RxeweÁvb, PZz _ © Aa¨vq
beg-
Rxebxkw³
1| mv‡jvKms‡kølY Kv‡K e‡j?
m~‡h©i Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z evqyi Kve©b WvBA·vBW I Rjxq ev‡®úi mvnv‡h¨ meyR Dw™¢‡`i †K¬v‡ivcøv‡÷ kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨
ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K mv‡jvKms‡kølY e‡j|
Av‡jv
6CO2 +12H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2
†K¬v‡ivwdj
2| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Av‡jvK wbf©i ch©vq eY©bv Ki|
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Av‡jvK ch©v‡q Av‡jv Acwinvh©| Gav‡c m~‡h©i Av‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ cvwb †f‡O Aw·‡Rb, B‡jKUªb Ges
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Avqb ˆZwi K‡i| Gai‡bi cvwbi wefvRb‡K cvwbi mv‡jvK wefvRb ev d‡UvjvBwmm e‡j| wecyj cwigvY
Av‡jvK kw³ ivmvqwbK kw³ wn‡m‡e ATP Ges NADH2 ivmvqwbK c`v‡_© mÂvwiZ K‡i| Av‡jvK kw³ e¨envi K‡i
ATP ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K d‡UvdmdivB‡jkb e‡j| d‡UvdmdivB‡jkb `yBfv‡e m¤úbœ nq| h_v: Pµxq Ges APµxq|
3| C3 ch©vq eY©bv Ki|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv Av‡jvK I AÜKvi Dfq ch©v‡qB m¤úbœ nq| AÜKvi ch©vq `yBfv‡e m¤úbœ nq| h_v: C3 Ges C4
Pµ| wb‡P C3 eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
†Kv‡l Aew¯’Z 5 Kve©b wewkó ivBey‡jvR-1,5-WvB dm‡dU CO2 Gi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i 6 Kve©b hy³ A¯’vqx wK‡Uv GwmW
ˆZwi K‡i| GwU mv‡_ mv‡_ †f‡O 3 Kve©bhy³ 2 AYy dm‡dv wMømvwiK GwmW ‰Zwi K‡i| Av‡jvK ch©v‡q Drcbœ ATP Ges
NADPH2 e¨envi K‡i dm‡dv wMømvwiK GwmW †f‡O 3-dm‡dv wMømvivwìnvBW Ges WvB-nvB‡Wªvw· Gwm‡Uvb dm‡dU
ˆZwi K‡i| µgvMZ wewµqvi gva¨‡g 3-dm‡dv wMømvivwìnvBW Ges WvB-nvB‡Wªvw· Gwm‡Uvb dm‡dU GKw`‡K kK©iv Ges
Ab¨w`‡K ivBey‡jvR-1,5-WvB dm‡dU ˆZwi K‡i| GB ivBey‡jvR-1,5-WvB dm‡dU cybivq C3 P‡µ AskMÖnY K‡i|
4| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi evwn¨K cÖfveKmg~n eY©bv Ki|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv wbqš¿b K‡i †h mKj Dcv`vb, Zv‡`i‡K mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi cÖfveK e‡j| GB cÖfveK `yB ai‡bi|
h_v: evwn¨K cÖfveK Ges Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK| wb‡P evwn¨K cÖfveK eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
(i) Av‡jv: Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi e„w× cvq|
(ii) Kve©b WvBA·vBW: Kve©b WvBA·vBW Qvov mv‡jvKms‡kølY nq bv| Kve©b WvBA·vBW †ewk cwigv‡Y _vK‡j
mv‡jvKms‡kølY †ewk nq| Z‡e Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY A‡bK †ewk †e‡o †M‡j mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq|
(iii) ZvcgvÎv: mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi AZ¨vbyKzj ZvcgvÎv 220 - 350 †mjwmqvm| Z‡e 00 †mjwmqv‡mi wb‡P Ges 450
ZvcgvÎvi Dc‡i mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
