GROUP - B (PART IV)

ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING PRACTICE

Expt. No.: 1

SOLDERING WORK

SOLDERING ANS DE-SOLDERING SIMPLE ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS AND

CHECKING CONTINUITY

AIM

To practice soldering and de-soldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and check for its Continuity.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

NAME OF THE
[Link] RANGE QUANTITY
APPARATUS

1. PCB Board 1
2. Soldering iron 60/40 grade 1
3. Solder As Required
4. Soldering Flux As Required
5. Capacitor l00 µF As Required
6. Resistor 1 kΩ As Required
7. Multimeter 1

THEORY

Soldering is the process of joining electrical parts together to form an electric connection,
using a molten mixture of lead and tin (solder), with a soldering iron.

Soldering Iron:

 It supplies sufficient heat to melt solder by heat transfer, when the iron tip is applied to a
connection to be soldered.
 The soldering iron temperature is selected according to the work to be performed.

Soldering Iron Stand:

 The stand is the safe place to put the iron when we are not holding it.
 The stand includes a sponge which can be dampened for cleaning the tip of the iron.

Solder:

 It is alloy of low melting metals like tin, lead, cadmium, silver etc.
 The most commonly used alloy combination is 63% tin and 37% lead.
Soldering Flux:

 It is a resin, applied on the work piece to be soldered, preventing contact with the
atmosphere.
 It maintains a clean surface and dissolves oxides thereby enabling good soldering.
 Aluminium chloride or zinc chloride are commonly used as flux.
 The flux also assists in the transfer of heat from the soldering iron tip to the joint area.

PROCEDURE

Soldering:

1. Study the electronic circuit.

2. Clean the given PCB board.
3. Clean the tip of the soldering iron before heating and also the resistor, capacitor which are to
be soldered.
4. Heat the soldering iron and apply solder to the tip as soon as it is hot to melt on it.
5. Bend the resistor leads to fit into the holes on the board.
6. Insert the resistor, as per the circuit shown in the figure and bend the leads.
7. Apply the hot tips to the joints and apply the solder.
8. Remove the soldering tip and hold the resistor tightly until the solder has cooled and set.
9. Trim excess component lead with side cutter.
10. Repeat the above steps to fix the other resistor and capacitor.

De-Soldering:

1. Place the tip of the soldering iron on the joints until the solder is melt.
2. Using de-soldering wick remove the molten state.
3. On the component side using tweezers remove the de-soldered components.

Continuity Check:

1. Set the Multimeter in continuity check mode or resistor mode.

2. Place the two leads (common, +ve lead) in the two points to be checked.
3. If the resistance value is displayed as zero, there exists continuity.
4. Otherwise two points are not internally connected. (When set in continuity check mode, a
beep sound is heard, if continuity exists between the two points)

RESULT

Thus the soldering and de-soldering for the electronic circuit by assembling and
disassembling in the Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is practiced and continuity check was also
done.
Expt. No.: 2

ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY AND TESTING WORK

ASSEMBLING AND TESTING ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS ON A SMALL PCB

AIM

To practice assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED

[Link] COMPONENTS NAME VALUE QUANTITY

PCB for full wave rectifier and

1. 1
voltage drop resistive network

2 Digital Multimeter (DMM) 1

1 kΩ ,500 Ω, 10 kΩ,
3 Resistors Each 1 no.
4.7 kΩ, 2.2 kΩ, 22 kΩ

4 AC power supply, connecting wires 1

5 Soldering kit 1

PROCEDURE

Assembling the Circuit:

1. Assemble the circuit by placing the diode, capacitor, connector and resistors in the PCB
as per the assembly diagram shown in the figure.
2. Bend the resistors lead to the appropriate size before inserting them into the board
3. Solder the resistor on bottom side of PCB board using soldering iron.
Testing the Circuit:
1. Connect the AC source from step down transformer to jumper J1 and J2.
2. Connect the positive terminals of multimeter to point TP1 and negative terminal to GND.
 Measure the voltage V1 between TP1 and GND
3. Join jumper 3 then.
 Measure the voltage V2 between TP2 and GND
 Measure the voltage V3 between TP3 and GND.

