RAMANUJAN MATHEMATICS

CLASSES

FOR IIT-JAM & [Link] ENTRANCE

TOPIC

Real Analysis
IIT-JAM - DU – TIFR – BHU – HCU – NBHM- GATE-CSIR NET.....etc

DR. PAWAN SHARMA

([Link], NET, GATE, Ph.D. )

Department of Mathematics, Maitreyi College, (University of Delhi)

Bapu Dham, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, Delhi 110021
 IIT-JAM MATHEMATICS

REAL ANALYSIS

CONTENTS

Chapter1: Topology ℝ, ℝ2 & ℝ3 1 – 20

2: Sequences 21 – 31

3: Series 32 – 45

4: Power Series 46– 50

5: Function of Single Variable 51 – 63

6: Riemann Integral 64 – 67

7: Sequence of Function 68 – 74

8: Metric Spaces 75 – 81

9: Pervious Year Questions 82 – 98.

 Chapter 1

TOPOLOGY ON ℝ, ℝ2 & ℝ3

1. Algebraic number is a root of polynomial whose coefficients are rational. The set algebraic numbers is

[D.U. 2014]

(a) finite (b) countably infinite (c) uncountable (d) none of these

2. Let 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐴and 𝐵 ⊂ 𝐴. Then which of the following is always true? [D.U. 2014]

(a) 𝐵 ⊂ 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐵)) (b) 𝐵 = 𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝐵)) (c)𝐵 ⊂ 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵)) (d) 𝐵 = 𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝐵))

3. Which one of the following does not imply imply 𝑎 = 0 ? [D.U. 2014]

(a) For all ∈ > 0, 0 ≤ 𝑎 < ∈ (b) For all ∈ > 0, −∈ < 𝑎 < ∈

(c) For all ∈ > 0, 𝑎 < ∈ (d) For all ∈ > 0, 0 ≤ ∈

4. Let S and T be subsets of ℝ. Select the incorrect statement: [D.U. 2014]

(a) (𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆) ∩ (𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑇) = 𝑖𝑛𝑡(𝑆 ∩ 𝑇) (b) (𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑆) ∪ (𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑇)⊂int(S∪ 𝑇)

(c) 𝑆̅ is closed in ℝ (d) 𝑇̅ is the largest closed set containing 𝑇.

5. Let 𝑚 ≤ 𝑛 be natural numbers. The number of injective maps from a set of Cardinality m into a set
of Cardinality n is

(a) m! (b) n! (c) (n-m)! (d) None of these [TIFR-2010]

Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d)

PRACTICE SET-1

1. Which one will not be a set in following:

(a) collection of all natural numbers lying between 5 and 7.

(b) collection of all human being of good behavior.

(c) collection of all months in a calendar year

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(d) collection of all men with four eyes and eight legs.

2. Multiple answered type question.

𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4, } 𝐵 = {2, 3, 4, 5}

𝐶 = Empty set 𝐷 = Set of natural numbers

(a) A be a subset of D but not a subset of B

(b) B be a superset of C but not a superset of A

(c) A and B both are similar sets

(d) A and C are finite sets but B and D are infinite sets

3. Find the power set of an empty set.

4. The set of intelligent student in a class is

(a) A null set (b) A singleton set

(c) A finite set (d) Not a well defined collection

5. If a set A has 10 elements, then the total number of subset of A is

(a) 10 (b) 102 (c) 210 (d) 2 × 10

6. If the sets A and B are defined as

𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ};

𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}, then

(a) 𝐵 ⊆ 𝐴 (b) 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 (c)𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = 𝜙 (d) 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴

7. If 𝑎𝑁 = {𝑎𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 = ℕ}, then the set 3ℕ ∩ 7ℕ is

(a) 21 ℕ (b) 10 ℕ (c)4 ℕ (d) None of these

8. Power set of a power set of 3 elements has cardinality

(a) 3 (b) 23 (c)34 (d) 28

9. Find the infimum and the supremum of the following sets, which is bounded set and which of the
infimum and supremum belongs to the set?
(−1)𝑛
(i) { ; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} (ii) [𝑎, 𝑏] ∩ ℚ
𝑛

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1
−1 − 𝑛 , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
(iii) {(−1)𝑛 ∙ 𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ (iv) 𝑎𝑛 = { 1
1 + 𝑛 , 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛

(−1)𝑛
(v) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑟, where 𝑟 is the last digit of 2𝑛 (vi) { ; 𝑛 = 1, 2, … }
2𝑛

1
(vii) 𝐸 = {2𝑛 + 𝑟 ∶ 𝑟 ∈ 𝑄 ∩ [0, 2]} (viii) 𝐴 = {𝑚 + 𝑛√2 ∶ 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}

10. Which of these subsets of the plane is a bounded set?

𝑥2 𝑦2
(a) {𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 : 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 10} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 : 𝐾 + }
4 9

(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 : 𝑥 = 𝑦} (d) None of the above

Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (a), (b), (c) 3. Since empty set has no element and power set of a
𝑛.
set with n elements has element 2 . Here n=0, so ......... 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (a)

8. (d) 10(a).

PRACTICE SET -2

1. Which of the following is a bounded set?

(a) (−∞, −1) (b) (2, 3)

(c) (2, ∞) (d) (−∞, −1) ∪ (2, ∞)

1
2. Let 𝐴 = {𝑛2 |𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Then

1
(a) sup𝐴 = 1, inf 𝐴 = 0 (b) sup 𝐴 = 1, inf 𝐴 = 2

(c) sup𝐴 = ∞, inf 𝐴 = 0 (d) sup 𝐴 = 0, inf 𝐴 = 1

1
3. Let 𝐴 = {3 − 𝑛 |𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Then

(a) sup 𝐴 = 2, inf 𝐴 = 2 (b) sup 𝐴 = 3, inf 𝐴 = 1

(c) sup𝐴 = −1, inf 𝐴 = 0 (d) sup 𝐴 = 3, inf 𝐴 = 2

4. Let 𝑀 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 > 0}. Which of the following is correct?

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(a) sup 𝑀 exist and inf 𝑀 does not exist (b) Both sup 𝑀 and inf 𝑀 exist

(c) Neither sup 𝑀 nor inf 𝑀 exist (d) sup 𝑀 does not exist and inf 𝑀 exist
(−1)𝑛
5. Let 𝑀 = {1 + |𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Which of the following is correct?
𝑛

(a) sup 𝑀 = −1, inf 𝑀 = 0 (b) sup 𝑀 = 2, inf 𝑀 = 1

3
(c) sup𝑀 = 2, inf 𝑀 = 0 (d) sup 𝑀 = 0, inf 𝑀 = −1

1
6. Let 𝑆 = {− 𝑛 |𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Which of the following of correct?

(a) sup𝑆 = −1, inf 𝑆 = −∞ (b) sup 𝑆 = 0, inf 𝑆 = −1

1
(c) sup𝑆 = − 2, inf 𝑆 = 0 (d) sup 𝑆 = 1, inf 𝑆 = −1

(−1)𝑛
7. Let 𝐴 = { |𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Which of the following is correct?
𝑛

(a) sup𝐴 = −1, inf 𝐴 = 0 (b) sup 𝐴 = 1, inf 𝐴 = −1

1 3
(c) sup𝐴 = 2, inf 𝐴 = −1 (d) sup 𝐴 = − 2, inf 𝐴 = −∞

8. Let 𝑀 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ‖ 𝑥 = −3| ≤ 7}.

(a) sup𝑀 = 10, inf 𝑀 = −4 (b) sup 𝑀 = 7, inf 𝑀 = 3

(c) sup𝑀 = 3, inf 𝑀 = −7 (d) sup 𝑀 = 1, inf 𝑀 = 0

9. Let 𝑀 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ |𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 < 0}.

(a) sup𝑀 = 0, inf 𝑀 = −1 (b) sup 𝑀 = 1, inf 𝑀 = 0

(c) sup𝑀 = 2, inf 𝑀 = 0 (d) sup 𝑀 = 2, inf 𝑀 = −1

PRACTICE SET -2

Answer Key

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c)

8. (a) 9. (d)

PRACTICE SET -3

Descriptive Questions:

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1. Let 𝐴 = {𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 }. Compute sup A and Inf A. If they exist.

1
2. Let 𝐴 = {𝑛 + (− 𝑛)𝑛 : 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Compute sup A and Inf A, If they exist.

3. Let A subset of ℝ be non empty and bounded from above . Let S = sup A. Prove that ∀𝑛 ∈ ℕ, ∃ 𝑥𝑛 ∈
1
𝐴 𝑠𝑡 𝑆 − 𝑛 < 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑆.

4. Let A subset of R and 𝐴 ≠ ∅. Let sup A = inf A . What can be said about the set A?

PRACTICE SET -4

1. For each 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, …, let 𝐴𝑗 be a finite set containing at least two distinct elements. Then

[(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June-2012]
𝑛
(a)⋃∞
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 (b) ⋃∞
𝑛=1 ∏𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is uncountable

(c) ∏∞
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 𝑀 is uncountable (d) ⋃∞
𝑗=1 𝐴𝑗 is uncountable

2. Let 𝑋 denote the two point set {0, 1} and write 𝑋𝑗 = {0, 1} for every 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3, … Let 𝑌 = ∏∞
𝑗=1 𝑥𝑗
which of the following is/are correct? [(MCQ) CSIR-NET/JRF : June-2011]

(a) 𝑌is countable set (b) card 𝑌 = card [0, 1]

𝑛
(c) ⋃∞
𝑛=1(∏𝑗=1 𝑋𝑗 )is uncountable (d) 𝑌 is uncountable

3. Which of the following set is countable?

(a) ℕ, where 𝑟 ≥ 1 and ℕ is the set of natural number

(b) {0, 1}ℕ , the set of all the sequences which takes values 0 and 1

(c) ℤ, set of integers

(d) √2ℚ , ℚis set of rational number [D.U. 2015]

4. Let 𝑋 be a countably infinite subset of ℝ and 𝐴 be a countably infinite subset of 𝑋. Then the set
𝑋⁄𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 |𝑥 ≠ 𝐴} [D.U. 2016]

(a) is empty (b) is a finite set

(c) can be a countably infinite set (d) can be uncountable set

5. The subset 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℚ ∶ 𝑥 2 < 4} of ℝ is [D.U. 2016]

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(a) bounded above but not bounded below

(b) bonded above and sup 𝐴 = 2

(c) bounded above but does not have a spuremum

(d) not bounded above

6. The subset 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℚ ∶ −1 < 𝑥 < 0} ∪ ℕ of ℝ is [D.U. 2016]

(a) bounded, infinite set and has a limit point in ℝ

(b) unbounded, infinite set and has limit point in ℝ

(c) unbounded, infinite set and does not have a limit point in ℝ

(d) bounded, infinite set and does not have a limit point in ℝ

7. Which of the following subsets of ℝ2 are uncountable

(a). {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑎 ≤ 𝑏}

(b). {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑎 + 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄}

(c). {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑎. 𝑏 ∈ ℤ}

(d). {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄}

Answer Key

1. (a, c ) 2. (b, d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a,b,c)

PRACTICE SET -4

[Bounded sets, Interior points, Limits points, Open and closed sets]

1. True/False

(i) A subset of bounded set is bdd.

(ii) Finite intersection of nbd need not be nbd.

(iii) Open set may or may not be open interval.

(iv) 𝐴𝑜 is the largest open set contained in A. [where 𝐴𝑜 → set of interior points of A]

(v) For any set 𝐴; (𝐴𝑜 )𝑜 = 𝐴𝑜

(vi) The intersection of arbitrary family closed sets need not be closed.
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(vii) Isolated points of a set are always countable.

(viii) Every interior point of a set is limit point and conversely.

(ix) A is closed iff ̅𝐴 = 𝐴. [where 𝐴̅, closure of 𝐴]

(x) Adherent point may or may not be limit point.

(xi) For any two non-empty bounded subsets 𝑆, 𝑇 of ℝ such that ⊆ 𝑇 ; if 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑖 if 𝑇 ⊆ sup 𝑆 ⊆ sup 𝑇.

Answer Key

(i).T (ii) F (iii). T (iV). T (V). T (vI). F (VII) T (Viii).F (iX) T (X) T (Xi) T

1. One word answer type questions:

1 1
(a) Find the intersection of set 𝑆𝑛 = (− 𝑛 , 𝑛) , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.

(b) Obtain derived set of {[0, 8] ∩ 𝑄} ∪ {1, 2, 3} ∪ (−3, 0)

1 1 1 1
(c) What can you say about closedness of the set{1, −1, 1 2 , −1 2 , 1 3 , −1 3 , … }

(d) Find supremum and infimum of belongs to the derived set above set.

