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Lecture 12 (Maxima/Minima & Indeterminate

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Form)

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Differentiability and Derivative: Let D ⊆ R and let x0 ∈ D
such that there exists an interval I of R satisfying x0 ∈ I ⊆ D.

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Differentiability and Derivative: Let D ⊆ R and let x0 ∈ D
such that there exists an interval I of R satisfying x0 ∈ I ⊆ D.

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A function f : D → R is said to be differentiable at x0 if
lim f (x)−f (x0 )
(or, equivalently lim f (x0 +h)−f (x0 )

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x−x0 h
) exists in R.
x→x0 h→0

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Differentiability and Derivative: Let D ⊆ R and let x0 ∈ D
such that there exists an interval I of R satisfying x0 ∈ I ⊆ D.

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A function f : D → R is said to be differentiable at x0 if
lim f (x)−f (x0 )
(or, equivalently lim f (x0 +h)−f (x0 )

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x−x0 h
) exists in R.
x→x0 h→0

If f is differentiable at x0 , then the derivative of f at x0 is

f 0 (x0 ) = lim f (x)−f
x−x0
(x0 )
= lim f (x0 +h)−f
h
(x0 )
.
x→x0 MA h→0
Differentiability and Derivative: Let D ⊆ R and let x0 ∈ D
such that there exists an interval I of R satisfying x0 ∈ I ⊆ D.

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A function f : D → R is said to be differentiable at x0 if
lim f (x)−f (x0 )
(or, equivalently lim f (x0 +h)−f (x0 )

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x−x0 h
) exists in R.
x→x0 h→0

If f is differentiable at x0 , then the derivative of f at x0 is

f 0 (x0 ) = lim f (x)−f
x−x0
(x0 )
= lim f (x0 +h)−f
h
(x0 )
.
x→x0 MA h→0

f : D → R is said to be differentiable if f is differentiable at

each x0 ∈ D.
Differentiability and Derivative: Let D ⊆ R and let x0 ∈ D
such that there exists an interval I of R satisfying x0 ∈ I ⊆ D.

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A function f : D → R is said to be differentiable at x0 if
lim f (x)−f (x0 )
(or, equivalently lim f (x0 +h)−f (x0 )

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x−x0 h
) exists in R.
x→x0 h→0

If f is differentiable at x0 , then the derivative of f at x0 is

f 0 (x0 ) = lim f (x)−f
x−x0
(x0 )
= lim f (x0 +h)−f
h
(x0 )
.
x→x0 MA h→0

f : D → R is said to be differentiable if f is differentiable at

each x0 ∈ D.

Result: If f : D → R is differentiable at x0 ∈ D, then f is

continuous at x0 .
Examples:

x n sin x1 if x =
6 0,
1. For n = 1, 2, 3, let fn (x) =
0 if x = 0.

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Examples:

x n sin x1 if x =
6 0,
1. For n = 1, 2, 3, let fn (x) =
0 if x = 0.

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x 2 if x ∈ Q,

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2. f (x) =
0 if x ∈ R \ Q.

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Rules for finding derivatives:

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Rolle’s theorem: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous, if f is
differentiable on (a, b) and if f (a) = f (b), then there exists

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c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

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Rolle’s theorem: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous, if f is
differentiable on (a, b) and if f (a) = f (b), then there exists

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c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

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Examples:
(a) The equation x 2 = x sin x + cos x has exactly two real
roots.
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Rolle’s theorem: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous, if f is
differentiable on (a, b) and if f (a) = f (b), then there exists

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c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

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Examples:
(a) The equation x 2 = x sin x + cos x has exactly two real
roots.
(b) The equation x 4 + 2x 2 − 6x + 2 = 0 has exactly two real
roots.
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Rolle’s theorem: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous, if f is
differentiable on (a, b) and if f (a) = f (b), then there exists

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c ∈ (a, b) such that f 0 (c) = 0.

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Examples:
(a) The equation x 2 = x sin x + cos x has exactly two real
roots.
(b) The equation x 4 + 2x 2 − 6x + 2 = 0 has exactly two real
roots.
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Mean value theorem: If f : [a, b] → R is continuous and if f is
differentiable on (a, b), then there exists c ∈ (a, b) such that
f (b) − f (a) = f 0 (c)(b − a).
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Result: Let f : I → R be differentiable. Then
(a) f 0 (x) = 0 for all x ∈ I iff f is constant on I .
(b) f 0 (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ I iff f is increasing on I .

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(c) f 0 (x) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ I iff f is decreasing on I .

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(d) f 0 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ I ⇒ f is strictly increasing on I .
(e) f 0 (x) < 0 for all x ∈ I ⇒ f is strictly decreasing on I .
(f) f 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ I ⇒ f is one-one on I .
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Result: Let f : I → R be differentiable. Then
(a) f 0 (x) = 0 for all x ∈ I iff f is constant on I .
(b) f 0 (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ I iff f is increasing on I .

