CHAPTER ONE

1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Security is a fundamental concern for individuals and organizations alike, with increasing cases
of unauthorized access and theft posing significant risks to homes, offices, and businesses.
Traditionally, door security relied on mechanical locks or standalone alarms, but these systems
often fail to provide the real-time monitoring and flexibility required to address modern security
challenges.

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the approach to security systems,
enabling smarter, more efficient solutions. IoT-based security systems allow devices to
communicate with one another and provide users with remote access and real-time notifications.
This has significantly enhanced security management, making it more reliable and user-friendly.

A door security alarm system is a practical example of IoT in action, offering an automated way
to detect and respond to unauthorized door openings. By integrating components like a magnetic
door sensor and NodeMCU microcontroller, such systems can detect door status changes and
trigger alarms. The incorporation of platforms like CADIO further simplifies the process,
enabling easy configuration and operation without requiring coding expertise.

In recent years, IoT adoption in security systems has surged due to its affordability and user-
friendly designs. The chart below illustrates the increasing adoption rates of IoT-based security
systems globally (2018–2025), emphasizing the growing interest in smarter and more efficient
solutions:

Figure 1.1: IoT Security System Adoption Rates (2018–2025)

This project focuses on developing a door security alarm system tailored to modern security
needs. The system utilizes a magnetic door sensor to detect door activity, a buzzer to provide
immediate auditory alerts, and the CADIO platform for remote monitoring and control. Unlike
traditional setups, this system offers a cost-effective, scalable, and user-friendly solution suitable
for both residential and commercial applications.

In a world where security threats are evolving, IoT-based solutions like this project not only
address immediate security concerns but also provide the foundation for smarter, more connected
environments. The affordability and simplicity of this system make it accessible to a wide
audience, offering a meaningful contribution to the advancement of smart security technologies.

2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The growing importance of security in homes and offices has underscored the limitations of
traditional systems like mechanical locks and standalone alarms. These conventional solutions
often lack real-time monitoring and the ability to notify users promptly when unauthorized
access occurs. As a result, users are left vulnerable to theft, intrusions, and other security
breaches, particularly in situations where immediate response is critical.

Moreover, many advanced security systems available today come with challenges such as high
costs and complex configurations, deterring widespread adoption. For small businesses and
homeowners, these solutions may be financially and technically inaccessible, leaving a gap in the
market for affordable and easy-to-use alternatives.

This project addresses these issues by introducing a door security alarm system that is cost-
effective, user-friendly, and easy to implement. The system uses a magnetic door sensor to detect
door activity and triggers a buzzer alarm to notify users of potential security breaches.
Leveraging the CADIO platform, the system offers remote control and monitoring capabilities
without the need for programming expertise.

The key problems this project seeks to solve include:

1. The lack of real-time monitoring and notifications in traditional security systems.

2. The high cost and technical barriers of existing smart security solutions.
3. The need for a scalable and adaptable system that can be tailored to various
environments, from residential homes to small offices.

By bridging the gap between affordability and functionality, this project aims to deliver a reliable
and accessible solution to enhance door security, ensuring peace of mind for users.

3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of this project is to design and implement a door security alarm system. By
integrating IoT through the CADIO platform, the system aims to deliver an affordable and user-
friendly solution for both residential and commercial applications.
The objectives of the project are as follows:
  To design a door security alarm system
 To implement the door security alarm system

These objectives form the foundation of the project, ensuring it meets both technical and
practical requirements while addressing real-world security challenges.

4 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION

The need for reliable, accessible, and cost-effective security systems has never been greater,
especially as security threats in both residential and commercial environments continue to
evolve. Traditional door security systems, such as mechanical locks or standalone alarms, often
fall short in providing real-time monitoring or alerts, leaving users vulnerable to theft and
unauthorized access.

This project addresses these limitations by integrating IoT technology to create a door security
alarm system that is both practical and efficient. Using a magnetic door sensor to detect door
activity, the system triggers an audible alarm via a buzzer whenever unauthorized access is
detected. The incorporation of the CADIO platform allows users to monitor and manage the
system remotely, offering additional convenience without the complexity of coding.