(e) Is the supremum or infimum belongs to the derived set of above set.

(f) Closure of 𝑄 and interior of 𝑄.

Answer Key

(a). 'O' (b).[-3, 8] (c). neither open nor Closed (d). -1/2 = m, 3/2 = m (e). No (f) R
and 𝜑

2. Multiple choice with single correct answer type question:

(i) Let 𝑆 be an infinite subset of ℝ such that 𝑆 ∩ 𝑄 = 𝜙 which of the following is true.

(a) 𝑆must have a limit point which belongs to 𝑄.

(b) 𝑆must have a limit point which belongs to ℝ⁄𝑄 .

(c) 𝑆cannot be a closed set in ℝ.

(d) ℝ⁄𝑆 must have a limit point which belongs to 𝑆.

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Ans. (d)

(ii) Consider the following subsets of ℝ :

𝑛 1
𝐸 = {𝑛+1 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} , 𝐹 = {1−𝑥 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1}

then

(a) Both 𝐸 and 𝐹 are closed. (b) 𝐸is closed and 𝐹 is not closed.

(c) 𝐸is not closed and 𝐹 is closed. (d) Neither 𝐸 nor 𝐹 is closed

Ans. (c)
1 4
(iii) 𝑆 = [(−1)𝑛 (4 − 𝑥) , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ]then

1 1 15 7
(a) sup𝑆 = 4 and inf 𝑆 = 4 (b) sup 𝑆 = and inf 𝑆 = − 4
4

15 1
(c) sup𝑆 = and inf 𝑆 = − 4 (d) None of these
4

Ans. (b)

(iv) Consider the statement

1 → 𝑙 ∈ ℝ is limit point of 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 iff 𝑙 is limit point of 𝐴 or limit point 𝐵.

2 → 𝑙 ∈ ℝ is limit point of 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 iff 𝑙 is limit point of 𝐴 and limit point of 𝐵. Then

(a) 𝑙is correct 2 incorrect (b) 2 correct 1 incorrect

(c) Bothe are correct (d) Both are incorrect

Ans.(d)

(v) If 𝑆 = {𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 2 < 2 and 𝑥 is rational}. Then derived set of 𝑆 is

(a) (−√2, √2) (b) [−√2, √2]

(c) [−2, 2] (d) (−2, 2)

Ans.(b)

(vi) Select the correct statement:

(a) 𝑆 is empty (b) 𝑆 is singleton

(c) 𝑆 finite but may not be singleton (d) None of these

Ans.(d)
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(vii). Let S be Subset of R and inf S = Sup S, then

(a). S is empty (b). Sis singleton

(c). S finite but may not be singleton (d). None of these.

Ans.(c).

3. Multiple choice with one or more correct answer type question:

(i) Choose the correct statement (s)

(a) Non-empty countable set cannot be open

(b) For a non-empty set the uncountable is necessary condition for that set to be open.

(c) Unaccountability is sufficient condition for a set to be open.

(d) A closed set can be uncountable or countable.

(ii) Choose the correct statement (s)

(a) If 𝑆 and 𝑇 are two non-empty subset of ℝ then sup (𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. {sup 𝑆, sup 𝑇}

(b) If 𝑆 and 𝑇 are two non-empty subset of ℝ then sup (𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. {inf 𝑆, sup 𝑇}

(c) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty subset of ℝ then sup (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛. {sup 𝐴, sup 𝐵}

(d) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are two non-empty subset of ℝ then sup (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥. {inf𝐴, inf𝐵}

(iii) Let 𝐸 ⊂ ℝ, 𝐸 ≠ 𝜙. Let (i), (ii) and (iii) denote the following condition: choose correct.

(1) 𝐸 is infinite (2) 𝐸 is bounded (3) 𝐸 is closed

(a) 1 is necessary for 𝐸 to have a limit point.

(b) 1 and 2 together are sufficient for 𝐸 to have a limit point

(c) 1 and 3 together are sufficient for 𝐸 to have a limit point

(d) 3 is sufficient for every limit point of 𝐸 to belong to 𝐸

(iv) Let R be a set which bounded below and 𝑆 is the set of all its lower bounds. Then which of the

following is incorrect?

(a) Bothe 𝑅 and 𝑆 have finite elements

(b) 𝑆 has supremum and 𝑅 has infimum

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(c) Both 𝑆 and 𝑅 have infimum

(d) Both 𝑆 and 𝑅 have supremum

1 1 1 1 1 1
(v) Selected the correct statement about the set 𝐴 = {1, 1 + 3 , 1 + 3 + 32 , … ,1 + 3 + 32 + 33 + ⋯ +
1
}
𝑦 𝑛−1

(a) The set 𝐴 is bounded

(b) The inf𝐴 is 1

(c) The set 𝐴 has its largest elements

(d) None of these

Answer Key

1. (a), (b), (d)

2. (a), (b) for (c), (d) counter axis (1, 2) and (2, 3)

3. (a), (b)

4. (a), (c), (d)

5. (a), (b)

Table for some most common and important sets .

Set Finite infinite Open Closed Derived Interior

set set

{1/n} × √ × × {0} ∅

{1,2,3} √ × × √ ∅ ∅

ℚ × √ × × ℝ ∅

ℕ × √ × √ ∅ ∅

(a,b) × √ × × [a,b] (a,b)

[a,b]∩ ℚ × √ × × [a,b] ∅

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PRACTICE SET-5

1. Which of the following statements are true? [GATE-2012]

1
𝑃 ∶ The set {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥| ≤ 2} is compact

𝑄 ∶ The set {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ tan 𝑥 is not differentiable} is complete

(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛+1
𝑅 ∶ The set {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ ∑∞
𝑛=0 (2𝑛+1)!
is converges} is closed.

𝑆 ∶The set {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 has a local maximum} is closed.

(a) 𝑃 and 𝑄 (b) 𝑅 and 𝑆 (c) 𝑄 and 𝑆 (d) 𝑃 and 𝑆

Ans.(c)

2. Choose the correct statements [D.U. 2014]

(a) ⋃∞
𝑛=1[1⁄𝑛, 2] = [0, 2] (b) ⋃∞
𝑛=1 1⁄𝑛 , 2] = [0, 2]

(c) ⋂∞
𝑛=1(1 − 1⁄𝑛 , 2] = (1, 2] (d) ⋂∞
𝑛=1[1 −1⁄𝑛 , 2] = [1, 2]

Ans.(d)

3. If ℚ ⊂ 𝐴 ⊂ ℝ, which of the following must be true?

(a) If A is open, then 𝐴 = ℝ (b) If 𝐴 is closed, then 𝐴 = ℝ

(c) If 𝐴 is uncountable, then 𝐴 is closed (d) If 𝐴 is countable, then 𝐴 is closed

Ans.(b)

4. Let 𝐹𝑛 = [−1⁄𝑛 , 1⁄𝑛] for each 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and let 𝐹 = ⋂∞

𝑛=1 𝐹𝑛 . Then [D.U. 2014]

(a) 𝐹 contains finite number of points (b) sup {|𝑥 − 𝑦| ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹} = 0

(c) inf{|𝑥 − 𝑦| ∶ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝐹 } = 0 (d) 𝐹 is closed set

Ans(a,b,c)

PRACTICE SET-6

Completeness property of R, compactness and connectedness

Single Correct Answer Type:

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1. Choose an incorrect statement:

(a) Set of real numbers is complete ordered field.

(b) Set of complex numbers is ordered field which is not complete.

(c) Set of natural number is an ordered set.

(d) Set of irrationals is not a field.

2. Choose correct statement:

(a) Set of rational numbers is complete field but not ordered.

(b) [1, 3] is compact but not connected.

(c) 𝑄 is connected but not compact.

(d) Every closed and bounded interval is compact in ℝ.

3. Which is compact in below:

(a) ℝ (b) ℕ

(c) [𝑎, 𝑏]: 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏and𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ (d) 𝑄 − set of all rational

4. A finite set is always:

(a) compact (b) connected

(c) compact and connected (d) Neither compact not connected

5. Let A be the set of lines passing through the origin and angle with 𝑥-axis is integral multiple of 𝜋⁄12.
Then

(a) A is similar to the set of months in a year

(b) It is finite set

(c) |𝐴| - cardinality of Ais compact and connected subset of ℝ

(d) All of the above

6. Which of the following is true?

(a) The set {𝑒 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅} is not compact set

(b) The set {log 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 > 0} is compact set

(c) {sin 𝑥 ∶ −𝜋⁄2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋⁄2} is compact and connected

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(d) None of these

7. The set A and B are defined as

𝐴 = {𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ}

𝐵 =set of all rational numbers. Then 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 will be

(a) compact (b) Not connected

(c) complete ordered field (d) None of these

8. [(0, 1) ∪ (0, 1)𝐶 ] will be

(a) compact (b) Not connected

(c) complete ordered field (d) None of these

9. Let 𝑋 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑥 2 is rational}. Then

(a) 𝑋 is compact (b) 𝑋 is connected

(c) 𝑋 is compact and connected (d) Neither compact nor connected

Answer Key

1. (b ) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d)

8.(c) 9.(d)

One Word Answer Type Question:

1. ℂ-complex number is not complete ordered field because it is not an _______

2. The largest connected set of real line is _______

3. Let 𝑋 be a connected subset of real numbers. If every element of 𝑋 is irrational, then the cardinality
of X is _______

4. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 2 ∶ 0 < 𝑥 < 1}, then A be connected but not compact because it is not _______

5. Let 𝑆 be a bounded non-empty subset of ℝ such that sup 𝑆 =inf 𝑆. What can be said about the set 𝑆?

6. Give an example of a non-empty bounded subset L of ℝ, whose supremum and infimum both belongs
to ℝ − 𝑆.

7. Let 𝐸 = {2𝑛 + 𝑟 ∶ 𝑟 ∈ 𝑄 ∩ [0, 1⁄2] and 𝑛 ∈ ℕ}. Then the bounded of 𝐸 in ℝ is _______

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8. If 𝐴 ⊂ ℝ and non-empty open set then the interior of the closure of A is compact set (𝑇⁄𝐹).

Answer Key

1. Ordered set

2. Set of real number (itself)

3. Singleton

4. Closed

5. Singleton

6. (1,2), any non empty open interval

7.⋃∞
𝑛=1[2𝑛, 2𝑛 + 1/2 ].

8. False, since its interior of closure will be set A itself which is not closed. Hence will not be compact.

[Multiple Answer Correct Type Questions :]

1. Choose the correct statements:

(a) Every non-empty set of real numbers that has an upper bound also has a supremumin ℝ.

(b) The set 𝑆 is said to be bounded above if ∃ a number 𝑢 ∈ ℝ s.t. 𝑆 ≤ 𝑢 ∀ 𝑆 ∈ 𝑆.

(c) Supremum of a set always belongs to the set

(d) Infimum of a set may or may not belongs to the set

2. Choose are correct statement(s):

(a) There exist an infinite subset 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ such that sup 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐶 and inf 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴𝐶 .

(b) There exist an uncountable subset 𝐴 of ℝ such that sup 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴𝐶 and inf𝐴 ∈ 𝐴𝐶

(c) There does not exist countably infinite subset 𝐴 of ℝ such that sup 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴 and inf𝐴 ∈ 𝐴𝐶

(d) There does not exist uncountably subset 𝐴 of ℝ such that sup 𝐴 ∈ 𝐴 and inf𝐴 ∈ 𝐴𝐶

3. Which is not compact and connected both ?

(a) ℝ (b) 𝑄 (c)𝑄 𝐶 (d) [0, 2]

4. Choose the correct statement(s):

(a) Non-empty countable set cannot be compact

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(b) A closed set can be connected or not connected

(c) Unconuntability is sufficient condition for a set to be compact

(d) For a non-empty set the uncountable is necessary condition for that set to be connected.