(iv) cvwb: cvwbi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq| cvwbi NvUwZ n‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølY nvi K‡g hvq|
(v) Aw·‡Rb: evZv‡m Aw·‡Rb: evZv‡m Aw·‡R‡bii NbZ¡ †e‡o †M‡j mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq Avi Aw·‡R‡bi
NbZ¡ K‡g †M‡j mv‡jvKms‡kølb nvi †e‡o hvq|
(vi) LwbR c`v_©: †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji cÖavb DcKiY n‡”Q bvB‡Uªv‡Rb Ges g¨vM‡bwmqvg| †jvnvi Abycyw¯’wZ‡Z cvZv †K¬v‡ivwdj
ms‡kølY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, d‡j cvZv njy` n‡q hvq| Kv‡RB gvwU‡Z Gme LwbR c`v‡_©i cwigvY Z‡g †M‡j
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq|
(vii) ivmvqwbK c`v_©: evZv‡m †K¬v‡ivdg©, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW, wg‡_b ev †Kv‡bv welA³ M¨vm _vK‡j mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi
e¨vNvZ N‡U ev G‡Kev‡iB eÜ n‡q hvq|
5| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Af¨šÍixY cÖfveKmg~n eY©bv Ki|
mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv wbqš¿b K‡i †h mKj Dcv`vb, Zv‡`i‡K mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi cÖfveK e‡j| GB cÖfveK `yB ai‡bi|
h_v: evwn¨K cÖfveK Ges Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK| wb‡P Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
(i) †K¬v‡ivwdj: †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY m¤úbœ nq| ZvB †K¬v‡ivwd‡ji Abycyw¯ÍwZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡kølY nq
bv|
(ii) cvZvi eqm I msL¨v: ga¨eqmx cvZvq mv‡jvKms‡kølY me‡P‡q †ewk nq|
(iii) kK©ivi cwigvY: AwZwi³ kK©ivi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi MwZ gš’i n‡q hvq|
(iv) cUvwkqvg: cUvwkqv‡gi Afv‡e mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi nvi K‡g hvq|
(v) GbRvBg: mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ GbRvBg cÖ‡qvRb nq|
6| RxeRM‡Z mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ wb¤œiƒc:
(i) Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ ˆZwi: mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ ˆZwi nq|
(ii) cÖvwYKz‡ji Lv`¨ mieivn: mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g Dw™¢` Lv`¨ ‰Zwi K‡i Avi cÖvYxKzj Dw™¢` †_‡K Lv`¨ cvq|
(iii) kw³i Drm: cÖwZwU Rx‡ei Rxebavi‡Yi Rb kw³ `iKvi| GB kw³ Av‡m Lv`¨ †_‡K| Avi Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i Dw™¢`|
(iv) cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿv: mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqvq Dw™¢` Kve©b WvBA·vBW MÖnY K‡i Avi Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i
cwi‡ek‡K `~lYgy³ iv‡L|
(v) gvbe mf¨Zvq Ae`vb: gvbe mf¨Zvq mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Yi f~wgKv Acwimxg| Kqjv, †c‡Uªvj, †K‡ivwmb, KvMR, R¡vjvbx,
AmevecÎ, Ilya BÎw` meB Dw™¢ †_‡K cvIqv hvq|
7| mv‡jvKms‡køl‡Y Av‡jvi Acwinvh©Zv cixÿvi gva¨‡g cÖgvY Ki|
