2.

Day
Night

Land warmer Land cooler

than water than water

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Sea breeze Land breeze

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Chapter 6 − Sound ity
rs
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Quick Check 1
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A. 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True

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B. 1. MEDIUM
2. SOLID
id

3. COMPRESSIONS, RAREFACTIONS
br

4. HEAT (or LIGHT), SOUND

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Quick Check 2
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A. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. False

B. 1. DECREASES 2. PITCH 3. LOUDNESS, PITCH, TIMBRE
4. QUALITY 5. SHORTER

Quick Check 3
1. LENGTH 2. WIND 3. 20, 20000 4. 16.6 5. SONAR

73
Run-Through
I. Very Short Answer Questions.
A. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. d 6. c
B. 1. Solids, liquids 2. 332 m/s 3. Loudness
4. Above 5. Good 6. Infrasonic
C. 1. True 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True
D. 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. e 5. a
II. Short Answer Questions.
1. A large drum produces a larger sound because the amplitude of vibrations is
more.

s
es
2. This is due to the fact that the minimum distance required to hear an echo is
16.6 m.

Pr
3. Reed instruments produce sound by making air flow into a mouthpiece which
then causes reeds to vibrate and produce sound.

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4. SONAR is the acronym of Sound Navigation and Ranging. This instrument
rs
works on the principle of reflection of sound. SONAR fitted in a ship sends
ve
sound waves of high frequency, called ultrasonic sound waves, towards the
bottom of the sea. The sound is received back after it is reflected from objects at
ni

the bottom of the sea.

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5. As the amplitude of sound wave increases, loudness increases. Amplitude of

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a wave is directly proportional to the amount of energy it carries. Therefore,

greater the energy the sound wave carries, louder is the sound produced.
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6. Light travels faster than sound in air. The speed of light is 3 × 108 m/s and that
br

of sound in air is 332 m/s. Thus, lightning will be seen as soon as it occurs.
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However, the sound takes more time to reach us.

III. Long Answer Questions.
C

1. Take two tumblers and name them A and B. Keep a cellphone in tumbler A and
keep it open. Now, call up the cellphone kept in tumbler A. You will be able to
hear it ringing. Let cellphone A remain inside it. Now, take tumbler B and keep
another cellphone in it and lock it. Now, call up cellphone B.
Did you hear the phone ringing? No. This is because the tumbler is airtight.
Sound needs a medium to travel through. Thus, this experiment concludes that a
medium is needed for propagation of sound.

74
 Airtight
tumbler

Tumbler A Tumbler B
2. Tuning fork is a U-shaped instrument consisting Top
of two arms called prongs and a stem.
s
The prongs, on hitting with a rubber pad, vibrate Prong

s
es
and thus produce a sound. In all laboratory
experiments, to study about sound and

Pr
vibrations, a tuning fork of required frequency
can be used.

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3. Musical instruments are mainly grouped into Handle
stem/base
rs
stringed instruments, percussion instruments
and wind instruments. (This can be given as an
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Internet search.)
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4. The air that we breathe out, vibrates vocal cords in our sound box and thus
U

sound is produced. (This can be given as an Internet search.)

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5. Loudness of sound depends on the following:

• Amplitude of the sound: As the amplitude of sound wave increases, loudness
id

increases. Amplitude of a wave is directly proportional to the amount of

br

energy it carries. Therefore, greater the energy the sound wave carries, louder
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is the sound produced.

Amplitude
C

Amplitude Time
Time

Soft (faint) Sound Loud Sound

• D
 istance between the source of sound and the listener: If we move towards a
loudspeaker, the loudness of the sound will increase. Hence, as the distance
between the source and the listener decreases, loudness of a sound increases.
• S urface area of the vibrating body: A drum with larger area of the drumhead
requires a greater amount of energy to set into vibrations and hence, more is
the amplitude.

75
IV. Challenge
1. No, because there is vacuum and sound needs a medium for its propagation.
They communicate with each other through electronic devices.
2. Rubber band guitar:

Materials required: Metallic rectangular box and a few different coloured rubber
bands of different thickness
Procedure:

s
es
i. Wind box with the rubber bands in one loop.
ii. Pluck the rubber bands at different places.