4. Measure the voltage across the individual resistor and note the values in the table below.

5. Calculate Vout = V(RL) = ----- V

Trouble Shooting:

1. Set the digital multimeter the continuity mode. Unplug the device or switch off the circuit
before attempting a continuity test. Check the continuity between all five nodes.
2. When the resistor value differs from the circuit, the output value also differs.

RESULT

Thus the practice of assembling and testing electronic components on a small PCB has
been successfully done.
Expt. No.: 3

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:

STUDY AN ELEMENTS OF SMART PHONE.

AIM
To study the elements of a smart phone.

REQUIREMENTS
 Any smart Phone
 Screwdriver Tool Kit

COMPONENTS/PARTS DESCRIPTION:

Touch screen:
 The digitizer pasted to the front glass together is called as a "Touch Screen".

Display:
 The Display or The LCD (Bottom Layer) - The bottom layer which produces the image.
The display is the visual component underneath the glass that displays the image on the
screen.

Mobile enclosure (Top and Bottom):

 Mobile enclosure with easy to hold rounded design. Frame is made from extruded
aluminum material, while the panel is ABS plastic.

PCB Interconnect:
 Male PCB Connectors are often referred to as Pin Headers, as they are simply rows of
pins.
 Female PCB Connectors can be called Sockets, Receptacles, or sometimes even Header
Receptacles.

Power / Volume button assembly:

Power button: It's usually a single button located along the top or right edge of the phone. Press
and hold the power button to switch ON or OFF the smart phone.
Volume button assembly: Volume buttons are used to Slide the following volume levels
 Media volume: Music, videos, games, other media
 Call volume: Volume of the other person during a call
 Ring volume: Phone calls, notifications
 Alarm volume

USB connector PCB:

 Android smartphones have used the USB Micro-B connector for both data transfer and
charging
Haptic / Vibration Motor:
 Haptics allow non-responsive surfaces like touchscreens to emulate the feeling of using
real objects like buttons and dials. Haptic technology can involve vibrations, motors, and
even ultrasound beams to simulate the feeling of touch.

Loud speaker, Ringer assembly:

 The loudspeaker is a small sound driver fitted within a mobile phone, or other
communication device, which is used to produce sound. The loudspeakers on mobile
phones are used to produce sound alerts for events such as incoming calls, incoming
messages and alarms.

WLAN Antenna:
 WiFi Antenna (WLAN antenna) is iate signal in air at specified frequency 2.4GHz or
5.8GHz through WiFi antenna/ WLAN antennas and allow other WLAN devices like NB
or smartphone to get signal at same frequency range.

SIM tray:
 A small holder for a phone's SIM card.

Fingerprint sensor assembly:

 Fingerprint sensors are for added safety and security, and to easily identify users.
 The two most common fingerprint sensors in use today are optical sensors and capacitive
sensors.

Camera Flash PCB:

 The PCB (Printed Circuit Board) used to connect flash for mobile phone.

Microphone:
 The microphone at the bottom of your phone. Speak into the mic directly to be heard by
others or to speak to your phone.

Primary camera: (Main Camera)

 It refers to the rear-facing camera system. The lens or lenses reside on the rear of the
phone or within a backward facing pop-up camera module.

Secondary camera:
 This is the Selfie Camera - refers to the front-facing camera system. The lens or lenses
reside on the front of the phone or within a forward facing pop-up camera housing.

Audio jack:
 A phone connector, also known as phone jack, audio jack, headphone jack or jack plug, is
a family of electrical connectors typically used for analog audio signals.

Loud speaker:
 The loudspeaker is a small sound driver fitted within a mobile phone, or other
communication device, which is used to produce sound. Traditionally, loudspeakers on
mobile phones are used to produce sound alerts for events such as incoming calls,
incoming messages and alarms.