5. Let 𝐴 = (2, 3) and 𝐵 = (3, 4) are the subsets of ℝ, then which one of the following option is true?

(a) 𝐴 and 𝐵 are separated sets

(b) 𝐴 and 𝐵 are not separated sets

(c) Neither 𝐴 nor 𝐵 are open and closed in subspace 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵

(d) None of these

6. Let 𝐺 be the set of all irrational numbers. The interior and the closure of 𝐺 are denoted by 𝐺 𝑜 and 𝐺̅ ,
respectively. Then

(a) 𝐺 𝑜 = 𝜙, 𝐺̅ = 𝐺 (b) 𝐺 𝑜 = ℝ, 𝐺̅ = ℝ

(c) 𝐺 𝑜 = 𝜙, 𝐺̅ = ℝ (d) 𝐺 𝑜 = 𝐺, 𝐺̅ = ℝ

7. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be subsets of ℝ. Define 𝐴 + 𝐵 to the set of all sums 𝑥 + 𝑦 with 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Which of
the following statements is false? [TIFR -2010]

(a) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are bounded, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is bounded

(b) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are open, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is open

(c) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are closed, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is closed

(d) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are connected, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is connected

8. Let 𝐸 be a connected subset of ℝ with at least two elements. Then the number of elements in 𝐸 is

[GATE -2008]

(a) Exactly two (b) more than two but finite

(c) countably infinite (d) uncountable

9. The set {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ |𝑥 + 1| = |𝑥| + 1} is same as [NBHM -2004]

(a) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ > 0} (b) {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑥 ≥ 0}

(c) {𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 ℝ} (d) the empty set

(e) None of the above

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Answer Key

1. (a), (b), (d)

2. (a), (b)

Since if we take [√2, 3] ∩ 𝑄 contains all the rationals between √2 and 3 and also it is countable set
but √2 ∉ 𝑄 which is infimum of this set. Also 3 ∈ 𝑄 which is supremum of this set. Hence ∃ a set
which fulfill the conditions given in option ‘c’. Hence option ‘c’ is incorrect.

Similarly, we can also create an example for option ‘d’.

3. (a), (b), (c)

4. (b)

Since for (a) every singleton set is connected which is non-empty and countable set. So (a) is not
correct. for (c) if we take of irrationals which is an uncountable set but not compact.

for (d), we can take any singleton set which is also connected.

5. (a)

6. (c)

7. (c)

Counter example

PRACTICE SET-7

1. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 be subsets of ℝ. Define to be the set of all sums 𝑥 + 𝑦 with 𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 & 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵. Which of the
following statements is false? [TIFR -2010]

(a) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are bounded, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is bounded

(b) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are open, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is open

(c) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are closed, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is closed

(d) If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are connected, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 is connected

Ans. (d)

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2. Let 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 be three subsets of ℝ the negation of the following statement, for every 𝜀 > 1, there
exists 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 such that for all 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶, |𝑎 − 𝑐| > 𝜀 is [TIFR -2014]

(a) There exists 𝜀 < 1, such that for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 there exists 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 such that |𝑎 − 𝑐| ≥ 𝜀 or

|𝑏 − 𝑐| ≤ 𝜀

(b) There exists 𝜀 ≤ 1, such that for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 there exists 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 such that |𝑎 − 𝑐| ≥ 𝜀 and

|𝑏 − 𝑐| ≤ 𝜀

(c) There exists 𝜀 − 1, such that for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 there exists 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 such that |𝑎 − 𝑐| ≥ 𝜀 and

|𝑏 − 𝑐| ≤ 𝜀

(d) There exists 𝜀 > 1, such that for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵 there exists 𝑐 ∈ 𝐶 such that |𝑎 − 𝑐| ≥ 𝜀 and

|𝑏 − 𝑐| ≤ 𝜀

Ans.(d)

3. Let 𝐶 1 (ℝ) denote the set of all continuously differentiable real valued functions defined on the real
line.
1
Define 𝐴 = {𝑓 ∈ 𝐶 1 (ℝ) ∶ 𝑓(0) = 0, 𝑓(1), |𝑓 ′ (𝑥)| ≤ 2 ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ} [NBHM -2016]

where𝑓′ deonetes the derivative of the function 𝑓 pick out the true statement.

(a) A is an empty set

(b) A is a finite and non-empty set

(c) A is an infinite set

Ans.(a)

4. ̅̅̅○̅) is A. [T/F ]
If 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ and open the interior of the closure (𝐴 [TIFR -2012]

Ans. F

5. Let 𝑆 be the set of all sequences {𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛 , … } where each entry 𝑎𝑖 is either 0 or 1 then 𝑆 is
countable. [T/F] [TIFR -2013]

Ans. F

6. Let 𝑋 be a proper closed subset of [0, 1]. Which of the following statements is always true?

[TIFR -2015]
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(a) The set 𝑋 is countable (b) There exists 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑋/{𝑥} is closed

(c) The set 𝑋 contains an open interval (d) None of the above

Ans.(d)

7. Let 𝑋 ⊂ ℝ and let 𝑓, 𝑔: 𝑋 → 𝑋 be continuous functions such that 𝑓(𝑥) ∩ 𝑔(𝑋) = 𝜙and 𝑓(𝑋) ∪
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑋. Which one of the following sets cannot be equal to 𝑋? [TIFR -2015]

(a) [0, 1] (b) (0, 1) (c)[0, 1] (d) ℝ

Ans.(a)

8. Let 𝑆 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ 3 − 𝑥 2 > 0}. then [D.U. 2017]

(a) 𝑆is bounded above 3 is the least upper bound of 𝑆.

(b) 𝑆is bounded above and does not have a least upper bound in ℝ.

(c) 𝑆is bounded above and does not have least upper bound in 𝑄, the set of rational number

(d) 𝑆is not bounded above.

Ans.(c)

9. Which of the following statements is/are true?

−𝜋 𝜋
(I) There exists a continuous function from [ 2 , 2 ] onto (0, 1)

−𝜋 𝜋
(II) There exists a continuous function from [ 2 , 2 ] onto ℝ

(III) There exists a continuous function from [0, 𝜋] ∪ [2𝜋, 3𝜋] onto [0, 1]
𝜋 𝜋 1 2
(IV) There exists a continuous function from [− 2 , 2 ] onto [0, 3] ∪ [3 , 1]

Ans. (IV). is false and (III) is true.

1
10. Consider the sets 𝑆 = { ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑛 is prime} , 𝑇 = {𝑥 2 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ} then [D.U. -2017]
𝑛

(a) 𝑆𝑢𝑝(𝑆 ∩ 𝑇) = 1 (b) 𝑆𝑢𝑝 𝑆 = 1 and in 𝑓 𝑇 = 0

1 1
(c) 𝑆𝑢𝑝 𝑆 = 2 and in 𝑓 𝑇 = 0 (d) 𝑓(𝑆 ∪ 𝑇) = 2

Ans.(c)

11. Let 𝑋 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ ℚ, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ⁄ℚ} where ℚ is the set of rationals. Then [D.U. -2017]

(a) 𝑋is an open and dense subset of ℝ2 (d) 𝑋 is an open but not dense subset of ℝ2

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(c) 𝑋is not an open but dense subset of ℝ2 (d) 𝑋 is neither an open nor a dense subset of ℝ2
−1 1
12. Let 𝑆 = ⋂∞
𝑛=1 [ 𝑛 , 1 + 𝑛] then 𝑆 equals [D.U. -2017]

(a) [0, 1] (b) (0, 1] (c)(0, 1) (d) [0, 1)

Ans.(a)

13. Let 𝑓 ∶ (0, ∞) → ℝ be a continuous function then/maps any cauchy sequence to a cauchy sequence.
[T/F]

14. Let 𝐴, 𝐵 ⊆ ℝ𝑛 and define 𝐴 + 𝐵 = {𝑎 + 𝑏 ∶ 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴, 𝑏 ∈ 𝐵}. If 𝐴 and 𝐵 are open, is 𝐴 + 𝐵 open? If 𝐴

and 𝐵 are closed, is 𝐴 + 𝐵 closed? Justify your answers. [CMI -2012]

15. If 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ2 is a countable set, then ℝ2 ⁄𝐴 is connected. [T/F] [CMI -2012]

16. There is a non-constant continuous function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ whose image is contained in ℚ. [CMI -2012]

17. Let 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 ↦ 𝑌 be continuous map onto. 𝑌, and let 𝑋 be compact. Also 𝑔 ∶ 𝑌 ↦ 𝑍 is such that 𝑔 ○ 𝑓 is
continuous. Show 𝑔 is continuous. [CMI -2012]

18. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a continuous function and 𝐴 ⊂ ℝ be defined by 𝐴 = {𝑦 ∈ ℝ ∶ 𝑦 = lim 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ), for

𝑛→∞
some sequence 𝑥𝑛 → +∞}. Then the set 𝐴 is necessarily [TIFR -2015]

(a) A connected set (b) A compact set (c) A singleton set (d) None of these

Ans.(a)

19. Let 𝐴 be a subset of [0, 1] with non-empty interior, and let ℚ + 𝐴 = {𝑞 + 𝑎 ∶ 𝑞 ∈ ℚ, 𝑎 ∈ 𝐴}. Which of
the following is true? [TIFR -2016]

(a) ℚ + 𝐴 = ℝ (b) ℚ + 𝐴 can be a proper subset of ℝ

(c) ℚ + 𝐴need not be closed in ℝ (d) ℚ + 𝐴 need not be open in ℝ

Ans.(a)

20. Let 𝐴1 ⊃ 𝐴2 ⊃ ⋯ 𝐴𝑛 ⊃ 𝐴𝑛+1 ⊃ ⋯ be an infinite sequence of non-empty subsets of ℝ3 . Which of the

following conditions ensures that their intersection is non-empty? [TIFR -2016]

(a) Each 𝐴𝑖 is uncountable (b) Each 𝐴𝑖 is open

(c) Each 𝐴𝑖 is connected (d) Each𝐴𝑖 is compact

Ans(d)

21. For a set 𝐴 ⊂ ℝ, denote by 𝐶𝑙(𝐴) the closure of 𝐴, and by 𝐼𝑚𝑡(𝐴) interior of 𝐴. there is a set 𝐴 ⊂ ℝ
such that

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(a) 𝐴, 𝐶𝑙(𝐴),and𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴) are pairwise distinct;

(b) 𝐴, 𝐶𝑙(𝐴), 𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴),and𝐶𝑙(𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴)) are pairwise distinct;

(c) 𝐴, 𝐶𝑙(𝐴), 𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴),and𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐶𝑙(𝐴)) are pairwise distinct;

(d) 𝐴, 𝐶𝑙(𝐴), 𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴), 𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐶𝑙(𝐴)),and𝐶𝑙(𝐼𝑛𝑡(𝐴)) are pairwise distinct.

22. Let 𝑈 ⊆ ℝ be a non-empty open subset. Choose the correct statement(s) from below: [CMI -2016]

(a) U is uncountable;

(b) U contains a closed interval as a power subset;

(c) U is a countable union of disjoint open intervals;

(d) U contains a convergent sequence of real numbers.

Ans. (a, b, c and d)

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Chapter -2

SEQUENCES

1. Which of the following is/are correct? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JFR : June -2012]

1 𝑛+1 1 𝑛
(a) (1 + 𝑛) → 𝑒 as 𝑛 → ∞ (b) (1 + 𝑛+1) → 𝑒 as 𝑛 → ∞

2
1 𝑛 1 𝑛
(c) (1 + 𝑛) → 𝑒 as 𝑛 → ∞ (d) (1 + 𝑛2 ) → 𝑒 as 𝑛 → ∞

2. Which of the following is/are true? [(MCQ)CSR-NET/JRF : June -2012]

𝑥+𝑦
𝑥+𝑦 log 𝑥 + log 𝑦 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑦
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ≤ for all 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0 (b) 𝑒 2 ≤ for all 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0
2 2 2

𝑥+𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦

(c) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ≤ for all 𝑥, 𝑦 > 0
2 2

3. Which of the following statement is true? [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2011]

log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥
(a) lim = 0 and lim =∞ (b) lim = ∞ and lim =0
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1⁄2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1⁄2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥 log 𝑥

(c) lim = 0 and lim =0 (d) lim = 0 and lim does not exits
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1⁄2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 1⁄2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥

4. Which of the following is/are correct? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]

1 1
(a) 𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛+1) → 1 as 𝑛 → ∞ (b) (𝑛 + 1) log (1 + 𝑛+1) → 1 as 𝑛 → ∞

1 1
(c) 𝑛2 log (1 + 𝑛) → 1 as 𝑛 → ∞ (d) 𝑛 log (1 + 𝑛2 ) → 1 as 𝑛 → ∞

5. The sequence √7, √7 + √7, √7 + √7 + √7 ,… converges to [TIFR -2010]

1+√33 1+√32 1+√30 1+√29

(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

1
6. lim 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) is [TIFR -2010]
𝑥→∞

1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) does not exits

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7. The sequence 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 = √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 has supremum and limit superior respectively as

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2010]

1 1 1
(a) ,0 (b) √2 − 1, 0 (c) , (d) both are zero
√2+1 √2+1 √2+1

43𝑛
8. The sequence 〈𝑎𝑛 〉; 𝑎𝑛 = 34𝑛 [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2010]

(a) converges to zero (b) converges to 1 (c) is bounded only (d) is unbounded

9. If 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 is Cauchy the cos (𝑥𝑛 ) is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2010]

(a) Cauchy (b) bounded (c) bounded but not cauchy (d) unbounded
2𝑛 2𝑛
10. 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 = 3𝑛 − then [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JFR : Dec-2010]
𝑛!