Pr
3. • Type of medium: Sound needs particles or medium to travel. Since solids are

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the most dense state out of all the three states of matter, sound travels fastest
in solids, then second fastest in liquids and the slowest in gases.
rs
• Temperature is also a condition that affects the speed of sound. Molecules
ve
at higher temperatures have more energy, thus they can vibrate faster. Since
the molecules vibrate faster, sound waves can travel more quickly. The speed
ni

of sound in room temperature air is 346 metres per second. This is faster
U

than 331 metres per second, which is the speed of sound in air at freezing
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temperature.
4. Temperature is also a condition that affects the speed of sound. Molecules at
id

higher temperatures have more energy, thus they can vibrate faster. Since the
br

molecules vibrate faster, sound waves can travel more quickly. The speed of
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sound in room temperature air is 346 m/s. This is faster than 331 m/s which is
the speed of sound in air at freezing temperatures.
C

5. The time period is the inverse of frequency.

T = 1/f
6. Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive compressions or consecutive
rarefactions.
So, Wavelength = 2 × Distance between compression and rarefaction = 2 mm

76
 Normal
Incident wave

Reflected wave

i r

x
7. Boundary surface
Thus, the angle of incidence = angle of reflection = (90 − 25) = 65°

s
es
ENJOY SCIENCE

Pr
X B Y D S T E Y W Y E D H F U Y J T T J

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T O T U N I N G F O R K
rs O C Y I R Q P S
H R D C Q R R B V A I U C Y N P H K Z O
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G U X Z U V E G C K J A O F L V G Q I U
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P S M R A Q J F O C U F I J Y I O Y F F
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T N G R H M E V X G J W R X K B A M W S
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T R E C A W A W Q M Z Y T P X R Y C I T
J N U N S J M Z J F Q G W L S A U R L R
id

D X M U G D P U C C A Y X P G T T Z K I
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T O F G W I L V Y L D M S Y B I O R Y N
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Q F A P A K I V U M X S S V E O X Q K G
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M T O E S H T I M C V S M I V N P S A F
F I X R R Q U F W A V E L F N G T H R D
I M C C J E D S W I V N O P O Q J G B Y
O B F U N M E V H N N D I Q N R N V I R
V R K S C V X O U O P U A V O T L A H X
P E X S Q Z D K Z H P O G H U X T Z J E
B P R I A Y M N M C I L F T C G A K G I
M K S O N A R J H C T I P V O R P U W G
P R R N K R M W U Z R F I J V I V O C W

77
PICTURE SURVEY
Second wave is louder than the first one, as its amplitude is more.
Both the waves have the same frequency.

Chapter 7 − electricity and Magnetism

Quick Check 1
1. MICHAEL FARADAY 2. LARGE
3. CHANGING MAGNETIC FIELD

s
4. AMMETER 5. STRONGER 6. MAGNETISM

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Quick Check 2
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True

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rs
Quick Check 3
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1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. False 6. False

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Quick Check 4
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1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False

id

Run-Through
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I. Very Short Answer Questions

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A. 1. c 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. c
C

6. c 7. d 8. c 9. c 10. b
B. 1. False 2. False 3. True 4. True
5. True 6. True 7. False 8. True
C. 1. galvanometer 2. glass 3. metal: copper
4. dry cell 5. resistor 6. car battery
D. 1. The electric current is the flow of charged particles (electrons) through a
conducting medium, such as a wire.
2. Negatively charged sub-atomic particles revolving around the nucleus.

78
 3. A battery can be constructed by combining two or more cells.
4. The key in a circuit is used to switch on or off the electric circuit.
5. Sound a gong or make a sound like that of a gong when it is being struck.
6. Resistor is a device having resistance to the passage of an electric current.
E.

Materials

Conductors Insulators
Give 3

s
examples

es
for each 1. Iron 1. Rubber

Pr
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2. Copper rs 2. Plastic
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3. Silver 3. Glass
ni
U

II. Short Answer Questions.

A. 1. Steel retains their magnetism and are difficult to demagnetize and are called
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hard magnetic materials. These materials retain their magnetism even after
id

the removal of the applied magnetic field.

br

2. The domestic components are joined in parallel so that they can work
independent of each other and use the same voltage of 220 V. Thus, each
am

device works on its full power. Whereas, in case of series connection, the
voltage gets divided and also if one of the devices stops working, all other
C

devices connected in line will also stop working.