RESULT:

Thus the elements of a smart phone were studied.

Expt. No.: 4

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY

ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF LED TV

AIM
To assemble and dismantle the LED TV.

REQUIREMENTS
 LED TV
 Screwdriver Tool Kit

Warning:
 This monitor contains electro-statically sensitive devices. Use caution when handling
these components.
Cautions:
 Disconnect the monitor from the power source before disassembly.
 Follow these directions carefully; never use metal instruments to pry apart the cabinet.

PROCEDURE

Step I: Inside the TV - Back View

 Removing some screws off the back panel allows it to be removed.

Step 2: Inside Board 1

 This is the power supply. The output voltages include 24V (Backlight), 12V (Control +
Panel).

Step 3: Inside Board 2

 This is the main digital board of the TV. It controls all of the TV's functions.
 An interesting note: The service menu (Press Input then 3138 on the remote) has a
factory reset option inside it, DO NOT ever use that. It will cause the display to
malfunction, and you will have to trigger it again blindly to restore video output.
 The main IC is a MStar chip. The heatsink is poorly adhered to the IC with double sided
thermal tape, which may lead to early thermal failure of the IC (seems to be common
issue on Newegg forums, digital board failed).
 I glued the heatsink using some thermal RTV adhesive.
 The board has some I2C or Serial UART port on it, maybe it can be used? The USB can
supply 5V.
 One cable supplies display data to the panel.
Step 4: Internal Board 3
 This is the display TCON (Timing Controller) board. It is considered to be part of the
Innolux panel.
 This IC becomes very, very hot during operation and the provided cooling seems to be
insuffificent. In order to make it possibly last longer, added some fans to this area and
powered them off of the 12V from the mainboard.

Step 5: Internal Board 4

 This is the LED backlight's controller. The backlight seems to run on a fairly high voltage
and the backlight cable is thus quite thin (right angle cable in the first image.) It is
covered by plastic cover.
 The controller appears to be built using a bunch of MOSFETs and inductors as a
boost/buck/current limiting DC-DC converter. The board is well-cooled with a lot of
heavy copper fill areas, in my experience it does not need extra cooling to be okay
 Straight ribbon cable goes to TCON to allow backlight contrast dynamic dimming and
control on/off/brightness.

Step 6: LCD Panel

 Model number of Innolux 3840*2160 panel. It can support 60p/60Hz if you replace the
driver board with one from Alibaba I think, according to its datasheet.

Step 7: Speakers and Audio

 The speakers in the TV aren't really good so I won't elaborate too much. I have a
calibrated EQ profile for them but I lost it, maybe will make another if there is demand.
 Port is tuned for ~300Hz
 PEQ (Parametric EQ) is built into the Service Menu of firmware.

Step 8: Debezeling modification

 The display can be debezeled by removing all screws from back, and then sliding the
brackets to the side gently to release. Top side needs some prying to release. Border is
9mm after mod.

Step 9: Cooling fan and LED mods 1

 Added two 120mm computer fans and some LEDs to the back of the display
 Fans held by 3D printed brackets.
 Fans powered by unpopulated 'Panel VCC' pins on mainboard so they come on when TV
is on. LM2596 buck converter used to reduce voltage for silent operation.
 LEDs powered similarly.
 If the board GND hard to solder to, you can just use extra screw to mount that wire to
Chassis
 GND.
Step 10: LED mods 2
 12Vcc and soldering the controller
 The controller IR remote and TV remote interfere with each other.

Step 11: Final Result

 Assemble the unit and switch ON the TV

RESULT:
Thus the assembly and dismantle of LED TV has been done.
Expt. No.: 5

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:

ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF COMPUTER (PC)

AIM

To assemble and dismantle of computer.