Key benefits of this project include:

 Enhanced Security: The system provides immediate alerts through the buzzer and real-
time monitoring via the CADIO app, ensuring quick responses to potential breaches.
 Affordability: By utilizing readily available components like the NodeMCU and CADIO
platform, the project offers a cost-effective alternative to expensive commercial security
systems.
 Ease of Use: The no-code configuration of the CADIO platform ensures that even users
with minimal technical expertise can set up and operate the system efficiently.
 Scalability: The system's design allows for easy expansion, enabling users to integrate
additional sensors or features in the future.

4.1 ALIGNMENT WITH MODERN NEEDS

With the increasing availability of IoT technology, there is a demand for solutions that provide
both functionality and simplicity. This project meets these demands by delivering a smart
security system that is accessible to homeowners, small business operators, and organizations
seeking effective yet affordable security options.

By addressing common issues such as high costs, lack of real-time alerts, and complex setups in
traditional systems, this project not only improves security outcomes but also contributes to the
broader adoption of IoT-based technologies in everyday life.
5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this project is to design and implement a door security alarm system using a
magnetic door sensor, NodeMCU, buzzer, and the CADIO platform. This section outlines the
boundaries, features, and applications of the system while addressing its limitations.

5.1 COVERAGE OF THE STUDY

HARDWARE COMPONENTS

 Magnetic Door Sensor: Detects door activity (open or closed status).

 NodeMCU (ESP8266): Serves as the system’s microcontroller, enabling communication
with the CADIO platform and activating the buzzer.
 Buzzer: Produces an alarm sound when the door sensor detects an unauthorized opening.
 9V Power Supply: Powers the NodeMCU and other components.

SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION

CADIO Platform: Provides a no-code interface for system setup, including GPIO pin
configuration and alert settings. It also enables remote control and monitoring via a mobile app.

FUNCTIONALITIES

 Real-Time Alerts: The buzzer immediately notifies users of unauthorized access.

 Remote Monitoring: The CADIO platform allows users to track system status through the
mobile app.
 Ease of Setup: Eliminates the need for programming expertise through pre-configured
firmware.

APPLICATIONS

1. Ideal for residential homes to enhance door security.

2. Suitable for small businesses, ensuring quick alerts during unauthorized access.
3. Can be expanded to include more sensors for larger environments.

5.2 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. Dependence on Wi-Fi: The system relies on a stable internet connection for remote
monitoring and app notifications.
 2. Limited Features: Advanced capabilities such as motion detection, camera integration, or
mobile push notifications are not included in this design.
3. Specific Focus: The project is limited to door security and does not address broader home
automation or multi-point entry systems.

5.3 WHY THIS SCOPE WAS CHOSEN

The scope is intentionally focused on essential security features that balance functionality,
affordability, and ease of use. By prioritizing basic yet effective components and functionalities,
the project remains accessible to a wide range of users. This defined scope also ensures that the
system is cost-effective and practical within the constraints of time, resources, and expertise
while leaving room for future enhancements.

6 ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT

This project report is systematically divided into five chapters, ensuring a logical flow of
information from the introduction to the final conclusions and recommendations. Each chapter is
designed to build upon the previous one, providing a clear and comprehensive understanding of
the study.

Chapter One: Introduction

This chapter sets the foundation of the project, presenting the background of the study, problem
statement, aim and objectives, project justification, scope, and organization of the report. It
establishes the importance of the project and outlines its contributions to addressing real-world
security challenges.

Chapter Two: Literature Review

This chapter examines existing research and advancements in door security systems, IoT
technology, and their applications. It identifies gaps in the current systems and demonstrates how
this project fills those gaps by providing an affordable and user-friendly solution.

Chapter Three: Methodology

This chapter explains the step-by-step approach used in designing and implementing the system.
It includes details on hardware components, software configuration, system integration, and
testing procedures to ensure the system functions as intended.

Chapter Four: System Testing, Results, and Discussion

This chapter presents the results of the testing phase, analysing the system’s performance in
terms of responsiveness, reliability, and ease of use. It discusses how well the project objectives
were achieved and addresses any limitations encountered during implementation.
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations

The final chapter summarizes the key findings of the project, draws conclusions based on the
results, and offers recommendations for future improvements. It highlights the contributions of
the system to enhancing door security and its potential for further development.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 INTRODUCTION

The literature review aspect off this project report provides an overview of existing studies,
theories, and practices related to door security alarm systems and their integration with IoT
technologies. This chapter aims to establish the academic and technical foundation for the project
by analysing previous works, identifying key components and methodologies, and highlighting
the gaps that this project seeks to address.