cixÿvi DcKiY: U‡e jvMv‡bv meyR cvZv wewkó GKwU MvQ, Kv‡jv KvMR, Gj‡Kvnj, Av‡qvwWb `ªeY, wK¬c| (cixÿvi
Av‡M MvQwU‡K AšÍZ 48 NÈv AÜKv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|)
Kvh©c×wZ: GKwU cvZvi GKvs‡ki Dfq w`K Kv‡jv KvMR w`‡q Ave„Z K‡i wK¬c w`‡q AvUwK‡q †`B †hb H As‡k m~h©v‡jvK
cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| Gici MvQmn UewU‡K m~h©v‡jv‡K †i‡L †`B| GK NÈv ci cvZvwU‡K wQu‡o G‡b Gj‡Kvn‡j wm×
Kwi hv‡Z K‡i †K¬v‡ivwdj gy³ nq| Gevi wm× cvZvwU‡K Av‡qvwWb `ªe‡Y WzevB|
ch©‡eÿY: Av‡qvwWb `ªeY †_‡K DwV‡q Avb‡j †`Lv hv‡e Kv‡jv KvMR w`‡q Ave„Z Ask Qvov evwK meUzKz AskB bxj (Mvp
†e¸wb ev Kv‡jv) e‡Y©i n‡q‡Q|
wm×všÍ: †k¦Zmvi I Av‡qvwWb `ªe‡Yi mv‡_ wewµqv K‡i †k¦Zmvi bxj (Mvp †e¸wb ev Kv‡jv) e‡Y©i nq| Kv‡jv KvMR w`‡q
Ave„Z As‡k m~h©v‡jvK †cuvQv‡Z cv‡iwb, ZvB H As‡k mv‡jvKms‡kølY nqwb, A_©vr †k¦Zmvi cÖ¯‘Z nqwb| †k¦Zmvi cÖ¯‘Z
nqwb e‡j H As‡k Av‡qvwWb `ªe‡Y wewµqv K‡i bxj (Mvp †e¸wb ev Kv‡jv) nqwb| GZ cÖgvwYZ nq mv‡jvKms‡kølY Z_v
†k¦Zmvi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ m~hv© ‡jvK Acwinvh©|
8| k¦mb Kv‡K e‡j? mevZ k¦mb Ges AevZ k¦m‡bi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Ki|
Aw·‡Rb mn‡hv‡M Lv`¨e¯‘ RvwiZ n‡q kw³ Ges Kve©b WvBA·vBW ˆZwii cÖwµqv‡K k¦mb e‡j| mevZ k¦mb Ges AevZ
k¦m‡bi Zzjbv wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv:
‰ewkó¨ mevZ k¦mb AevZ k¦mb
1| Aw·‡Rb 1| Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb nq| 1| Aw·‡Rb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
2| cvBiæwfK Gwm‡Wi RviY 2| cvBiæwfK Gwm‡Wi m¤ú~Y© RviY 2| cvBiæwfK Gwm‡Wi AvswkK RviY
nq| nq|
3| ATP Drcv`b 3| GK AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 38 wU 3| GK AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 2 wU ATP
ATP Drcbœ nq| Drcbœ nq|
4| Drcbœ `ªe¨ 4| cÖwZ AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 6 AYy CO2 4| cÖwZ AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 2 AYy CO2
Ges 6 AYy H2O Drcbœ nq| Ges 2 AYy B_vbj A_ev ïaygvÎ 2 AYy
j¨vKwUK GwmW Drcbœ nq| †Kv‡bv
cvwb Drcbœ nq bv|
9| mevZ k¦mb eY©bv Ki|
evZv‡mi Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †h k¦mb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq Zv‡K mevZ k¦mb e‡j| mevZ k¦mb Pvi av‡c m¤úbœ nq| wb‡P
G¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
MøvB‡KvjvBwmm: G av‡c GK AYy Møy‡KvR `yB AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW, 2 wU NADH2, 4 wU ATP ˆZwi nq| Gi g‡a¨ 2 wU
ATP LiP n‡q hvq|
A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G m„wó: G av‡c cÖwZ AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW †_‡K 1 AYy A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G, 1 AYy CO2, Ges 1 wU
NADH2 Drcbœ nq| Gfv‡e 2 AYy cvBiæwfK GwmW †_‡K 2 AYy A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G, 2 AYy CO2, Ges 4 wU NADH2
Drcbœ nq|