3. This is because our body is a good conductor of electricity and one might get
a shock.
4. The soft iron inside the coil makes the magnetic field stronger because it
becomes a magnet itself when the current is flowing. Soft iron is used because
it loses its magnetism as soon as the current stops flowing.
5. Electric wires have insulating coating around to safeguard people from
getting shock.

79
B. 1. Temporary magnet and Permanent magnet
Permanent Magnet Temporary Magnet
A magnet whose magnetism is A magnet whose magnetism is lost
not lost over due course of time is when the cause for magnetism is
called a permanent magnet. switched off, is called a temporary
magnet.
It is naturally magnetic in nature. It is an artificially-made magnet. The
magnetism is induced by electric field
Example: Lodestone
(current) or another magnet.
Example: Electromagnet
2. Alternating and Direct current

s
Direct Current Alternating Current

es
The magnitude of the current remains The magnitude of the current varies

Pr
constant with time. with time.
The current flows only in one The current reverses its direction

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direction throughout. rs after a fixed interval of time.
The direct current has zero frequency. The frequency of the AC is 50 Hz in
India.
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It can be obtained from cells or It is obtained from the AC mains

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batteries. supply and generators.

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3. Open and Closed circuits

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Open Circuit Closed Circuit

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A circuit in which the pathway of Any circuit in which the pathway

br

electric current is incomplete or of electric current is complete and

broken is called an open circuit. unbroken is called a closed circuit.
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Closed circuit Open circuit Closed circuit Open circuit

C

+ + + +

– – – –

80
 4. Circuits in Parallel and Series
Parallel Circuit Series Circuit
In the parallel circuit, the In a series circuit, all the appliances are
positive terminals of all the connected one after the other, i.e., the
appliances are connected positive terminal of one is connected to the
together and so are the negative terminal of the other and so on.
negative terminals.
In parallel connection, the In series connection, all the appliances work
appliances connected work simultaneously when current is switched
independently as they have on and stop working simultaneously when
individual switches. current is switched off.
C. 1. electromagnetism

s
es
2. Whenever a magnetic field linked with a circuit changes with time, an
electric current is induced in the circuit. This effect is popularly known as

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electromagnetic induction.
3. A magnet whose magnetism is lost when the cause for magnetism is switched

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off, is called a temporary magnet. rs
4. The electromagnets are used in:
ve
i. ammeters, galvanometers, etc.
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ii. electric doorbells

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5. Main parts of an electric bell are:

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i. Electromagnet
ii. Battery
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iii. Contact screw

br

iv. Spring
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v. Hammer
C

vi. Gong
6. The frequency of alternating current is 50 Hz.
III. Long Answer Questions.
1. Materials that allow electricity to pass through them are called conductors.
Copper, silver, gold, aluminium, steel, lead, iron, brass, tin and human body are a
few examples of electrical conductors.
2. In mobile phones, trucks and cars, we use storage cells or rechargeable cells.
When an electric current is passed through these cells, a reverse chemical
reaction takes place and the original chemical is restored. These cells can be used
multiple times by recharging them. Such cells are called secondary cells. As these
cells can accumulate electricity, they are also known as storage cells.

81
3. Charges do not flow in a wire or any other conductor by themselves. Electrons
move along the conductor in the same direction only if there is a difference of
electric pressure, known as the potential difference in the form of a battery or a
cell.
The direction of an electric current is by convention the direction in which a
positive charge would move. This movement is opposite to the direction of flow
of electrons.
Conductor Conventional flow
Electron flow
— — — — —
— — — — —

s
es
– +

Pr
Battery

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4. Construction rs
The dry cell consists of a carbon electrode packed in a porous pot. The space
ve
around the carbon rod is filled with manganese dioxide and activated charcoal.
The porous pot is immersed in a jelly-like substance which is a mixture of
ni

ammonium chloride, gelatin and a little amount of water. The entire arrangement
U

is kept in a cylindrical case made of thick zinc. The zinc container is again
covered with a non-conducting case which was made of cardboard in earlier
ge

days and other non-conducting materials are used in recent days. A brass cap is
fixed with the carbon rod.
id

Brass cap
br
am

Carbon rod (C)

C

Mixture of activated
charcoal and manganese Protective
dioxide (MnO2) covering
Ammonium chloride
(NH4Cl) jelly Zinc casing
Working
In the above arrangement, a chemical reaction occurs and liberates free electrons.
In the cell, the carbon rod acts as a positive terminal and zinc base acts as a
negative terminal. When an electric component, such as a bulb or buzzer, is
connected in between the brass cap and the base, the free electrons move around
the circuit and constitute an electric current. Hence, the bulb or the buzzer works.