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(c) f 0 (x) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ I iff f is decreasing on I .

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(d) f 0 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ I ⇒ f is strictly increasing on I .
(e) f 0 (x) < 0 for all x ∈ I ⇒ f is strictly decreasing on I .
(f) f 0 (x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ I ⇒ f is one-one on I .
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Examples:
x3
(a) sin x ≥ x − 6
for all x ∈ [0, π2 ].
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Definition: f : D → R has local maximum(resp. minimum) at
x0 ∈ D if there exists δ > 0 such that f (x ) ≤ f (x0 )(resp.
f (x ) ≥ f (x0 )) for all x ∈ (x0 − δ, x0 + δ) ∩ D.

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Result: If f : D → R has local maximum or local minimum at an
interior point x0 of D and if f is differentiable at x0 , then
0
f (x0 ) = 0.

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Local maximum & Local minimum : Sufficient conditions
1. First derivative test
2. Second derivative test

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Local maximum & Local minimum : Sufficient conditions
1. First derivative test
2. Second derivative test
Example: Local maxima and local minima of f , where

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f (x ) = 1 − x 2/3 for all x ∈ R.

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Result on local maxima and local minima:
Let x0 ∈ (a, b) and let n ≥ 2. Also, let f , f 0 , ..., f (n) be

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continuous on (a, b) and
f 0 (x0 ) = f 00 (x0 ) = · · · = f (n−1) (x0 ) = 0 but f (n) (x0 ) 6= 0.

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(a) If n is even and f (n) (x0 ) < 0, then f has a local maximum
at x0 .
(b) If n is even and f (n) (x0 ) > 0, then f has a local minimum
at x0 .
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(c) If n is odd, then f has neither a local maximum nor a
local minimum at x0 .
Example: Find the local maximum and local minimum value of f ,
where f (x ) = x 5 − 5x 4 + 5x 3 + 12 for all x ∈ R

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 1
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Indeterminate Forms
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 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞

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 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞
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∞ 0
I = 01 =
∞ 0
0

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 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞
1
∞ 0
I = 01 =
∞ 0
0

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1 0
I 0×∞=0× =
0 0

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 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞
1
∞ 0
I = 01 =
∞ 0
0

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1 0
I 0×∞=0× =
0 0

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1 1 1·0−1·0 0
I ∞−∞= − = =
0 0 0·0 0

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 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞
1
∞ 0
I = 01 =
∞ 0
0

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1 0
I 0×∞=0× =
0 0

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1 1 1·0−1·0 0
I ∞−∞= − = =
0 0 0·0 0
0
I Let L = 00 then log L = 0 log 0 = 0 × −∞ =
0
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 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞
1
∞ 0
I = 01 =
∞ 0
0

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1 0
I 0×∞=0× =
0 0

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1 1 1·0−1·0 0
I ∞−∞= − = =
0 0 0·0 0
0
I Let L = 00 then log L = 0 log 0 = 0 × −∞ =
0
1 0
I Let L = 1∞ then log L = ∞ log 1 = ∞ × 0 = × 0 =
MA 0 0
 0 ∞
I , , 0 × ∞, ∞ − ∞, 00 , 1∞ , ∞0
0 ∞
1
∞ 0
I = 01 =
∞ 0
0

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1 0
I 0×∞=0× =
0 0

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1 1 1·0−1·0 0
I ∞−∞= − = =
0 0 0·0 0
0
I Let L = 00 then log L = 0 log 0 = 0 × −∞ =
0
1 0
I Let L = 1∞ then log L = ∞ log 1 = ∞ × 0 = × 0 =
MA 0 0
0 0
I Let L = ∞ then log L = 0 log ∞ = 0 × ∞ =
0
L’ Hopital Rule: Let f , g : (a, b) → R be differential at
0
x0 ∈ (a, b). Suppose f (x0 ) = g(x0 ) = 0 and g (x0 ) 6= 0. Then
0
f (x ) f (x0 )
lim = 0

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x →x0 g(x ) g (x0 )
Example:

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log(sin x )
a) lim
x →0 log x
b) lim x log x
x →0
1 1
 
c) lim −
x →0 x
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sin x
1 x
 
d) lim 1 +
x →∞ x
1 x
 
e) lim 1 + 2
x →∞ x
1
f) lim √  x
x →∞ 3 x
e 1 − √3x
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L’Hopital Rule for Sequence:
Suppose the f (x ) is function defined for all x ≥ n0 and (an ) is a
sequence of real number such that an = f (n) for n ≥ n0 . Then

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lim f (x ) = L =⇒ lim an = L.
x →∞ n→∞

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Examples:

√ !

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n
a) n
e

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!
(ln n)2
b)
n
n
 
c)
ln(n)
d) (cos(2nπ))
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n
n+1

e)
n−1
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