†µem Pµ: G av‡c cÖwZ AYy A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G †_‡K 2 AYy CO2, 3 wU NADH2, 1 wU FADH2 Ges 1 wU GTP
Drcbœ nq| G wn‡m‡e `yB AYy A¨vwmUvBj †Kv-G †_‡K 4 AYy CO2, 6 wU NADH2, 2 wU FADH2 Ges 2 wU GTP
Drcbœ nq|
B‡jKUªb cÖevnZš¿: Dc‡ii av‡c Drcbœ nIqv cÖwZ AYy NADH2 †_‡K 3 AYy ATP, cÖwZ AYy FADH2 †_‡K 2 AYy
ATP, cÖwZ AYy NADH2 †_‡K 1 AYy ATP|
Gfv‡e GK AYy Møy‡KvR †_‡K 38 wU ATP Drcbœ nq|
10| k¦m‡bi evwn¨K cÖfveKmg~n eY©bv Ki|
k¦mb cÖwµqv wbqš¿b K‡i †h mKj Dcv`vb, Zv‡`i‡K k¦m‡bi cÖfveK e‡j| GB cÖfveK `yB ai‡bi| h_v: evwn¨K cÖfveK
Ges Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK| wb‡P evwn¨K cÖfveK eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
(i) ZvcgvÎv: 200 †mjwmqv‡mi wb‡P Ges 450 †mjwmqv‡mi Dc‡i ZvcgvÎvq k¦m‡bi nvi K‡g hvq| k¦m‡bi Rb¨ DËg
ZvcgvÎv 200 †mjwmqvm †_‡K 450 †mjwmqvm|
(ii) Aw·‡Rb: Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY Z‡g †M‡j k¦m‡bi nvi K‡g hvq|
(iii) cvwb: AZ¨šÍ Kg ev AwZwi³ cvwbi cÖfv‡e k¦m‡bi nvi K‡g hvq|
(iv) Av‡jv: Av‡jvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z k¦m‡bi nvi †e‡o hvq|
(v) Kve©b WvBA·vBW: Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cÖfv‡e k¦m‡bi nvi K‡g hvq|
11| k¦m‡bi Af¨šÍixY cÖfveKmg~n eY©bv Ki|
k¦mb cÖwµqv wbqš¿b K‡i †h mKj Dcv`vb, Zv‡`i‡K k¦m‡bi cÖfveK e‡j| GB cÖfveK `yB ai‡bi| h_v: evwn¨K cÖfveK
Ges Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK| wb‡P Af¨šÍixY cÖfveK eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
(i) Lv`¨`ªe¨: k¦mb cÖwµqvq Lv`¨`ªe¨ †f‡O kw³, cvwb Ges CO2 wbM©Z nq, ZvB †Kv‡l Lv`¨`ª‡e¨i cwigvY I aib k¦mb nvi
wbqš¿Y K‡i|
(ii) Dr‡mPK: wewfbœ cÖKvi GbRvBg k¦m‡bi nvi wbqš¿Y K‡i|
(iii) †Kv‡li eqm: eq¯‹ †Kv‡l k¦m‡bi nvi †ewk|
(iv) A‰Re jeY: ch©vß A‰Re je‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z k¦m‡bi nvi mwVKfv‡e eRvq _v‡K|
(v) †Kvlga¨¯’ cvwb: wewfbœ k¦mwbK e¯‘ `ªexf~Z Ki‡Z Ges GbRvB‡gi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ cvwb cÖ‡qvRb|
12| k¦m‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki|
k¦m‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
(i) kw³ Drcv`b: k¦m‡bi d‡j †h kw³ Drcbœ nq, Zv Rx‡ei me ai‡bi wµqv-wewµqv, Kvh©Kjvc, e„wׇZ mvnvh¨ K‡i|
(ii) mv‡jvKms‡kølY wbqš¿Y: k¦m‡bi d‡j †h CO2 Drcbœ nq, Zv mv‡jvKms‡kølY cÖwµqv wbqš¿Y K‡i|
(iii) B_vbj ˆZwi: wKQz wKQz e¨vK‡Uwiqv Aw·‡R‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z euvP‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡`i kw³ Drcv`‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq
n‡jv AevZ k¦mb| GB AevZ k¦m‡bi d‡j B_vbj Drcbœ nq| wewfbœ wk‡í Gfv‡e B_vbj ˆZwi Kiv nq|
(iv) iæwU †dvjv‡Z: cvDiæwU gq`v‡Z B÷ †gkv‡bv nq hv AevZ k¦m‡bi gva¨‡g CO2 Drcbœ K‡i| GB CO2 cvDiywU
†dvjv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
13| Ôkw³ gy`ªvÕ ej‡Z Kx eyS?
ATP †K Ô‰Re gy`ªvÕ e‡j|