As IoT continues to revolutionize various industries, its application in security systems has
gained significant attention. This review explores how IoT technologies have enhanced door
security systems' functionality, reliability, and user accessibility while addressing associated
challenges. Additionally, it evaluates the components used in such systems and compares
different IoT platforms for building effective solutions.

2.2 IOT IN SECURITY SYSTEMS

The Internet of Things (IoT) has transformed security systems by integrating devices and
technologies that enable real-time monitoring, automation, and remote management. IoT-
powered security solutions leverage interconnected sensors, microcontrollers, and cloud
platforms to address challenges in traditional systems, such as the lack of responsiveness and
scalability. This section examines how IoT technologies enhance security systems, focusing on
their benefits, key components, and applications in door security alarm systems.

2.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF IOT IN SECURITY SYSTEMS

 REAL-TIME MONITORING AND ALERTS: IoT systems enable real-time detection of

unauthorized access, providing immediate alerts via mobile apps, emails, or text
messages. This ensures rapid responses to potential breaches, reducing risks associated
with delayed actions.
 REMOTE ACCESSIBILITY: IoT allows users to control and monitor their security
systems from anywhere, provided there is internet connectivity. This capability is
particularly valuable for travellers and business owners managing multiple locations.
 AUTOMATION: IoT-enabled systems automate tasks such as triggering alarms,
notifying authorities, and logging access events. Automation reduces the reliance on
manual intervention, improving efficiency and reliability.
 INTEGRATION WITH SMART ECOSYSTEMS: IoT security systems can be integrated
with other smart devices, such as CCTV cameras, lighting systems, or smart locks,
creating a comprehensive security ecosystem.
 COST EFFICIENCY: IoT eliminates the need for traditional, hardware-intensive setups
by leveraging cloud-based platforms and affordable microcontrollers like the NodeMCU.

2.2.2 IOT IN DOOR SECURITY SYSTEMS

IoT-based door security systems typically include:

  SENSORS: Magnetic door sensors detect the open or closed status of a door. Motion
sensors can identify movement near the door to enhance security further.
 MICROCONTROLLERS: Devices like NodeMCU or Arduino serve as the system's
brain, processing signals from sensors and controlling outputs like buzzers or
notifications.
 CLOUD PLATFORMS: Platforms like CADIO manage system configurations, enable
real-time notifications, and provide interfaces for remote monitoring.
 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS: IoT security systems use Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
Zigbee to connect devices and transmit data to the user or cloud server.

2.2.3 APPLICATIONS IN SMART DOOR SECURITY

IoT-based door security systems are widely adopted in:

 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS: For monitoring unauthorized access and securing entry

points.
 COMMERCIAL SPACES: To protect sensitive areas and log access data for analysis.
 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS: Ensuring safety and compliance in restricted zones.

2.2.4 CHALLENGES OF IOT IN SECURITY SYSTEMS

Despite its advantages, IoT in security systems faces some challenges:

 DEPENDENCY ON CONNECTIVITY: IoT systems rely heavily on stable internet

connections, which may limit functionality in areas with poor network coverage.
 CYBERSECURITY RISKS: The interconnected nature of IoT makes systems vulnerable
to hacking or unauthorized access.
 INITIAL SETUP COMPLEXITY: For non-technical users, configuring IoT devices and
platforms may pose a challenge.

2.3 COMPONENTS OF DOOR SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS

The effectiveness of a door security alarm system lies in the seamless integration and operation
of its components. Each component plays a specific role in ensuring the system is responsive,
reliable, and capable of detecting unauthorized access. This section reviews the core hardware
and software components used in IoT-based door security systems.

2.3.1 MAGNETIC DOOR SENSORS

Magnetic door sensors consist of two parts—a magnet and a switch. The switch is typically
attached to the door frame, while the magnet is mounted on the door itself. When the door is
closed, the magnetic field keeps the circuit intact. Opening the door breaks the magnetic field,
triggering an event.
Role in the System: Detects the open or closed status of a door and sends a signal to the
microcontroller.

Advantages: Simple to install, cost-effective, and highly reliable for detecting door movements.

