the
negative charge is dispersed by two factors, i.e., +R-effect of the carboxylate ion (conjugation) and - I-
effect of the halogens.
As it can be clearly seen in the given structures, that +R-effect is common in all the four species, therefore,
overall dispersal of negative charge depends upon the number of halogen atoms and their
electronegativity. Since, fluorine has the highest electronegativity and two F-atoms are present in option
(d), thus, dispersal of negative charge will be maximum in it, thus it is most stable.

Note: In structure (a), methyl group increases the density on C-atom.

13. (c) When an electrophile attacks CH3 − CH = CH2 , there are two possibilities of an intermediate
formed:

As 2∘ carbocation is more stable than 1∘ carbocation thus first addition is more feasible.
Note : Stability of carbocations is the basis of Markownikoff's rule.

14. (b) Arrow denotes the direction of movement of electrons.

Since, Br is more electronegative than carbon, hence heterolytic fission occurs in such a way that CH3 gets a
positive charge and Br gets a negative charge.
15. (b) Addition of HCl to an alkene takes place in two steps as follows:
Step I : 𝜋-bonds creates an electron cloud, electrophile (H + )from H − Cl attacks the electron cloud and a
carbocation is formed.

Step II : The chloride ion attacks the carbocation formed.

16. (d) In case, nitrogen and sulphur both are present in organic compound, sodium thiocyanate is formed.
It gives blood red colour and no Prussian blue since there are no free cyanide ions.
Na + C + N + S ⟶ NaSCN
Fe3+ + SCN− ⟶ [Fe(SCN)]2+ Blood red
17. (c)

No. of bonds = 11, N o. of bonds = 3, No. of lone pair of e− = 1

18. (d)

IUPAC name: 1-Bromo-5-chloro-4-methylhexan-3-ol

19. (b) Only the nitrogen of amine from the given options can be changed to ammonium sulphate under
Kjeldahl's method.

20. (a) Compounds with formula C4 H10 O can be ethers which may exhibit metamerism. For example

and CH3 − O − CH2 − CH2 − CH3 are metamers.

21. (a) Paper chromatography is a type of partition chromatography.

22. (c)

𝑡-Butyl carbocation is more stable due to hyperconjugation.

23. (a) - I Effect increases on increasing electronegativity of atom. So, correct order of −𝐼 effect is
−NH2 < −OR < −F.
*Most appropriate answer is option (a), however option (b) may also be correct answer.

24. (d) −NO2 group is meta-directing group

(Less stable due to more e− withdrawing effect of −NO2 )

(More stable due to less e− withdrawing effect of −NO2 ) greater no. of resonating structures.
25. (d) Priority order : −CHO > −CH = O
26. (d) CH3 − C ≡ C−
No. of 𝜎bp − 1
] → 2 and hybridisation is 𝑠𝑝.
ℓp − 1

EXERCISE - 3
1. (b) A − (s), B − (p), C − (q), D − (r)
2. (c) A − (q), B − (s), C − (p), D − (r)
3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
4. (a) It is fact that aniline is better nucleophile than anilium ion. Anilium ion possesses +ve
C6 H5 NH3+ charge, which Anilium ion
reduces the tendency to donate lone pair of electrons.
7. (c) The assertion that trans-2 butene reacts with Br2 to produce meso-2, 3-dibromobutane is correct but
it involves anti addition of Br2 .
8. (d) Resonating structures contain the same number of paired electrons. However, they differ in the way
of distribution of electrons.