82
 5. Repulsion is a sure test for magnetism. When we bring like poles closer to each
other (S−S, N−N), the magnets will repel each other. On the other hand, if we
bring unlike poles of two magnets closer to each other (N−S or S−N), they will
attract each other.
F F
S N N S
Repulsion
F F
N S S N

If a magnet attracts another object,

F weFcannot say for sure that the other
3.
object is a magnet, as magnetic materialsNsuch as, iron,
N S S nickel and cobalt are
Attraction
also attracted towards a magnet. But
F ifF the magnet repels the object, then we
4. the
can surely say that S other object
N is a magnet.
S This
N is because like poles of a

s
magnet repel each other. So, repulsion is a sure test for a magnet.

es
IV. Challenge

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1. This is because the path through which the electrons can flow is broken and
hence electron flow stops. So, there is no electric current in the circuit.

ity
2. Water is a good conductor of electricity. It is a safety advice not to touch or
rs
repair any electrical appliance with wet hands as electric current can easily flow
through it and one might get an electric shock.
ve

3. Parallel arrangement of lights.

ni

4. This is because of the fact that bulbs are arranged in parallel and hence each
U

bulb can work independently.

ge

5. Charges do not flow in a wire or any other conductor by themselves. Electrons

move along the conductor in the same direction only if there is a difference of
id

electric pressure, known as the potential difference in the form of a battery or a cell.
br

6. A magnet has two poles, namely, North pole and South pole. The strength of a
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magnet is maximum at the poles and minimum at its centre.

C

83
ENJOY SCIENCE
1P

R
I
M
2D A
I 3T H E R M O C O L
4S T O R A G E Y

s
E M

es
C P

Pr
T 5C O N D U C T O R S

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R
A
rs
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R
ni

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id

PICTURE SURVEY
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The right ones (both)

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Textbook Worksheets
C

RAPID FIRE 1
1. 1/1000 2. RECTILINEAR 3. WEIGHT
4. m2 5. OSCILLATORY 6. MASS, VOLUME
7. COMBINED 8. DENSITY 9. SPEED
10. VECTORS  11. SPEED  12. 4°C
13. INSTANTANEOUS  14. GRAVITATIONAL

84
RAPID FIRE 2
1V 2L

3B
I I
4R R 5V I B G Y O R
6C 7K E T O H
8W 9S
Y I F U N M T
10T
A N L I A A
11I N C I D E N C E 12N U C L E U S
D T C D S
A I T M
13H Y D R O 14E L E C T R I C I T Y

s
N O L

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15G R E E N N L

Pr
R S
G

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Y
rs
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RAPID FIRE 3
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1. SOUND  2. TEMPERATURE  3. COMPRESSION

U

4. SOLENOID  5. THERMOMETER  6. RAREFACTION

7. FREQUENCY  8. ELECTROMAGNETISM  9. BULB
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10. FREEZING 11. LOUDNESS 12. PITCH

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13. QUALITY 14. EVAPORATION 15. GALVANOMETER

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16. CONDUCTION 17. INSULATORS

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Practice Test Paper 1

C

I. 1. SPEED 2. OSCILLATORY 3. HYDROENERGY

4. SECONDARY 5. RANDOM
II. 1. False 2. False 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False
8. True 9. False 10. True
III. 1. MASS 2. AREA 3. GRAVITATIONAL 4. REAL IMAGES 5. MAGENTA
IV. 1. Laws of reflection govern the reflection of light rays by any smooth surface.
First law: The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the surface of the
mirror, all lie in the same plane.
Second law: Angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection.