REQUIREMENTS

 Personal computer
 Screwdriver Tool Kit

THEORY

 Computer assembly is a process in which all the internal components required for the
computer system are fitted so as to make the computer functional.
 There is a proper sequence of attachment of each and every component into the computer
system. To establish proper connectivity, one has to use the tools.
 Proper handling of tools is also required by the technician.
 It is required that students learn the steps of installation of each component.
 The main component involves installing CPU, motherboard, drives, video, graphics card,
sound card, modem and adapter, and connectors, and system panel connector.

COMPUTER ASSEMBLY

Computer assembly is a systematic process. First, arrange the computer parts. The
sequence for assembly and working of the computer listed below is as:

 Open the case.

 Install the power supply.
 Attach the components to the motherboard.
 Install the motherboard.
 Install internal drives.
 Connect all internal cables.
 Install motherboard power connections
 Connect external cables to the computer.
 Boot the computer for the first time.
MATERIAL REQUIRED

 Computer case, with power supply installed

 Motherboard
 CPU
 Heat sink/fan assembly
 Thermal compound
 RAM module(s)
 Motherboard standoffs and screws
 Anti-static wrist strap and anti-static mat
 Tool kit

PROCEDURE OF ASSEMBLING PC:

Step 1: Open the case

 The first step in assembling a computer is to open the computer case (see Figure 1).
There are different methods for opening cases.
 The computer comes with various types of cabinets. The method for opening the case is
different based on the manufacturer
 To open the case, first remove the screws of the left side cover and slide the side cover
(see Figure 3).

Step 2 : Install the power supply

 When installing a power supply, make sure that all of the screws are used and that they
are properly tightened.

Step 3: Attach the components to motherboard

 To prepare the motherboard, you first need to install the CPU, then the heat sink on the
CPU and CPU fan.

CPU

 The CPU and motherboard are sensitive to electrostatic discharge. So place them on
agrounded anti-static mat and wear an anti-static wrist strap while handling the CPU.
 When handling a CPU, do not touch the CPU contacts at any point. The CPU is secured
to thesocket on the motherboard with a locking assembly.

Heat sink and fan assembly

 Heat sink and fan assembly is a two-part cooling device.

 The heat sink draws heat away from the CPU.
 The fan moves the heat away from the heat sink.
 Connect the assembly power cable to the CPU fan connector on the motherboard.
Installation of RAM

 It is better to install the RAM first on the motherboard and then fix the motherboard in
the case. To install RAM, first ensure its compatibility with the motherboard.
 Press down the side locks of the memory slot (see Figure 9). Align the notches on the
RAM module to the keys in the slot and press down on both ends of RAM module until
the side lock gets locked.

Step 4: Install motherboard

 Plastic and metal standoffs are used to mount the motherboard and to prevent it from
touching the metal portions of the case.
 To install the motherboard, connect the 4-pin ATX power connector from the power
supply to the motherboard.

Step 5: Install internal drives

Hard drive

 The hard drive is the device which stores all the data.
 Secure the HDD to the case using proper screws (see Figure 13).

Optical drive

 Insert the optical drive into the drive bay so that the optical drive screw holes align with
the screw holes in the case (see Figure 14).
 Secure the optical drive to the case using the proper screws (see Figure 15).
 Connect the power cable coming from the SMPS to the power socket of optical drive.
 Connect SATA data cable from optical drive socket to the motherboard socket.

Step 6: Connect all internal cables

 Power cables are used to distribute electricity from the power supply to the motherboard
and other components.
 Data cables transmit data between the motherboard and storage devices, such as hard
drives.

Step 7: Install motherboard power connections

 Just like other components, motherboards require power to operate.

 Align the4-pin and 20-pin ATX power connector with the socket on the motherboard.

SATA power connectors

 SATA power connectors use a 15-pin connector (see Figure 20).

 Serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) power connectors are used to connect to
hard disk drives, optical drives, or any devices that have a SATA power socket.
Step 8: Connect external cables to the computer

 Setting up the computer system involves the complete process of establishing the proper
connectivity of various parts of the computer system — input and output devices,
connectivity of computer with the surge power supply.
 Reattach the side panels to the case.
 The process of connecting the external cables given in figure 21.