Use in This Project: The magnetic door sensor identifies door status changes and initiates actions
such as triggering the buzzer and sending notifications.

2.3.2 NODEMCU MICROCONTROLLER

The NodeMCU is an open-source IoT platform based on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module. It
integrates GPIO pins for connecting sensors and output devices.

Role in the System: Acts as the central processing unit, receiving input from the magnetic door
sensor and controlling the buzzer. It also enables Wi-Fi connectivity for integrating with the
CADIO platform.

Advantages:

1. Built-in Wi-Fi module for IoT applications.

2. Supports GPIO pin assignments without the need for additional components.
3. Affordable and widely available.

Use in This Project: Configured through the CADIO platform to manage sensor input and trigger
output devices like the buzzer.

2.3.3 BUZZER

A small audio output device that emits a loud sound when activated, serving as an immediate
alert mechanism.

Role in the System: Produces an alarm sound to notify users of unauthorized access or a
triggered event.

Advantages:

1. Simple operation with a high decibel output.

2. Instant notification to those in proximity.

Use in This Project: The buzzer is activated by the NodeMCU when the magnetic door sensor
detects an open door.

2.3.4 POWER SUPPLY (9V)

Description: Supplies the necessary voltage and current to power the NodeMCU and connected
devices.
Role in the System: Ensures stable operation of the entire system.

Advantages:

1. Affordable and readily available.

2. Compatible with the NodeMCU’s power requirements.

Use in This Project: Powers the NodeMCU and its peripherals, maintaining consistent system
performance.

2.3.5 CADIO PLATFORM

Description: A no-code IoT platform that simplifies the configuration of IoT devices and
systems, enabling real-time monitoring and control through a mobile app.

Role in the System:

1. Provides an interface for assigning GPIO pins to the magnetic door sensor and buzzer.
2. Allows users to receive real-time notifications and remotely monitor system status.

Advantages:

1. Eliminates the need for programming knowledge.

2. Streamlined setup process for IoT devices.

Use in This Project: Used to configure the NodeMCU, enabling remote access and monitoring of
the door security system.

The components reviewed in this section are carefully selected for their reliability, affordability,
and compatibility. Together, they form the backbone of the door security alarm system, enabling
efficient detection, alerting, and monitoring functionalities. This integration of hardware and
software ensures a robust and user-friendly security solution.

2.4 IOT PLATFORMS FOR SECURITY

IoT platforms play a pivotal role in modern security systems by providing the necessary
infrastructure for connecting, configuring, and managing IoT devices. These platforms
streamline the development process, enabling efficient deployment of smart systems with
minimal coding or technical expertise. In the context of a door security alarm system, IoT
platforms like CADIO simplify the integration of sensors and alarms while offering remote
monitoring and control features.

2.4.1 FEATURES OF IOT PLATFORMS IN SECURITY SYSTEMS

Device Configuration: IoT platforms provide interfaces to assign GPIO pins, set up triggers, and
manage devices without requiring complex programming.
Real-Time Monitoring: Platforms enable users to monitor the system status and receive instant
notifications of events, such as unauthorized door openings.

Scalability: Many platforms allow for the integration of additional devices, making it easier to
expand the system for larger environments or multiple entry points.

User-Friendly Interfaces: Mobile apps or web dashboards provide intuitive controls, reducing the
learning curve for non-technical users.

Cloud Storage and Analytics: Advanced platforms support data logging and analysis, which can
help identify patterns or enhance system efficiency.

2.4.2 POPULAR IOT PLATFORMS

Several IoT platforms are widely used for security systems. Below is a comparison of their
features, emphasizing their relevance to this project:

CADIO PLATFORM:

Advantages:

1. No-code interface, making it ideal for users with minimal technical knowledge.
2. Provides real-time notifications and remote control.
3. Simple GPIO pin assignment for sensors and alarms.

Limitations: Primarily designed for basic configurations; lacks advanced analytics or AI-driven
automation.

BLYNK:

Advantages:

1. Customizable app interfaces with drag-and-drop widgets.

2. Supports multiple communication protocols, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and Ethernet.

Limitations: Requires some programming knowledge to fully utilize its features.

THINGSPEAK:

Advantages:

1. Focuses on data visualization and logging for IoT applications.

2. Enables advanced analytics for system optimization.

Limitations: Less user-friendly for real-time monitoring and control.