85
 2. Different forms of energy are:
• mechanical energy–−kinetic energy and potential energy
• light energy
• sound energy
• heat energy
• electrical energy
• magnetic energy
• chemical energy
• muscular energy
• nuclear energy
3. Speed is defined as the rate of change of motion. Speed is also defined as the
ratio of distance travelled to the time taken.

s
es
∴ Speed = Distance covered
Time taken

Pr
Instantaneous speed is the distance travelled by an object at a given instant.
Meanwhile, the average speed is the total distance travelled by an object over a

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certain measurable time interval. rs
∴ Arrange Speed = Total distance travelled by an object
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Total time taken
4. Imagine that you are sitting in a car moving on a road. Your body will keep
ni

moving along with the car. But, you do not feel that your body is moving. It
U

appears so because the position of your body does not change with respect to
the driver and the seat on which you are sitting in the car. As you look outside
ge

towards the trees and buildings, you will observe that you are moving. This
is because, your body is in motion with respect to the trees or other reference
id

points outside the car.

br

From this example, we can conclude that an object appearing to be in motion

am

with respect to one reference point, may appear to be at rest with respect to
some other reference point. Thus, rest and motion are relative.
C

5. Physical quantities which can be described only by their magnitude (numerical

value) but not by the direction are called scalars. Examples are mass, distance
travelled, density, area, volume, temperature and speed.
Physical quantities which can be described both by magnitude and direction are
called vectors. Examples of vectors are weight, displacement, force and velocity.

Practice Test Paper 2

I. 1. SOUND WAVES 2. SEA BREEZE 3. TURNS
4. LECLANCHE 5. THERMOS

86
II. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True
6. False (CHANGING PRESSURE ALSO) 7. True 8. True 9. False
10. True
III. 1. CONVECTION 2. DECIBEL 3. ELECTROMAGNET
4. RESISTORS 5. ALTERNATING
IV. 1. An electromagnet is a piece of iron, generally a soft iron called core, with an
insulated copper wire wrapped around it. The free ends of the wire are connected
to the terminals of a battery. As the current flows through the wire, it produces a
magnetic field around itself.
This magnetic field then magnetises the iron bar enclosed within the wire. As the
iron bar gets magnetised, it starts behaving like a magnet. This type of magnet is

s
known as an electromagnet.

es
2. Sound is produced by vibrating objects. For example, if you place your fingers

Pr
gently on your throat while talking, you will be able to feel vibrations. Thus,
sound is defined as an energy that is carried by waves produced by vibrating

ity
objects.
When we throw a pebble in the water, it creates ripples in the water called water
rs
waves. Likewise, when a sound is produced, vibrations are created which enable
ve
us to hear the sound.
ni

3. In a series connection, devices are connected back-to-back. In series electric

U

circuits, the devices work simultaneously as the current flows through them one
after the other. If we look at the figure, the three devices are connected to the
ge

source battery in series one after the other. If any of the devices that are in series
stops working, all the other devices will also stop working. This is because the
id

circuit no longer remains complete (circuit breaks) as the devices have a single
br

pathway for current to flow (refer figure 7.15).

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4. Direct current: Torch, wall clock, watch, remote control, etc.

Alternating current: TV, microwave, fan, tubelight
C

5. a. Amplitude: The maximum Crest

displacement of a wave
from its mean position is
called amplitude. The SI Wavelength
Displacement

unit used to measure Amplitude

amplitude is metre (m). Wave
b. Frequency: The number height Mean position
of vibrations produced by
a vibrating body in one Time
second is called frequency.
It is denoted by the letter Trough

87
 f or n. The SI unit used to measure frequency is hertz (Hz). If any particle
produces one vibration in one second, then its frequency is 1 Hz.
c. Time period: The time taken by a particle to complete one vibration or
oscillation is called the time period. The SI unit used to measure the time
period of a wave is second (s).

Logical-Reasoning
1. B 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. E 7. B 8. A 9. E
10. C 11. D 12. A 13. D 14. D 15. A 16. B

A to Z Task

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es
1. AREA 2. BIOMASS 3. COMPLEMENTARY
4. DEPOSITION 5. ECHO 6. FORCE

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7. GONG 8. HERTZ 9. INCIDENT RAY

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10. JOULE 11. KINETIC rs
12. LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
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13. MAGNETIC FIELD 14. NUCLEAR 15. OPAQUE
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16. PARAMETER 17. QUANTUM MECHANICS

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18. REAL IMAGES 19. SUN 20. TIDAL ENERGY

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21. UNIFORM 22. VOLUME 23. WEIGHT

24. X-RAY IMAGES 25. Y-AXIS 26. ZETTA
id
br
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C

88