Locate the monitor cable

 Locate the two power cable and one VGA cable or monitor cable (see Figure 21).
 The VGA cable is used to connect to monitor and another point on to the back side of the
cabinet.
 If you are having trouble finding these, refer to the instruction manual of or the computer.

Connecting monitor

 Make sure the VGA cable plug aligns with the port, then connect it.

Connecting mouse

 If it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the computer.
 If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the back of the computer.
 In case of wireless mouse or keyboard, connect a Bluetooth dongle (USB adapter) in one
of the USB ports of the computer.

Connecting headphones or speakers, and microphone

 Connect the external speakers or headphones, to computer’s audio port (either on the
front or back of the computer case).

UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

 While working on computer, its power supply should not be interrupted.

 UPS is like a power bank which gives power to the computer system.
 So make sure to plug power cable of monitor and cabinet into the UPS power output
socket.
 Ensure the connection is proper.

Step 9: Starting the computer

COMPUTER DISASSEMBLY

Disassembly is the process of breaking down a device into separate parts.

PROCEDURE OF DISASSEMBLING PC:

The disassembly procedure of computer is demonstrated as below.

Step 1: Unplugging

 Unplug the power cord and all the peripherals attached to the computer, such as the
keyboard, mouse, monitor, headphones, and any external drives.

Step 2: Open the case

 Pull the latch to release the side panel. Then lift the side cover out from the chassis.

Step 3: Disconnect all the connectors

 Disconnect all the connectors connected to the motherboard include SATA power cables
and data cable of HDD.

Step 4: Remove the fan

 To remove the CPU fan from the heat sink, first, disconnect its connector from the
motherboard. Then remove the four screws securing it (see Figure 44).

Step 5: Remove the power supply

 The power supply is connected to the motherboard by a 20-pin connector and 4-pin
connector.
 Firstly, disconnect hard disk drive and the optical drive connectors from the motherboard
(see Figure 47).
 Disconnect the power cable of the hard disk and optical drive which connects to the
SMPS (see Figure 48).

Step 6: Removing HDD and optical drive

 Remove the SATA cable connecting to the HDD and motherboard.

Step 7: Remove RAM (random access memory) modules

 RAM allows for the transfer of information to and from the CPU.
 Computer runs fast with more RAM. Most computers have four RAM slots, and two
RAM chips.
 It will cause the module to pop up for easy removal.
Step 8: Remove expansion cards

 The modern motherboards are integrated with the audio, video and network cards.
 However, if your computer has the expansion card as shown in Figure 54, insert into the
expansions slot to increase the functionality.
 Carefully take out the card from the slot.

Step 9: Remove motherboard

 Every part of the computer is attached to the motherboard. The CPU, RAM, and
expansion cards are directly attached to the motherboard.
 To remove the motherboard, disconnect all the cables from the motherboard.

Step 10: Reassemble the components

 Identify every component and take its photograph.

 After identification of each component, put all the components back in their place and
ensure that all cables and wires are connected at the right place to avoid further
troubleshooting.
 Close the case and put the screws back in their place.
 Lastly, connect every external device such as the keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc., and
turn on the computer to see everything is working fine after assembled.

RESULT

Thus the assembly and dismantle of personal computer were studied.

.
Expt. No.: 6

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STUDY:

ASSEMBLY AND DISMANTLE OF LAPTOP

AIM
To study the assembly and dismantle of laptop.

REQUIREMENTS:
 Laptop
 Laptop repair tool kit (Precision Screwdriver Set)
 Anti-static wrist strap
 Magnifying glass

THEORY

ASSEMBLING OF LAPTOP:

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Keep track of screws
 Place these in small envelopes and write the component name on the envelope.

Step 2: Installation of processor

 First component to be installed is the processor. Take extreme care not to touch the pins
in the socket during the process (see Figure 2 and 3).