HOME ASSISTANT:

Advantages:

1. Highly customizable platform with integration options for various smart home devices.
2. Open-source, allowing for community-driven development.

Limitations: Complex setup process, not ideal for no-code projects.

2.4.3 WHY CADIO WAS CHOSEN FOR THIS PROJECT

The CADIO platform is particularly suited for this project due to its simplicity and no-code
functionality. By eliminating the need for programming, CADIO enables users to configure and
operate the system efficiently. Its key features include:

 Ease of Setup: Simple firmware flashing and GPIO configuration reduce installation
time.
 Remote Monitoring: Real-time notifications ensure users are immediately informed of
security breaches.
 Affordability: As a cost-effective platform, it aligns with the project's goal of providing
an accessible security solution.

IoT platforms like CADIO bridge the gap between technical complexity and user accessibility,
making them essential for implementing IoT-based security systems. The choice of platform
impacts not only the system’s functionality but also its scalability and user experience. This
project leverages the strengths of the CADIO platform to deliver a reliable and user-friendly door
security alarm system.

2.5 REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

The table below presents a summary of relevant studies, journals, and reports related to door
security alarm systems, highlighting their contributions and identified research gaps. This
approach provides a comparative view to contextualize the significance of the current project.

Title Author(s) Published In Summary Research Gap

Explores an Arduino-
based door security
Absence of real-time
IoT-Based Door Kumar, S., Journal of IoT system with motion
notifications and
Security Alarm & Gupta, and Smart sensors and alarms.
remote-control
Systems R. Systems (2022) Focuses on local alarms
capabilities.
without remote
monitoring features.
Design and Adebayo, African Journal Presents a Raspberry High cost and
Implementation of J., & of Engineering Pi-based system with complex
Title Author(s) Published In Summary Research Gap
configuration
motion sensors and a
a Door Monitoring requirements make it
Ekene, M. Research (2021) camera, offering remote
System less accessible for
monitoring via an app.
non-technical users.
Emphasizes the Lacks integration
reliability and cost- with IoT platforms
Application of Sensors and
Zhang, Y., efficiency of magnetic for enhanced
Magnetic Sensors Systems Journal
& Kim, J. door sensors for functionality such as
in Security Systems (2020)
detecting door status notifications or
changes. remote access.
Explores IoT
Complexity of setup
Nigerian Journal integration with smart
Eze, C., & and lack of no-code
Smart Security of Technological locks and CCTV,
Adewale, solutions hinder
Systems Using IoT Advancements highlighting its role in
D. usability for non-
(2023) advanced security
expert users.
systems.
Implements an IoT- Requires
International
based alarm system programming
IoT-Enabled Alarm Smith, L., Journal of
using Blynk, expertise, which may
Systems: A Case & Johnson, Emerging
showcasing remote not be ideal for users
Study P. Technologies
control and seeking simple and
(2022)
notifications. affordable solutions.

2.6 CHALLENGES IN IOT-BASED SECURITY SYSTEMS

Despite the advancements and benefits IoT offers in modern security systems, several challenges
hinder its full potential. These challenges are often related to technological limitations, security
concerns, and adoption barriers. This section highlights the primary issues associated with IoT-
based security systems, focusing on their implications for door security alarms.

2.6.1 DEPENDENCY ON INTERNET CONNECTIVITY

IoT-based security systems rely heavily on stable internet connections to function effectively.
Loss of connectivity can disrupt real-time monitoring, notifications, and control, reducing system
reliability in critical situations. In areas with inconsistent or poor Wi-Fi coverage, the system
may fail to notify users promptly or operate remotely. Incorporating local fallback mechanisms,
such as manual controls or offline alerts, can reduce this dependency.

2.6.2 CYBERSECURITY RISKS

The interconnected nature of IoT devices makes them vulnerable to hacking, data breaches, and
unauthorized access. Weak encryption or poorly configured devices can expose sensitive
information or allow attackers to bypass the system. Security breaches undermine the system's
primary purpose, eroding user trust and leaving properties vulnerable. Implementing strong
encryption, secure authentication protocols, and regular firmware updates can help protect the
system.