(a) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 (b) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 ≠ lim inf 𝑎𝑛

(c) lim sup 𝑎𝑛 = +∞ (d) lim inf 𝑎𝑛 = −∞

1 1
11. The number of limit points of the set {𝑚 + 𝑛 : 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ} is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) Infinitely many (d) Finitely many

12. The number √2𝑒 𝑖𝜋 is

(a) a rational number (b) a transcendental number

(c) an irrational number (d) an imaginary number

13. If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝐴, ∑|𝑎𝑛 | = 𝐵 and 𝐴 and 𝐵 are finite, then [D.U. 2015]

(a) |𝐴| = 𝐵 (b) 𝐴 ≤ 𝐵 (c)|𝐴| ≥ 𝐵 (d) 𝐴 = 𝐵

14. Let 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 and 〈𝑏𝑛 〉 be two sequences of real numbers such that 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏𝑛 −𝑏𝑛+1 for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. If ∑ 𝑏𝑛 is
convergent, then which of the following is true? [D.U. 2014]

(a) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 may not converge (b) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑏1

(c) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑ 𝑎𝑛 = 0 (d) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 −𝑏1

𝑛2
15. Let 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛 + 𝑛2 for 𝑛 ≤ 100 and 𝑎𝑛 = 3 + (−1)𝑛 2𝑛 +1for 𝑛 > 100. Then [D.U. 2014]
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(a) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 is a Cauchy sequence

(b) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 is an unbounded sequence

(c) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉has exactly three limit points

(d) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 has two convergent subsequence converging to two different points.

16. Which of the following statements about a sequence of real numbers are true? [D.U. 2014]

(a) Every bounded sequence has a convergent subsequence

(b) Every sequence has a monotonic subsequence

(c) Every sequence has a limit point

(d) Every sequence has a countable number of terms

17. Let 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 = 〈1,1, 1⁄2 , 1, 1⁄2 , 1⁄3 , 1, 1⁄2 , 1⁄3 , 1⁄4 , … 〉 be a sequence of real numbers. Then

[D.U. 2014]

(a) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 has infinite number of limit points

(b) lim sup𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 = 1

(c) lim inf𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛 = 0

(d) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 has infinite number of convergent subsequences

2𝑛+1 +3𝑛+1
18. The sequence 〈 2𝑛 +3𝑛
〉 converges to [D.U. 2015]

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5

19. Which one of the following is true? [D.U. 2015]

𝑎
(a) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 diverges and 𝑎𝑛 > 0, then ∑ 1+𝑎𝑛 diverges
𝑛

(b) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverge, the ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) diverges

(c) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverge, then ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) converges

(d) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverges, then ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) converges

1
20. If 𝑥𝑛 = 1 + (−1)𝑛 + 2𝑛, then [D.U. 2015]

(a) lim sup 𝑥𝑛 = 1 (b) lim inf 𝑥𝑛 = 1

(c) 𝑥𝑛 is a convergent sequence (d) lim sup 𝑥𝑛 ≠ lim inf 𝑥𝑛

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1 2
21. Let 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 be the sequence defined by 𝑥1 = 2 and 𝑥𝑛+1 = 2 (𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥 ). Then [D.U. 2015]
𝑛

(a) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 converges to rational number (b) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 is an increasing sequence

(c) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 converges to 2√2 (d) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 is a decreasing sequence

22. Let〈𝑥𝑛 〉 be an unbounded ℝ. Then [D.U. 2015]

(a) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 has a convergent subsequent

(b) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 has a subsequence 〈𝑥𝑛1 〉 such that 𝑥𝑛1 → 0

1
(c) 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 has a subsequence 〈𝑥𝑛1 〉 such that 𝑥 →0
𝑛1

(d) every subsequence of 〈𝑥𝑛1 〉 is unbounded

23.. If {𝑎𝑛 } is a bounded sequence of real numbers, then [D.U. 2016]

(a) inf 𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim inf 𝑎𝑛 and sup 𝑎𝑛 ≤ sup 𝑎𝑛

𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

(b) lim inf 𝑎𝑛 ≤ inf 𝑎𝑛

𝑛→∞ 𝑛

(c) inf 𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim inf 𝑎𝑛 and sup𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim sup 𝑎𝑛

𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞

(d) inf 𝑎𝑛 ≤ lim inf 𝑎𝑛 and lim sup 𝑎𝑛 ≤ sup 𝑎𝑛

𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

24. 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑛𝜋/7) + 𝑆𝑖𝑛3 (𝑛𝜋/7) + 1 then [CSIR-NET/JRF :Dec-2010]

(a).It has convergent subsequence (b). It has no convergent subsequence

(c). It has a limit 1 (d). It convergence to 0.

25. Let 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 = (𝑛 + 1)100 𝑒 −√𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 1. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 〈𝑥𝑛 〉 𝑖𝑠 [TIFR-2014]

(a). Unbounded (b). bounded but does not converge

(c). bounded and converges to 1 (d).bounded and converges to 0

Answer Key

1. (a, b ) 2. (b, d) 3. (c) 4. (a, b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a)

8.(a) 9.(a, b) 10.(c) 11.(c) 12.(c) 13.(b) 14.(b)

15.(a) 16.(a,b,d) 17.(a,b,c,d) 18.(c) 19.(a) 20.(d) 21.(d)

22.(c) 23.(d). 24.(a) 25.(d).

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PRACTICE SET -1

Single Correct Answer Type Questions:

1. Let {𝑎𝑛 }, {𝑏𝑛 } and {𝑐𝑛 } be a sequence of real numbers with respect to 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎2𝑛 and 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑎2𝑛+1 then
{𝑎𝑛 } is convergent

(a) implies{𝑏𝑛 } is divergent but {𝑐𝑛 } is convergent.

(b) implies{𝑎𝑛 } = 2 is convergent but {𝑐𝑛 } need not be convergent.

(c) iflim{𝑎𝑛 } = 2 ⇒ both {𝑏𝑛 } and {𝑐𝑛 } also have same limit 2.

(d) if lim{𝑎𝑛 } = 2 ⇒ may be {𝑏𝑛 } and {𝑐𝑛 } have distinct limits.

2. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be an increasing sequence of positive real numbers s.t. 𝑎𝑛 is bounded below. Then

(a) (𝑎𝑛 ) can never be a convergent sequence

(b) (𝑎𝑛 ) can never be divergent sequence.

(c) if (𝑎𝑛 ) is bdd above then infimum of (𝑎𝑛 ) can never the limit of (𝑎𝑛 )

(d) if (𝑎𝑛 ) is bdd above the limit of (𝑎𝑛 ) will be the supremum of (𝑎𝑛 )
𝑥3 +𝑥2 + ……..+ 𝑥𝑛
3. Let {𝑥𝑛 } be the sequence +√1, −√1, +√2, −√2, +√3, −√3, +√4, −√4,……. . If 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑛
for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then the sequence {𝑦𝑛 } is

(a) monotonic (b) not bounded

(c) bounded but not convergent (d) convergent

4. The set of limit points of the sequence 〈𝑠𝑛 〉 = 〈sin 𝑛〉

(a) compact (b) bounded

(c) both compact and bounded (d) neither compact not bounded

5. Let {𝑥𝑛 } be sequence of real numbers such that lim (𝑥𝑛+1 −𝑥𝑛 ) = 𝑐, where ‘c’ is a positive real
𝑛→∞
𝑥𝑛
number. Then the sequence { 𝑛 }

(a) is not bounded (b) is bounded but not convergent

(c) converges to c (d) converges to 0

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1 1+2 1+2+3
6. The sum of series 1! + + +……… equals [NET June 2015]
2! 3!

𝜀 3𝜀 𝜀
(a) 𝜀 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 1 + 2

7. If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } are two sequence such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ then

(a) if {𝑏𝑛 } is bounded ⇒ {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded (b) if {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded ⇒ {𝑏𝑛 } is bounded

(c) if {𝑎𝑛 } is divergent ⇒ {𝑎𝑛 } is divergent (d) none of the above.

8. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be convergent sequence. Then choose the incorrect.

(a) {𝑎𝑛 } must be constant sequence (b) {𝑎𝑛 } must be bounded below

(c) {𝑎𝑛 } must be bounded above (d) {𝑎𝑛 } must have unique limit points

9. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be convergent sequence. Then which of the following properties implies the convergence of
{𝑎𝑛 }

(a) {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded above (b) {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded below

(c) {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded sequence (d) none of these

(−1)𝑛
10. Let {𝑎𝑛 } = 1 + . Then lim {𝑎𝑛 } is
𝑛 𝑛→∞

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c)2 (d) −2

11. Which of the following sequence is not convergent to 0?

3𝑛 1 6𝑛 4𝑛+5
(a) 𝑎𝑛 = 4𝑛 (b) 𝑏𝑛 = 5𝑛 (d) 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑛2 −2𝑛+5 (d) 𝑑𝑛 = 8𝑛

12. Which of the following sequence is convergent?

(a) 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 𝑒 𝑛 (b) 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛1⁄𝑛 (c)1, 2, 4, 8, 16, … (d) 𝑐𝑛 = (−1)𝑛

13. Which of the following is true?

(a) If lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 then lim |𝑎𝑛 | ≠ 0

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(b) If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿 then lim (𝑥𝑛 ) = 1, if lim 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥

𝑥→∞ 𝑛→∞

(c) If a sequence is bounded then it must be convergent

(d) Every bounded sequence is a Cauchy sequence

14. Which of the following is true?

(a) Every bounded sequence is a convergent sequence

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(b) If a sequence is decreasing then it is convergent

(c) If lim |𝑎𝑛 | = 0 then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(d) If lim |𝑎𝑛 | exists then lim 𝑎𝑛 exists

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

15. Let (𝑎𝑛 ), (𝑏𝑛 ), (𝑐)𝑛 be sequences of real numbers such that 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑎2𝑛 and 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑎2𝑛+1 . Then (𝑎𝑛 ) is
convergent.

(a) implies(𝑏𝑛 ) is convergent but (𝑐𝑛 ) need not be convergent

(b) implies(𝑐𝑛 )is convergent but (𝑏𝑛 ) need not be convergent

(c) implies both (𝑏𝑛 ) and (𝑐𝑛 ) are convergent

(d) if both (𝑏𝑛 ) and (𝑐𝑛 ) are convergent

2𝑛+1 +3𝑛+1
16. lim equals
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛 +3𝑛

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0

Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions:

17. Choose the correct statement

(a) let{𝑎𝑛 } be a convergent sequence then it has always a unique point.

(b) if{𝑎𝑛 } be a sequence with a unique limit point then {𝑎𝑛 } is a convergent sequence.

(c) if {𝑎𝑛 } be an unbounded sequence then it cannot have a limit point.

(d) if {𝑎𝑛 } be a sequence and R be the range of the sequence {𝑎𝑛 } then

18. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be sequence and R be the range of the sequence {𝑎𝑛 } then

(a) every limit point of {𝑎𝑛 } is also a limit point of R.

(b) every limit point of R is a limit point of {𝑎𝑛 }

(c) if R is a finite set ⇒ {𝑎𝑛 } must have a limit point

(d) if R is a finite set then {𝑎𝑛 } need not have a limit point.

19. Choose the correct statement.

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(a) range set of sequence (−1)𝑛 is compact

(−1)𝑛
(b) range set of the sequence is an open set
𝑛

(c) range of set of sequence sin 𝑛 is dense in [−1, 1]

(d) there a sequence which has uncountable limit point.

Numerical Answer Type Questions:

20. If a sequence has two limit points and all the term in the sequence are only the limit points of the
sequence then cardinality of range set of the sequence is __________

21. Let 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 then cardinality of the set of limit points of range {𝑎𝑛 } =__________

22. Let 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 are two sequence s.t. {𝑎𝑛 } is convergent and number of limit points of both
sequences are same then how many limit points of the sequence {𝑎𝑛 } =__________

23. If range set of a sequence have two elements say {𝑎1 , 𝑎2 }. And the sequence is not convergent. Then
how many limit points of the sequence __________

24. If {𝑎𝑛 } is a convergent sequence and range set is an infinite set, then number of limit points of the
given sequence is __________

[Single Correct Answer Type Questions]

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c); is the set of limit points of sin n.

5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a)

9. (d) as (−1)𝑛 is a bounded sequence hence bounded below and bounded above both but it is not a
convergent sequence.

