Indian Institute of
Technology Guwahati
Department of Design
DD 611
Foundation of Electronic Product
Design
Ayush Srivastava
244205108
AIM
1. To design a small signal voltage amplifier
2. To plot its frequency response and to obtain bandwidth
THEORY
Amplifiers are classified as small signal amplifiers and large signal amplifiers depending on the shift in
operating point, from the quiescent condition caused by the input signal. If the shift is small, amplifiers are
referred to as small signal amplifiers and if the shift is large, they are known as large signal amplifiers. In
small signal amplifiers, voltage swing and current swing are small. Large signal amplifiers have large
voltage swing and current swing and the signal power handled by such amplifiers remain large.
Voltage amplifiers come under small signal amplifiers. Power amplifiers are one in which the output power
of the signal is increased. They are called large signal amplifiers. Figure shows the circuit diagram of a
common emitter amplifier.
DESIGN
FREQUENCY RESPONSE
The gain of an ideal amplifier should remain the same for any frequency of the input signal. Therefore, the
frequency response curve (gain in db plotted against frequency) becomes a straight line parallel to the
frequency axis.
In actual practice, the coupling capacitors and the emitter bypass capacitor reduce the gain at lower
frequencies. The capacitance internal to the transistor and stray capacitance due to the wiring reduce the gain
at higher frequencies.
Fig 2 shows the typical frequency
response characteristics of CE
amplifier. The curve is flat only for
middle range of frequencies. There
is one low frequency fi and one high
frequency fн beyond which the
gains, AL and Aн are 1 / (sqrt(2))
times the gain AM (maximum gain)
at the middle frequencies. The two
frequencies are called lower and
higher cut off frequencies. The
difference between them is called
the bandwidth.
PROCEDURE
The circuit is set up as shown in figure 1. Input signal Vs is given to the circuit through a signal generator
(sinusoidal signal is applied). Measure the magnitude (peak to peak) of the input by using CRO. Connect the
CRO to the output side and the amplified output is observed. Increase the frequency in steps and observe the
magnitude of Vo The frequency response is plotted in a semi log sheet.
OBSERVATIONS
Readings are to be taken till Vo decreases appreciably at high frequencies
V in =20 mV
Frequency f (kHz) Vo(p-p) (mV) Vo /Vin Gain in db
20 log Vo /Vin
13.4 500 25 27.95
15 700 35 30.88
17 700 35 30.88
40 1000 50 33.97
90 1000 50 33.97
130 1000 50 33.97
180 1000 50 33.97
7000 200 10 20
7500 200 10 20
8000 100 5 13.97
RESULT
The common emitter amplifier is designed, and its frequency response is plotted.
Voltage gain Vo/Vin=32
Lower cutoff frequency=13.4 kHz
Upper cutoff frequency=8000 kHz
Bandwidth=7986.6 kHz