Step 3: Pop in the video card

 Hold the card at about a 30-degree angle as you insert its edge connector into the video-
card slot near the center of the motherboard.
 Press the card in and downward, and then use the two small black screws to secure it in
place.

Step 4: Set up the drive

 The motherboard SATA connectors are along the front, right edge, and under the lip of
the laptop’s shell.
 Drop the drive into place and then carefully use your thumb to push the drive into the
SATA connectors.

Step 5: Add memory

 To install memory, locate the memory slots on the motherboard.
 Align the notches on the memory module with the ridge in the slot.
 Firmly push the module until the clips on the side of the slot snap into place.
Step 6: Final assembly
 Now that all the hardware components are installed.
 To prepare for power up, pop in the notebook’s battery pack, connect the power brick and
plug it into a wall outlet.

DISASSEMBLY OF LAPTOP:

PROCEDURE
Step 1: Removal of battery
 Start the disassembly process by removing the battery (see Figure 4).
 Remove all the screws in the panel.

Step 2: Separation of palm rest

 Using a plastic case opener, separate the palm rest from the bottom case as shown in
Figure 5.

Step 3: Removal of bottom case

 Turn the notebook upside down and remove the bottom case.

Step 4: Disconnecting the hard drive cable from the motherboard

 Remove the three screws fixing the hard drive bracket to the case.
 Disconnect the hard drive cable from the motherboard.

Step 5: Remove the hard drive

 Remove the hard drive assembly from the notebook.
 If you are going to replace it with another hard drive or SSD, you will have to transfer the
mounting bracket and the SATA cable.

Step 6: Removal of RAM

 A notebook PC motherboard has two memory slots.
 Remove both RAM modules if necessary.

Step 7: Disconnection of cable

 Remove the one screw fixing the USB LED status board.
 Disconnect the cable from the motherboard.

Step 8: Removal of USB LED status board

 Remove the USB LED status board.

Step 9: Removal of screw fixing the optical CD/ DVD drive connector board
 Remove the one screw fixing the optical CD/DVD drive connector board. Disconnect the
cable from the motherboard.
Step 10: Removal of the cooling fan
 Remove the two screws fastening the cooling fan to the case.
 Unplug the fan cable from the motherboard and remove the cooling fan (see Figure 13).

Step 11: Removal of DC power jack

 In PC, the DC power jack is mounted under the hinge. Remove it.
 Disconnect the Wi-Fi antenna cable from the wireless card. Disconnect the DC power
jack harness from the motherboard.
 Open up the hinge and remove the DC power jack.

Step 15: Removal of screw securing the board

 The power button board is also mounted under the same hinge.
 Remove the one screw securing the board and unplug the cable from the motherboard.

Step 12: Removal of motherboard

 Separate the motherboard from the top case and remove it.

LAPTOP LCD SCREEN REMOVAL

PROCEDURE
It is possible to disassemble the LCD screen of a laptop independently. Previous steps are
not required for disassembling the display, you only need to disconnect the battery before you
start.

Step 1: Separate the display bezel from the back cover. You will have to wiggle the bezel to
unfasten it from the cover. Start on the top and move to the sides for the display
assembly.
Step 2: On the bottom, the bezel is attached to the LCD screen with adhesive tape. Carefully
separate it from the screen.
Step 3: Remove the bezel completely.
Step 4: Remove the four screws securing the LCD screen to the side brackets (see Figure 20).
Step 5: Separate LCD screen from the back cover and place it the front side down on the
keyboard.
Step 6: Now you can access the video cable connector (see Figure 23).
Step 7: Peel off the grounding tape from the screen.
Step 8: Peel off the clear tape securing the connection and unplug the video cable from the
screen.
Step 9: Remove the LCD screen completely and replace if necessary (see Figure 24).
Step 10: You can find a new LCD screen using the model number from the original one.

RESULT:

Thus the assembly and dismantle of Laptop has been done successfully.