10. (b) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 16. (a)

Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions

17. (a) 18. (b),(c) 19. (a), (c) and (d)

Numerical Answer Type Questions

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20. (2) 21. (0) 22. (1) 23. (2) 24. (1)

PRACTICE SET -2

Descriptive Questions:

1. Prove that lim 𝑥𝑛 = 0 iff lim |𝑥𝑛 | = 0. Give an example to show that convergence of (|𝑥𝑛 |) need
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
not imply the convergence of (𝑥𝑛 ).
1 1
2. Show that lim ( − )=0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛+1

3. Let 𝑦𝑛 = √𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 − 1for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Show that (𝑦𝑛 ) and (√𝑛 𝑦𝑛 ) converge. Find their limits.

4. Show that the following sequence are not convergent.

(a) (2𝑛 ) (b) ((−1)𝑛 𝑛2 )

5. Using only the definition of the convergence of a sequence, find the limits or prove that the sequence
does not converge for the following sequences.

(−1)𝑛 𝑛2
(a) 𝑎𝑛 = (b) 𝑏𝑛 = 5𝑛+3
𝑛

4𝑛+1
(c) 𝑐𝑛 = 2𝑛−3 (d) 𝑑𝑛 = 𝑛 − √𝑛2 − 1

(e) 𝑒𝑛 = √𝑛2 + 𝑛 − 𝑛

6. Assume that (𝑠𝑛 ) and (𝑡𝑛 ) are sequence of real numbers such that |𝑠𝑛 | ≤ 𝑡𝑛 ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕand lim 𝑡𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞
Show that lim 𝑠𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞

1
7. Let 𝑥1 ∶ = 8 and 𝑥𝑛+1 ∶ = 2 𝑥𝑛 + 2 for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Show that (𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded and monotone. Find
lim 𝑥𝑛 .
𝑛→∞

1
8. Let 𝑥1 > 1 and 𝑥𝑛+1 ∶ 2 − for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Show that (𝑥𝑛 ) is bounded and monotone. Find lim 𝑥𝑛 .
𝑥𝑛 𝑛→∞

1
9. Let 𝑥1 = 𝑎 > 0 and 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 + 𝑥 , 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Determine if (𝑥𝑛 ) converges or diverges.
𝑛

3𝑛−7
10. Prove from the definition that (9𝑛+2) is Cauchy sequence.
𝑛∈ℕ

1 1 1
11. The limit lim (𝑛 + 𝑛+1 + ⋯ + 2𝑛) = [TIFR -2016]
𝑛→∞

(a) e (b) 2 (c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (d) 𝑒 2

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Ans: (c)
[𝑛𝑥]
12. Consider the sequence {𝑥𝑛 } defined by 𝑥𝑛 = for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ where [.] denotes the integer part then
𝑛
{𝑥𝑛 }. [TIFR -2011]

(a) Converges to 𝑥 (b) converges but not 𝑥

(c) bounded and converges to 1 (d) bounded and converge to 0

Ans. (a)
1 1
13. Consider the sequence 𝑥𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 and ∑𝑛𝑗=1 then {𝑥𝑛 } is Cauchy but {𝑦𝑛 } is not. [T/F] [TIFR -2013]
𝑗 𝑗2

14. Evaluate lim (√𝑛2 + 𝑛 − √𝑛2 + 1) [NBHM -2005]

𝑛→∞

1 2 𝑛 1⁄𝑛
15. Evaluate lim [(1 + 𝑛) (1 + 𝑛) … (1 + 𝑛)] [NBHM -2014]
𝑛→∞

1 𝑛 2 𝑛 𝑘 𝑛
(𝑎+ ) (𝑎+ ) …(𝑎+ )
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
16. Let 𝑘 be a positive integer. Let 𝑎 > 0. Evaluate lim [NBHM -2015]
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑘

17. Let {𝑥𝑛 }∞

𝑛=1 be a sequence of real numbers. Pick out the cases which imply that the sequence is
Cauchy [NBHM -2012]
1
(a) [𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛+1 ] ≤ 𝑛 ∀𝑛

1
(b) [𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛+1 ] ≤ 𝑛2 ∀𝑛

1
(c) [𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛+1 ] ≤ 𝑛 ∀𝑛

1
(d) [𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥𝑛+1 ] ≤ 2𝑛 ∀𝑛

Ans. (b, c)

18. Let (𝑥𝑛 ) be a sequence of real numbers such that the subsequence (𝑥2𝑛 ) and (𝑥3𝑛 ) converge to
limits 𝐾 and 𝐿 respectively, then [I.S.I -2017]

(a) (𝑥𝑛 )always converges

(b) If 𝐾 = 𝐿, then (𝑥𝑛 ) converges

(c) (𝑥𝑛 )may not converges, but 𝐾 = 𝐿

(d) It is possible to have 𝐾 ≠ 𝐿

Ans. (c)

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1
19. Let (𝑥𝑛 ) be a sequence defined by 𝑥1 = 3 and 𝑥𝑛+1 = 4−𝑥 then [D.U. -2017]
𝑛

(a) (𝑥𝑛 )is monotonically decreasing sequence that is not bounded below

(b) (𝑥𝑛 )converges to 2 + √3

(c) (𝑥𝑛 )converges to 2 − √3

(d) (𝑥𝑛 )diverges

Ans.(c)

𝑛2
20. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be a sequence of real numbers such that |𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝑎𝑛 | ≤ 2𝑛 ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then [TIFR -2015]

(a) The sequence {𝑎𝑛 } may be unbounded

(b) The sequence {𝑎𝑛 } is bounded but may not converge

(c) The sequence {𝑎𝑛 } has exactly two limit points

(d) The sequence {𝑎𝑛 } is convergent

Ans. (d)

21. For a sequence (𝑎𝑛 ) of real numbers, which of the following is a negation of the statement
lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 [TIFR -2018]
𝑛→∞

(a) There exists 𝜀 > 0 such that the set {𝑛 ∈ ℕ ∶ |𝑎𝑛 | > 𝜀} is infinite.

(b) for any 𝑀 > 0, there exists 𝑁 ∈ ℕ such that |𝑎𝑛 | > 𝑀 for all 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁

(c) There exists a non-zero real number a such that for every 𝜀 > 0, there 𝑛 ∈ ℕ with |𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎| < 𝜀
for all 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁

(d) For any 𝑎 ∈ ℝ, and every 𝜀 > 0, there exist infinitely many 𝑛 such that |𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎| > 𝜀

Ans.(a)
𝑖𝜋
[𝜋 ∑𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑠𝑖𝑛( )]
𝑛
22. Evaluate : lim [CMI -2014]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

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Chapter -3

SERIES

1. Suppose that ∑ 𝑥𝑛 is a series of positive terms which is convergent. Show that ∑ 𝑥𝑛2 and ∑ √𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛+1
are convergent.

√ 𝑥𝑛
2. Suppose that ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑥𝑛 is a series of positive terms which is convergent. Show ∑𝑛=1∙ is convergent.
𝑛

3. Determine whether ∑∞ 𝑛 −(𝑛+2)

𝑛=1 3 𝜋 is convergent or divergent? If convergent, find its sum,

4. Use comparison test or limit comparison test to determine the convergence or divergence of each of
the following series.

𝑛 2 +√𝑛 3+sin 𝑛 4+(−1)𝑛 2𝑛 +3

(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛3 −𝑛+3 (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (c)∑∞
𝑛=1 (d) ∑∞
𝑛=1 3𝑛+1 −𝑛
𝑛3 6𝑛

5. Give an example of a convergent series ∑∞ ∞

𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 such that ∑𝑛=1 √𝑎𝑛 diverges.

6. Use the ratio test to determine the convergence or divergence of each of the following series.

7. Use the alternating series test to show that the series.

1
∑∞
𝑛=2(−1)
𝑛+1
is convergent.
√𝑛(1+𝐼𝑛 𝑛 )2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛
8. Show that the series ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛
is absolutely convergent.
2𝑛

9. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be the sequence of positive solution of the equation tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 and let {𝑏𝑛 } be the sequence
of consecutive positive solution of the equation tan √𝑥 = 𝑥. Then [GATE -2013]
1 1 1 1
(a) ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎 converge but ∑𝑛=1 𝑏 diverges (b) ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎 diverges but ∑𝑛=1 𝑏 converges
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

1 1 1 1
(c) Both ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎 and ∑𝑛=1 𝑏 converges (d) Both∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑎 and ∑𝑛=1 𝑏 diverges
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

Ans.(b)
2
2−𝑛
10. The value of the limit lim 2 is [GAT -2013]
𝑛→∞ ∑∞
𝑘=𝑛+1 2
−𝑘

(a) 0 (b) some 𝐶 ∈ (0, 1) (c) 1 (d) ∞

Ans.(d)

11. Let 𝑆 = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ ∶ ≥ 0; ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑥
√𝑛 < ∞} then the supremum of 𝑆 is [GATE -2013]
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1
(a) 1 (b) 𝑒 (c) 0 (d) ∞

Ans.(a)

12. If ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is absolutely convergent, then which of the following is not true?

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]

(a) ∑∞
𝑚=𝑛 𝑎𝑚 →as𝑛 → ∞ (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑚 sin 𝑛 is convergent

(c) ∑∞ 𝑎𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑒 is divergent (d) ∑∞ 2
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is divergent

Ans.(d)
1
13. Consider the sequence of rational number {𝑞𝑘 }𝑘=1 where 𝑞𝑘 = ∑𝑘𝑛=1 2 i.e. the sequence is 𝑞1 =∙
10𝑛
1, 𝑞2 =∙ 1001, 𝑞3 =∙ 100001, etc. Which of the following is true?

[(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]

(a) This is sequence is bounded and convergent in 𝑄.

(b) This sequence is not bounded.

(c) This sequence is not bounded not a Cauchy sequence.

(d) This sequence is bounded and Cauchy but not convergent in 𝑄.

Ans.(d)

14. Let {𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 be a sequence of positive number such that 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 > 𝑎3 > ⋯ then, which of the
following is/are true? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]
𝑎𝑛
(a) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 (b) lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

𝑎𝑛 𝑎
(c) ∑∞
𝑛=1 converges (d) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 converges
𝑛

Ans.(d)

15. Which of the following series is convergent?

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]
1 sin 𝑛
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1
√𝑛+1−√𝑛 𝑛2

log 𝑛
(d) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) log 𝑛 (d) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛

Ans.(b)

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1 𝜋2 1
16. Using fact that ∑∞
𝑛2 𝑛2 = , ∑∞
1 (2𝑛+1)1 equals [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2012]
6

𝜋2 𝜋2
(a) 12 (b) 12 − 1

𝜋2 𝜋2
(c) (d) −1
8 8

Ans.(d)

(−1)𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛
17. Using the fact that ∑∞
1 = log 2 , ∑∞
1 𝑛(𝑛+1) equals [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]
𝑛

(a) 1 − 2 log 2 (b) 1 + log 2 (c)(log 2)2 (d) −(log 2)2

Ans.(a)
1 1 1 1
18. 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 + 𝑛+1 + 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2010]

(a) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 (b) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 1 (c)lim 𝑎𝑛 = log 2 (d) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 1/2

Ans.(c)
(−1)𝑛 log 𝑛 (−1)𝑛 sin 𝜋⁄2
19. ∑ 𝑎𝑛 = ∑ 𝑛−log 𝑛1.01 ∑ 𝑏𝑛 = ∑ then [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2010]
𝑛

(a) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and∑ 𝑏𝑛 are absolutely convergent

(b) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is absolutely convergent but ∑ 𝑏𝑛 is not

(c) ∑ 𝑏𝑛 is absolutely convergent but ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is not

(d) Neither ∑ 𝑎𝑛 nor ∑ 𝑏𝑛 is absolutely convergent

Ans.(d)

20. Which one of the following series converges? [D.U. 2015]

1 1 1
(a) ∑ cos 𝑛2 (b) ∑ sin 𝑛2 (c)∑ 𝑛1+1⁄𝑛 (d) ∑ 𝑛cos 3

Ans.(b)
1
21. The sum of the series ∑∞
𝑘=1 (2𝑘−1)2 is [D.U. 2015]

𝜋2 𝜋2 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 1
8 6

Ans.(a)

22 𝑥 2 33 𝑥 3
22. The series 𝑥 + + + ⋯ is convergent if 𝑥 belongs to the interval [D.U. 2016]
2! 3!