2.6.3 TECHNICAL COMPLEXITY FOR USERS

While IoT systems offer advanced features, their setup and configuration often require technical
expertise. This complexity deters adoption among non-technical users, limiting their
accessibility. Potential users may opt for simpler, less efficient alternatives, leaving them with
limited security capabilities. Platforms like CADIO address this issue by providing no-code
solutions that simplify setup and operation.

2.6.4 COST BARRIERS

IoT-based systems, particularly those with advanced features, can be expensive due to the cost of
hardware, installation, and maintenance. High costs make such systems inaccessible to low-
income households and small businesses, reducing their overall adoption. Using affordable
components like NodeMCU and cost-effective platforms like CADIO helps create budget-
friendly solutions.

2.6.5 INTEGRATION CHALLENGES

Integrating IoT security systems with existing infrastructure or other smart devices can be
complex and time-consuming. Compatibility issues with different protocols and devices further
complicate the process. Limited integration reduces the system’s scalability and ability to
function as part of a comprehensive smart home ecosystem. Choosing platforms with flexible
integration options and open standards can ease compatibility issues.

2.6.6 POWER DEPENDENCY

Most IoT devices rely on a consistent power supply. Power outages can disrupt the system,
rendering it inoperable until power is restored. Users in areas with unstable electricity may find
IoT systems unreliable. Adding backup power sources like batteries or UPS systems ensures
continued operation during outages.

2.7 RESEARCH GAPS IDENTIFIED

Through the review of existing literature and related works on IoT-based door security systems,
several gaps have been identified that highlight areas requiring further development or
refinement. These gaps form the basis for the justification of this project and its contributions to
the field.

2.7.1 LACK OF ACCESSIBILITY

  Observation: Many existing IoT-based security systems require programming expertise
for setup and operation, making them inaccessible to non-technical users (Eze &
Adewale, 2023).
 Gap: There is a need for simplified, no-code platforms that can bridge the technical
knowledge barrier for wider adoption.
 This Project’s Contribution: By leveraging the CADIO platform, the project offers an
accessible, no-code solution suitable for users with minimal technical skills.

2.7.2 HIGH COST OF IMPLEMENTATION

 Observation: Advanced IoT-based security systems often rely on expensive hardware

and platforms, deterring adoption, particularly in residential or small-scale applications
(Smith & Johnson, 2022).
 Gap: Affordable alternatives that do not compromise essential functionalities are
underexplored.
 This Project’s Contribution: The project employs cost-effective components like the
NodeMCU and magnetic door sensors to create an affordable yet functional system.

2.7.3 LIMITED FEATURES IN BASIC SYSTEMS

 Observation: Many low-cost IoT security systems focus on basic features, such as
triggering alarms, but lack additional functionalities like remote notifications and
integration with mobile apps (Kumar & Gupta, 2022).
 Gap: Systems that balance affordability with advanced features, such as real-time
monitoring and notifications, remain scarce.
 This Project’s Contribution: Integrating CADIO’s notification and monitoring features
ensures advanced functionality without increasing complexity or cost.

2.7.4 DEPENDENCE ON STABLE CONNECTIVITY

 Observation: IoT systems heavily rely on uninterrupted internet connectivity, which is

not always available, especially in regions with poor network infrastructure (Zhang &
Kim, 2020).
 Gap: Alternative solutions or fallback mechanisms during connectivity outages are rarely
implemented.
 This Project’s Contribution: While the system requires Wi-Fi, its local buzzer
functionality ensures immediate alerts even without internet access.

2.7.5 LIMITED SCALABILITY

 Observation: Many systems are designed for specific applications and lack the flexibility
to scale or adapt to different environments, such as larger households or multi-entry
commercial spaces (Adebayo & Ekene, 2021).
 Gap: Systems that can be easily expanded with additional sensors or functionalities are
underrepresented.
  This Project’s Contribution: The project’s modular design allows for easy integration
of more sensors and alarms, supporting scalability.

2.7.6 LACK OF FOCUS ON USER EXPERIENCE

 Observation: Some systems prioritize technical capabilities over user experience,

resulting in complicated setups and interfaces that discourage adoption (Eze & Adewale,
2023).
 Gap: Simplified interfaces and intuitive operation are critical for increasing user
engagement and satisfaction.
 This Project’s Contribution: The CADIO app provides a user-friendly interface that
simplifies configuration and operation, enhancing overall user experience.