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1 1 2 3 3 4
(a) (0, 3) (b) (3 , ∞) (c)(3 , 3) (d) (𝑒 , 𝑒)

Ans.(a)

𝑘 2 +3𝑘+1
23. The series ∑∞
𝑘=0 (𝑘+2)!
converges to [D.U. 2016]

(a) 1 (b) 1⁄2 (c) 2 (d) 3

Ans.(c)

𝑥𝑛 2𝑛 𝑛2
24. We know that 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛−1)!. The series ∑𝑛=1 converges to [D.U. 2016]
𝑛!

(a) 𝑒 2 (b) 2𝑒 2 (c)4𝑒 2 (d) 6𝑒 2

Ans.(d)
(2𝑛)!
25. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 (𝑛!)2 [D.U. 2016]

(a) diverges (b) converges to 1 (c) converges to 1⁄2 (d) converges 1⁄7

Ans.(a)

PRACTICE SET -1

Single Correct Answer Type Questions:

𝑛𝑘
1. lim 𝑒 −𝑛 ∙ ∑∞
𝑘=0 𝑘! [GATE 1998]
𝑛→∞

(a) is 0 (b) is 1 (c) is 1⁄2 (d) does not exist

1
2. lim ∑𝑛𝑘=1 3𝑛+𝑘 is [GATE 1998]
𝑛→∞

4 3 3 5
(a) log 3 (b) log 4 (c)log 2 (d) log 4

1
3. The value of lim ∑𝑛𝑘=1 √𝑛2 is
𝑛→∞ +𝑘 𝑛

1
(a) 2(√2 − 1) (b) 2√2 = 1 (c)2 − √2 (d) 2 (√2 − 1)

4. Let {𝑎𝑛 }, {𝑏𝑛 } be sequences of real numbers satisfying |𝑎𝑛 | ≤ |𝑏𝑛 | for all 𝑛 ≥ 1. Then

(a) ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 converges whenever ∑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 converges.

(b) ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 converges absolutely whenever ∑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 converges absolutely

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(c) ∑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 converges whenever ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 converges

(d) ∑𝑛 𝑏𝑛 converges absolutely whenever ∑𝑛 𝑎𝑛 converges absolutely.

5. Choose the correct statement

1
(a) ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent if 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛

(b) If 𝑎𝑛 → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞ then ∑ 𝑎𝑛 need not be −𝑎 convergent series.

1
(c) ∑ 𝑛2 is divergent.

1
(d) ∑ is convergent.
√𝑛

6. Choose the incorrect statement.

1 1
(a) ∑(−1)𝑛 ∙ 𝑛 is a divergent series (b) ∑(−1)𝑛 ∙ 4 is a convergent series.

(c) If 𝑎𝑛 → 0 then ∑(−1)𝑛 is convergent (d) All of the above.

7. Choose the correct statement.

1 1 1 1
(a) 𝑛 and 𝑛2 are convergent sequence ⇒ ∑ 𝑛 and ∑ 𝑛2 are convergent.

(b) If {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } converges to the same limit point ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 converges to the same limit.
1
(c) ∑ 𝑛𝑝 is convergent for all 𝑝 > 1

1
(d) ∑ 𝑛𝑝 is divergent where 𝑝 ≠ 1

8. Choose the correct statement

1 1
(a) ∑ 2𝑛+1is convergent (b) ∑ is convergent
𝑛√2

2𝑛 1
(c) ∑ 𝑛2 +5𝑛is convergent (d) ∑ 𝑛3 is divergent.

√𝑛
9. ∑∞
𝑛=1 is
𝑛2 −2𝑛+1

(a) Absolutely convergent but not convergent

(b) Convergent but not absolutely convergent

(c) Divergent

(d) Convergent

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1+2𝑛 𝑛
10. The series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) (3+4𝑛) is

(a) Absolutely convergent (b) Conditionally convergent

(c) Divergent (d) Cannot be determined

√𝑛+1−√𝑛
11. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 is
𝑛

(a) Convergent

(b) Divergent

(c) Sequence of partial sum is unbounded

√𝑛+1−√𝑛
(d) If 𝑎𝑛 = , then (𝑎𝑛 ) is monotonically increasing.
𝑛

𝑛𝑞 −1
12. Consider the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛𝑝 +3 , 𝑝 > 0, 𝑞 < 0. The series converges when

(a) 𝑝 > 𝑞 + 1 (b) 𝑝 ≤ 𝑞 + 1

(c) 𝑝 = 𝑞 (d) 𝑞 = 𝑝 + 2

Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions:

13. Let a, b be real numbers with 0 < 𝑎 < 𝑏. Define sequence {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } by 𝑎𝑛+1 = √𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 and
𝑎𝑛 +𝑏𝑛
𝑏𝑛+1 = , where 𝑎1 = 𝑎, 𝑏1 = 𝑏. Then
2

(a) {𝑎𝑛 }is an increasing sequence (b) {𝑎𝑛 } is a decreasing sequence

(c) {𝑏𝑛 } is a decreasing sequence (d) {𝑎𝑛 } and {𝑏𝑛 } converges to the same limit

14. Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is a convergent series. Then

(a) lim(𝑎𝑛 ) is ‘0’

(b) lim(𝑎𝑛 ) is a bounded set.

(c) lim(𝑎𝑛 )compact and connected subset of ℝ

(d) lim(𝑎𝑛 ) is an open subset of ℝ

15. Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 are two series s.t.𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ∀ 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and both are positive term series. Then

(a) If ∑ 𝑏𝑛 is convergent. then{𝑎𝑛 } → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞

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(b) if ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is divergent then {𝑏𝑛 } → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞

(c) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent then {𝑛𝑛 } → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞

(d) none of the above.

16. Choose the incorrect.

(a) If {𝑎𝑛 } is a convergent sequence ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is also a convergent series.

(b) If {𝑎𝑛 } is a convergent sequence and limit {𝑎𝑛 } = 0 ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is also convergent.

(c) If {𝑎𝑛 } has a unique limit point ′0′ ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent.

(d) If {𝑎𝑛 } is not a convergent sequence ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is not a convergent series.

17. Let {𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , … } be sequence of real numbers. For any 𝑘 ≥ 1, let 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎2𝑘 . Which of the
following statements are correct?

(a) if lim 𝑆𝑛 exists, then ∑∞

𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 exists. (b) if lim 𝑆𝑛 exists, then ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 need not exists.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(c) if ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 exists, then lim 𝑆𝑛 exists. (d) if ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 exists, then lim 𝑆𝑛 need not
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
exists.

18. Let{𝑎𝑛 }𝑛≥1 be a sequence of positive numbers such that 𝑎1 > 𝑎2 > 𝑎3 > ⋯ then which of the
following is/are always true?
𝑎𝑛
(a) lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0 (b) lim =0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

𝑎𝑛 𝑎
(c) ∑∞
𝑛=1 converges (d) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛2 converges.
𝑛

Numerical Answer Type Questions

19. If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent ⇒ lim 𝑎𝑛 is _________

1 1 1
20. + 22 + 23 + ⋯ =_________
2

21. Let ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) converges to ℓ ≠ 0 then lim(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) is _________

22. If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is convergent then lim{5 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 } → _________

𝑛→

1
23. If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 are two series such that 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 and ∑ 𝑎𝑛 is diverges. The if 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛𝑝 then
𝑝 ≤_________

𝑛−3 𝑛
24. The series ∑∞
𝑛=4 ( 2𝑛 ) is convergent/divergent _________

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𝑛
−1+3𝑛2
25. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 ( ) is convergent/divergent _________
2𝑛2

1
26. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛+1
∙ is absolutely convergent/conditionally convergent _________
√2

𝑛 𝑛
51.(√8) +2𝑛 33
27. ∑∞
𝑛=2 ( ) = _________
4𝑛 .3

Single Correct Answer Type Questions:

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c)

8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a)

Multiple Correct Answer Type Questions:

13. (a), (c) and (d) 14. (a), (b) and (c) 15. (a)
1
16. (a), (b) and (c) 17. (b), (d) as 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 𝑛

18. (b) and (d)

Numerical Answer Type Questions:

19. (0) 20. (1) 21. (0) 22. (0) 23. (𝑝 ≤ 1)

24. Convergent

25. Divergent

26. Conditionally convergent

45+17√2
27. 2

PRACTICE SET -2

Subjective Question:
1 1 1
1. Examine the convergence or divergence of the series 1.3 + 3.5 + 5.7 + ⋯If convergent, find its sum.

𝐼𝑛 𝑛
2. Examine the convergence or divergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛4 +5

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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance

sin √1 sin √2 sin √3

3. Examine the convergence or divergence of the series − + ……..
13⁄2 23⁄2 33⁄2

4. Using root test, determine the convergence or divergence of each of the following series:

2𝑛 𝑛2
∞ 3 1
(a) ∑ 𝑛=1 5𝑛 (1 − 2𝑛)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) 4 + 52 + 43 + 54 + 45 + 56 + 47 + 58 + ⋯

5. Determine the absolute convergence, conditional convergence or divergence of each of the following
series.

(−1)𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑡) (−1)𝑛 𝑛𝑛

(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 ,𝑡 ∈ ℝ (c)∑∞
𝑛=1
2√𝑛+1 𝑛2 +1 (𝑛+2)𝑛

1
6. Suppose that ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 𝑥𝑛 is a series of positive terms which is convergent. Show that ∑𝑛=1 is
𝑥𝑛
divergent. What about the inverse?

7. If ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑢𝑛 converges where 𝑢𝑛 ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑛 > 𝑁 and if lim 𝑛𝑢𝑛 exists, prove that lim 𝑛𝑢𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

8. Determine the convergence or divergence of each of the following series:

2𝑛 𝑛! 𝑛
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1( √3 − 1)
𝑛𝑛

9. Prove that if ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 converges, then lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0.
𝑛→∞

𝑛+1
10. Find the infinite series and its sum if the sequence (𝑆𝑛 ) of partial sums is given by (𝑆𝑛 ) = ( ),𝑛 ∈
𝑛
ℕ

11. Consider the positive series ∑ 𝑥𝑛 with 𝑥𝑛 > 0. Show that

𝑥𝑛+1
(a) If lim 𝑛 (1 − ) > 1, then ∑ 𝑥𝑛 is convergent
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛

𝑥𝑛+1
(b) If lim 𝑛 (1 − ) < 1, then ∑ 𝑥𝑛 is divergent.
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛

𝑥𝑛+1
Show that no conclusion can be drawn if lim 𝑛 (1 − )=1
𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑛

8.3𝑛+1 +(−4)𝑛 16
12. Determine if the infinite series ∑∞
𝑛=2 converges or diverges. If it converges, determine
5𝑛 4
the sum of the series.

𝑛 𝑛
13. Determine if the infinite series ∑∞
𝑛=1 (3𝑛+1) converges or diverges. Give proper justification.

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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance

14. Determine whether the series ∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛

𝑛=1(−1) (0.1) is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent
or divergent.

PRACTICE SET -3

1 1 1 1
1. The sum of the series 1.2 + 2.3 + 3.4 + ⋯ + 100.101 is [TIFR -2012]

99 98 99
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of the above
101 101 100

(−1)𝑛+1
2. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 √𝑛

(a) converges but not absolutely (b) converges absolutely

(c) diverges (d) none of the above

𝜋
3. Let 𝑢𝑛 = sin (𝑛) and consider the series ∑ 𝑢𝑛 . Which of the following statement is false? [TIFR -2010]

(a) ∑ 𝑢𝑛 is convergent (b) 𝑢𝑛 → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞

(c) ∑ 𝑢𝑛 is divergent (d) ∑ 𝑢𝑛 absolutely convergent

4. The value of the product [TIFR -2016]

1 1 1 1 1
(1 + 1! + 2! + ⋯ ) (1 − 1! + 2! − 3! + ⋯ )is

(a) 1 (b) (c) 0 (d) log 𝑒 2

5. Which of the following is false? [TIFR -2016]

1 1
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 sin (𝑛)diverges (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 sin (𝑛2 ) converges

1 1
(c) ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1 cos 𝑛diverges(d) ∑𝑛=1 cos 𝑛2 converges

𝑛
6. The value of the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 2𝑛 is [TIFR -2016]

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

7. Let {𝑎𝑛 } be a sequence of real numbers which of the following is true? [TIFR -2015]

(a) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges then so does ∑ 𝑎𝑛4

(b) If ∑|𝑎𝑛 | converges , then so does ∑ 𝑎𝑛2

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(c) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 diverges, then so does ∑ 𝑎𝑛3

(d) If ∑|𝑎𝑛 | diverges, then so does ∑ 𝑎𝑛2

√𝑛+1−√𝑛
8. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 diverges [T/F] [TIFR -2011]
𝑛

1 1 1
9. The series 1 − + − + ⋯ is divergent. [T/F] [TIFR -2013]
√2 √3 √4

10. Pick out the true statements: [NBHM -2008]

(a) If the series ∑∞ ∞ ∞

𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 and ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 are convergent then ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 is also convergent.

(b) If the series ∑∞ ∞ ∞

𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 is absolutely convergent, then ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 is
absolutely convergent

11. Determine if each of the following series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent or
divergent. [NBHM -2017]
1 1
(a) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) (𝑛+8) (b) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛(𝑛+8)

𝑛
(c) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) (𝑛+8) (d) none of these

12. Which of the following series ∑∞

𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 are convergent? [NBHM -2017]

𝑛3 +1
(a) 𝑎𝑛 = (𝑛3 + 1)1⁄3 − 𝑛 (b) 𝑎𝑛 = 2𝑛+1

(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)…(𝑛+𝑛)
(c) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛𝑛

13. Test the following series for convergence: [NBHM -2011]

3 1 3 5 7
(a) ∑∞ 3
𝑛=1( √𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛) (b) 1.2.3 + 2.3.4 + 3.4.5 + 4.5.6 + ⋯

14. In each of the following cases, state whether the given series is absolutely convergent, conditionally
convergent or divergent. [NBHM -2015]
1 1 1
(a) 1 − 5 + 9 − 13 + ⋯

𝑛
(b) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛+1

1
(c) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛(𝑛−1)

15. Test the following series for converges [NBHM -2009]

1⁄𝑛 𝑛
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1(𝑛 − 1)

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√𝑎𝑛
(b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 , where ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent series of positive terms.
𝑛

1 𝑘
16. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ ⟶ ℝ be continuously differentiable. Evaluate lim 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑓′ (𝑛) . [NBHM -2010]
𝑛→∞

17. Determine if each of the following series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent or
divergent. [NBHM -2008]
cos 𝑛𝑥
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛
,𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛2

𝑛
(b) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛+2

1
(c) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 2𝑛+3

18. In each of the following verify whether the series is absolutely convergent, conditionally convergent
or divergent. [NBHM -2010]

𝑛
(a) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) √∙ 𝑛+1

1 1
(b) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛 sin 𝑛

𝑛
(c) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)

19. Which of the following are convergent? [NBHM -2013]

(a) ∑∞ 4 4
𝑛=1(√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 − 1)

1⁄3
(b) ∑∞ 3
𝑛=1((𝑛 + 1) − 𝑛)
1.2 2.3 3.4
(c) 3.4.5 + 4.5.6 + 5.6.7 + ⋯

20. Pick out the convergent series. [NBHM -2012]

1⁄3 (𝑛+1)𝑛
(a) ∑∞ 3
𝑛=1((𝑛 + 1) − 𝑛) (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 3
𝑛+
𝑛 2

1
(c) ∑∞
𝑛=1 1
1+
𝑛 𝑛

21. Which of the following series are convergent? [NBHM -2007]

2𝑛2 +3 (𝑛+1)𝑛
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 √5𝑛3 +7 (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 3
𝑛+
𝑛 2

1 1
(c) ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛 sin (𝑛)

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22. Pick out the series which are absolutely convergent. [NBHM -2006]
cos 𝑛𝛼
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛
, where 𝛼 ∈ ℝ is a fixed number
𝑛2

𝑛 log 𝑛
(b) ∑∞
𝑛=1(−1)
𝑛
𝑒𝑛

𝑛
(c) ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1(−1) 𝑛+2

23. Which of the following series are convergent? [NBHM -2014]

2𝑛2 +3 (𝑛+1)𝑛
(a) ∑∞
𝑛=1 √ (b) ∑∞
𝑛=1 3
5𝑛3 +1 𝑛+
𝑛 2

(c) ∑∞ 2 2 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 ) , where 0 < 𝑥 < 1

24. Let 𝑎 > 0 find the sum of the infinite series. [NBHM -2013]
(log 𝑎)2 (log 𝑎)4 (𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎)6
1+ + + +⋯
2! 4! 6!

2
25. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 where 𝑎𝑛 = (−1)
𝑛+1 4 −𝑛
𝑛 𝑒 [CMI -2013]

(a) has unbounded partial sums.

(b) is absolutely convergent

(c) is convergent but not absolutely convergent.

(d) is not convergent, but partial sums oscillate between −1 and +1

1
26. Evaluate lim ∑𝑛𝑘=1 √𝑛2 = 𝑘 2 [NBHM -2007]
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2

1 𝜋𝑘
27. Evaluate lim 𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑘=0 cos (2𝑛) [NBHM -2006]
𝑛→∞

(−1)𝑛−1
28. Consider the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 (√𝑛 + 1 − √𝑛 − 1) then [D.U. 2017]
𝑛

(a) The series is convergent but not absolutely convergent

(b) The series is divergent.

(c) The nth term of series does not converge to zero

(d) The series is absolutely convergent

29. Which one of the following is true? [D.U. 2014]

𝑎
(a) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 diverges and 𝑎𝑛 > 0, then ∑ 1+𝑎𝑛 diverges
𝑛

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(b) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverge, then ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) diverges

(c) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverge, then ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) converges.

(d) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 diverges, then ∑(𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛 ) converges.

Answer Key

1. (d ) 2. (a) 3. (a,d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b)

8.(f) 9.(f) 10.(b,c) 11(c) 12.(a, b) 13.(a, b) 26.(b)

29.(a).

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Chapter -4

POWER SERIES
1. Consider the power ∑𝑛≥1 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 where 𝑎𝑛 =number of divisors of 𝑛50 . Then the radius of convergence
of ∑𝑛≥1 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 𝑛 is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2011]

(a) 1 (b) 50 (c) 1⁄150 (d) 0

Ans.(a)
1
2. The radius of convergence of the series ∑∞
𝑛=0 2𝑛 𝑥
3𝑛
is [D.U. 2015]

(a) 1 (b) ∞ (c)1⁄2 (d) 21⁄3

Ans.(d)

PRACTICE SET -1

[Single Correct Answer Type Questions]

𝑛
1. The set of all 𝑥 at which the power series ∑∞
𝑛=1 (2𝑛+1) (𝑥 − 2)
3𝑛
converges is

(a) [−1, 1] (b) [−1, 1] (c) [1, 3] (d) [1, 3]

2. Suppose (𝐶𝑛 ) is a sequence of real numbers such that lim |𝐶𝑛 |1⁄𝑛 exists and non-zero. If the radius
𝑛→∞
of convergence of the power series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝐶𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 is equal to 𝑟, then the radius of convergence of the
power series ∑∞ 2 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 is

(a) less than 𝑟 (b) greater than 𝑟

(c) equal to 𝑟 (d) equal to 0

1⁄ 1⁄ +1⁄
3. The series 𝑥 + 𝑥1+ 2 + 𝑥1+ 2 3 + ⋯ is convergent if

(a) 𝑥 > 𝑒 (b) 𝑥 < 𝑒 (c)𝑥 < 1⁄𝑒 (d) 𝑥 > 1⁄𝑒
(𝑥−1)𝑛
4. Interval of convergence of the power series ∑∞
𝑛=0 is
2𝑛

(a) [−1, 3) (b) [−1, 3] (c) (−1, 3) (d) Neither of above

𝑛!(𝑥+2)𝑛
5. Radius of convergence and the interval of convergence of the power series ∑∞
𝑛=0 is
𝑛𝑛

(a) 1⁄𝑒 , 𝑥 ∈ (−2 − 𝑒, −2 + 𝑒) (b) 𝑒, 𝑥 ∈ (−3 − 𝑒, 𝑒)

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(c) 𝑒, 𝑥 ∈ (−2 − 𝑒, −2 + 𝑒) (d) 1⁄𝑒 , 𝑥 ∈ (−𝑒, 𝑒)

6. Which is true statement:

(a) The series 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + ⋯ has radius convergence = 1

𝑛−1
(b) The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 converges absolutely for 𝑥 ∈ [−1, 1]
𝑛2

(c) The 1 + 𝑥 + 2! 𝑥 2 + 3! 𝑥 3 + ⋯ has radius of convergence 𝑅 = ∞.

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
(d) The series 1 + 𝑥 + + + + ⋯ has radius of convergence = 0
2! 3! 4!

7. Choose the incorrect statement:

If a power series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 converges for 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛 , then

(a) it is absolutely convergent in the interval |𝑥| < |𝑥0 |

(b) it is absolutely convergent in the interval |𝑥| ≤ |𝑥0 |

(c) it is absolutely convergent in the interval |𝑥| > |𝑥0 |

(d) it is absolutely convergent in the interval |𝑥| ≥ |𝑥0 |

8. If a power series whose radius of convergence is 1, then it converges

(a) absolutely in ] − 1, 1[ and uniformly convergent in [−𝐾, 𝐾], |𝐾| ≤ 1

(b) absolutely in [−1, 1] and uniformly in [−𝐾, 𝐾], |𝐾| < 1

(c) absolutely in [−1, 1] and uniformly in [−𝐾, 𝐾], |𝐾| ≤ 1

(d) absolutely in [−1, 1] and uniformly in [−𝐾, 𝐾], |𝐾| < 1

9. If the power series ∑∞ 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 has radius of convergence 𝑅, then for any positive integer 𝐾,
∑∞𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥
𝐾𝑛
has radius of convergence

(a) 𝑅 1⁄𝐾 (b) 𝑅 −1⁄𝐾 (c)𝑅 𝐾 (d) 𝑅 −𝐾

10. Which is not incorrect:

(a) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 converges uniformly on [0, 1]

(b) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 converges absolutely on (−1, 1)

(c) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 not converges uniformly on [0, 1]

(d) If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 converges ⇒ ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 may not converges absolutely on (−1, 1)

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11. If ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 converges for |𝑥| < 𝑟, and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 converges for |𝑥| < 𝑟′. Then the product series
∑∞ 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=0(∑𝑟=0 𝑎𝑟 ∙ 𝑏𝑛−𝑟 ) . 𝑥 converges

(a) for|𝑥| < min{𝑟, 𝑟 ′ } (b) for |𝑥| > min{𝑟, 𝑟 ′ }

(c) for|𝑥| < max{𝑟, 𝑟 ′ } (d) for |𝑥| = {𝑟 + 𝑟 ′ }

12. If 𝑟, 𝑟′ be the radii of convergence of power series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ ∑ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 respectively then

(a) The radius of convergence of ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 is less than 𝑟 𝑟′

(b) The radius of convergence of ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 is not less than 𝑟 𝑟′

(a) The radius of convergence of ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 is greater than 𝑟 𝑟′

(a) The radius of convergence of ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑏𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 is not greater than 𝑟 𝑟′

13. Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 ∙ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑛 be a power series. Then choose the correct statement:

(a) It may converges only for 𝑥 = 𝛼

(b) It may converges absolutely for all 𝑥

(c) ∃ 𝑎𝑛 𝑟 > 0 s.t. the series may converges absolutely on (𝛼 − 𝑟, 𝛼 + 𝑟)

(d) ∃ 𝑎𝑛 𝑟 > 0 s.t. the series may not converges for |𝑥 − 𝛼| > 𝑟

[Numerical Answer Type Questions]

𝑎𝑛+1
14. If lim | | exists, then radius of convergence can also be equal to __________
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛

15. If a power series ∑∞ 𝑛

𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 converges at the end point 𝑥 = 𝑅 of the interval of convergence
(−𝑅, 𝑅), then in the closed interval [0, 𝑅] it will be ________
1 1 1
16. Gregory’s series 1 − 3 + 3 − 3 + ⋯ will be equal to _________

(−1)𝑛 ∙𝑥 2𝑛
17. Radius of convergence of the power series ∑ (𝑛!)2 22𝑛
is _________

𝑥𝑛
18. At 𝑥 = 1, the series ∑ 𝑛2 converges or not __________

𝑥𝑛
19. If the series ∑ 𝑛2 converges in the interval −2 < 𝑥 < 2. Then what will be the interval of the power
1
series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 2𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑥 ___________

Single Correct answer:

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1. (c)
2
2. (c), since lim (𝑛2 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 )1⁄𝑛 = lim (𝑛1⁄𝑛 ) ∙ lim (𝐶𝑛 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 )1⁄𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

3. (c)

4. (c), since radius of convergence is 2 and so

5. (c)

6. (a)

Multiple Correct Answer:

7. (b), (c),(d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a),(b)

11. (a) 12. (b),(c) 13. (a),(b),(c),(d)

Numerical Answer:
1 𝑎𝑛+1
14.𝑅 = lim | |
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛

15. Uniformly convergent

16. 𝜋⁄4

17. ∞

18. Yes converges

1
19. Same as of lim 2𝑛−1 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 , since by using term by term differentiation
𝑛=1

PRACTICE SET -2

22 𝑥 2 33 𝑥 3
1. The series 𝑥 + + + ⋯ is convergent it belong to the interval. [D.U. 2016]
2! 3!

1 1 2 3 3 4
(a) (0, e) (b) (𝑒 , ∞) (c)(𝑒 , 𝑒) (d) (𝑒 , 𝑒)

Ans. (a).

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(𝑥+1)2 (𝑥+1)3 (𝑥+1)4
2. Find the interval of convergence of the series (𝑥 + 1) − + − +⋯ [NBHM -2006]
4 9 16

(−1)𝑛−1 (𝑥+1)𝑛
3. What is the radius of convergence of the power series∑∞
𝑛=1 is [−2, 0] [NBHM -2005]
𝑛2

1
𝑛 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
4. consider the power series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 , when 𝑎𝑛 = {31 then the radius of convergence of
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
5𝑛
the series is equals to _________. [GATE -2015]

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Chapter -5

FUNCTION OF SINGLE VARIABLE

1. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a continuous function, which of the following sets cannot be the image of (0, 1]
under 𝑓? [TIFR -2015]

(a) {0} (b) (0, 1) (b) [0, 1) (d) [0, 1]

Ans.(b)

2. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two function from [0, 1] to [0, 1] with 𝑓 strictly increasing. Which of the following
statement is always correct? [TIFR -2015]

(a) If 𝑔 is continuous 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is continuous

(b) If 𝑓 is continuous the 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 is continuous

(c) If 𝑓 and 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 are continuous, then 𝑔 is continuous

(d) If 𝑔 and 𝑓 ○ 𝑔 are continuous, then 𝑓 is continuous

Ans.(c)
3
3. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be continuous function 𝑓(1) = 5 and 𝑓(3) = 11. If 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫1 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑡)𝑑𝑡 then 𝑔′(0)
is equal to [GATE -2013]

4. Which of the following function 𝑓 is uniformly continuous on the interval (0, 1) ?

1 1 1 sin 𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

Ans. (b,d)

5. Which of the following real valued function (0, 1) is uniformly continuous ?

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2012]

1 sin 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 𝑥

Ans.(b)

6. A bounded continuous function on ℝ is uniformly continuous? [TIFR-2010]

Ans. F

7. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a continuous bounded function, then [TIFR -2013]

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(a) 𝑓 has to be uniformly continuous (b) ∃ an 𝑥 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

(c) 𝑓 cannot be increasing (d) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exist

𝑥→∞

Ans.(b)
2
8. The function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 |𝑥|+𝑥 + |𝑥 2 − 1|, which of the following is true about
the function 𝑓?

(a) It is not differentiable exactly at three points of ℝ

(b) It is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0

(c) It is differentiable at 𝑥 = 2

(d) It is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1

Ans.(a,b,c,d) all are correct

9. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 |𝑥| + 𝑎2 |𝑥|2 + 𝑎1 |𝑥|3 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 0

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JFR : June -2013]

(a) for no values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 (b) for any values of 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3

(c) only if 𝑎1 = 0 (d) only if both 𝑎1 = 0 &𝑎1 = 0

Ans.(c)
𝑥+𝑃
10. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a continuous function with period 𝑃 > 0. The 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫𝑥 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 is a

(a) constant function (b) continuous function

(c) continuous function but not differentiable (d) neither continuous nor differentiable

Ans.(a, b)
∞
11. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be continuous function such that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 exists. Which of the following statements
are correct? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2011]

(a) If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists then lim (𝑥) = 0

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

(b) The lim 𝑓(𝑥) must exists and is zero

𝑥→∞

(c) In case of 𝑓 is non negative function lim 𝑓(𝑥) must exists and zero
𝑥→∞

(d) In case of 𝑓 is a differentiable function lim 𝑓′(𝑥) must exists and is zero
𝑥→∞

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Ans. (a, c)

12. Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = |cos 𝑥| + |sin(2 − 𝑥)| at which of the following points is 𝑓 not
differentiable? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]
𝜋
(a) {(2𝑛 + 1) 2 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℤ } (b) {𝑛𝜋 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℤ }

𝑛𝜋
(c) {𝑛𝜋 + 2 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℤ } (d) { 2 ∶ 𝑛 ∈ ℤ }

Ans. (a, c)

13. |sin 𝑥| is not differentiable and (𝑛𝜋 + 2), |sin(2 − 𝑥)| is not differentiable.

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2009]

(a) {𝑥 = 𝑘𝜋|𝑘 ∈ 𝐼} (b) {𝑥 = (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋|𝑘 ∈ 𝐼}

𝜋
(c) {𝑥 = (2𝑘 + 1) 2 |𝑘 ∈ 𝐼} (d) None of these

Ans.(a)

14. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be differentiable function such that lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1 [TIFR -2013]
𝑥→∞

(a) 𝑓 is bounded (b) 𝑓 is increasing (c) 𝑓 is unbounded (d) 𝑓′ is bounded

Ans.(c)

15. Let A be the set of rational numbers in the open interval (0, 7) and 𝑓 ∶ 𝐴 → ℝ be uniformly
continuous function which of the following are true? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

(a) 𝑓 is bounded (b) 𝑓 is necessarily a constant function

(c) 𝑓 is differentiable on (0, 7) (d) 𝑓 is differentiable at all the rational point in (0, 7)

Ans.(a)

16. Let 𝑓 be a twice differentiable function on ℝ. Given that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2012]

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has exactly two solution on ℝ.

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has a positive solution if 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (0) > 0

(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has no positive solution if 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (0) > 0

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(d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 has no positive solution if 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (0) < 0

Ans.(c)

17. Let 𝑓 be a monotone non decreasing real valued function on ℝ. Then,

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2012]

(a) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists at each point a. (b) If 𝑎 < 𝑏, then lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑏

(c) 𝑓 is an unbounded function (d) The fraction 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑓(𝑥) is a bounded function

Ans.(b)

18. Which of the condition below empty imply that function 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → ℝ is necessarily of bounded
variation? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2012]

(a) 𝑓 has monotone function [0, 1]

(b) 𝑓 has a continuous and monotone function on [0, 1]

(c) 𝑓 has derivative at each 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]

(d) 𝑓 has a bounded derivative on the interval (0, 1)

Ans.(a, b, d)

19. Let 𝐼 = [0, 1] ⊂ ℝ for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ let 𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡 (𝑥, 1) = inf{|𝑥 − 𝑦|: 𝑦 ∈ 1} then

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2012]

(a) 𝜙(𝑥) is discontinuous somewhere on ℝ

(b) 𝜙(𝑥) is continuous on ℝ but not continuously differentiable exactly at 𝑥 = 0

(c) 𝜙(𝑥) is continuous on ℝ but not continuously differentiable exactly at 𝑥 = 0 at 𝑥 = 1

(d) 𝜙(𝑥) is differentiable on ℝ.

Ans.(c)

20. Let 𝐼 = {1} ∪ {2} ⊂ ℝ for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ let 𝜙(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡(𝑥, 1) = inf{|𝑥 − 𝑦|: 𝑦 ∈ 𝐼}. Then,

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]

(a) 𝜙 is discontinuous somewhere on ℝ

(b) 𝜙 is continuous on ℝ but not differentiable only at 𝑥 = 1

(c) 𝜙 is continuous on ℝ but not differentiable only at 𝑥 = 1 and 2

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(d) 𝜙 is continuous somewhere on ℝ but not differentiable only at 𝑥 = 1, 3⁄2 and 2.

Ans.(d)
2 𝑥∈𝑄
21. Let 𝑓 ∶ (0, 2) → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 . Then, [GATE -2005]
2𝑥 − 1 ∈ 𝑄 𝑐
𝑥

(a) 𝑓 is differentiable exactly at one point (b) 𝑓 is differentiable exactly at two point

(c) 𝑓 is not differentiable at any point in (0, 2) (d) 𝑓 is differentiable at every point in (0, 2)

Ans.(a)

𝑥3 𝑥2
22. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 + and 𝑔(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − 1 + for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Which of the following statements
3! 2!
are correct? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2012]

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 for all 𝑥 > 0 (b) 𝑔 is an increasing function on [0, ∞)

(c) 𝑔 is not increasing function on [0, ∞) (d) 𝑓 is a decreasing function on [0, ∞)

Ans. (a, b)

23. Suppose 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ is a function that satisfies |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦|𝛽 ; 𝛽 > 0, which of the
following is correct? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

(a) If 𝛽 = 1 then 𝑓 is differentiable (b) If 𝛽 > 0 then 𝑓 is uniformly continuous

(c) If 𝛽 > 1 then 𝑓 is a constant function (d) 𝑓 must be polynomial.

Ans.( b, c)
sin 𝑥
𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≠ 0
24. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 then 𝑓 is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
(a) discontinuous (b) continuous but not differentiable

(c) differentiable only once (d) differentiable more than once.

Ans.(d).

PRACTICE SET-1

1−cos2 𝑥 1
1. lim 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 2 = 2
𝑥→0

tan 𝑥−𝑥 1
2. =3
𝑥 2 +tan 𝑥

𝑎𝑥 −1 log 𝑎
3. lim 𝑏𝑥 −1 = log 𝑏 , where 𝑏 ≠ 1, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0
𝑥→0

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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance
1
(1+𝑥)1⁄𝑥 −𝑒+ 𝑒𝑥 11𝑒
2
4. lim =
𝑥→0 𝑥2 24

cot 𝑥
5. lim does not exist.
𝑥→0+0 log sin 𝑥

1 1
6. lim (𝑥 − sin 𝑥) = 0
𝑥→0

7. lim𝜋(sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥) = 0
𝑥→
2

𝜋 1 2
8. lim sec (2 𝑥) log (𝑥) = 𝜋
𝑥→1

9. lim (cot 𝑥)𝑥𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1

𝑥→0+

1
tan 𝑥 2
10. lim ( 𝑥 )𝑥 = 𝑒 1⁄3
𝑥→0

11. lim(1 + 𝑥)1⁄𝑥 = 𝑒

𝑥→0

𝜋𝑥
𝑥 tan( 2𝑎)
12. lim (2 − ) = 𝑒 2⁄𝜋 where 𝑎 ∈ 𝑅
𝑥→𝑎 𝑎

13. lim(1 + sin 𝑥)cot 𝑥 = 𝑒

𝑥→0

PRACTICE SET-2

1. Which of the following functions are uniformly continuous on the prescribed domain? [NBHM -2015]
1
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 on (0, 1)

1
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 on (0, 1)

(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(sin 𝑥) on (0, ∞)

Ans.(a, c)
1
2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 . In which of the following domains is it uniformly continuous? [NBHM -2017]

(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, ∞) (c) (1, 2)

Ans.(b, c)

3. In each of the following find the points of continuity of the function 𝑓 [NBHM -2006]

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0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ ℚ 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ ℚ
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = { (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2
1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∉ ℚ 𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∉ ℚ
1
4. Evaluate lim(cos 𝑥)sin2 𝑥 [NBHM -2017]
𝑥→0

5. Find the points where the following function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ is continuous [NBHM 2013]

0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑠𝑖𝑛|𝑥|, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑙

6. Pick out the uniformly continuous function from the following and in such cases, given 𝜀 > 0, find
𝛿 > 0 explicitly as a function of 𝜀 so that |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| < 𝜀 whenever |𝑥 − 𝑦| < 𝛿 [NBHM -2007]

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥, 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

(c) sin2 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Ans(a).

7. Pick out the true statement: [NBHM -2008]

(a) |sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

(b) |sin 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

(c) |sin2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

Ans. (a, c)

8. Which of the following statements are true? [NBHM -2016]

(a) |sin 𝑥| ≤ |𝑥| for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

(b) |1 − cos 𝑥| ≤ |𝑥| for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

(c) |tan−1 𝑥| ≤ |𝑥| for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Ans. all are Correct

9. Let 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ (0, ∞) which of the following statements are true? [NBHM -2014]

(a) |log(1 + 𝑥 2 ) − log(1 + 𝑦 2 )| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦|

(b) |sin2 𝑥 − sin2 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦|

(c) |tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦|

Ans. All are correct.

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10. Pick out the functions which are uniformly continuous: [NBHM -2006]
1
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , ∈ (0, 1)

sin 𝑥
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ∈ (0, 3)
𝑥

(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Ans. Option b and c are true

1
𝑒𝑥
11. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = , where 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1) then on (0, 1) [TIFR -2015]
𝑥

(a) 𝑓 is uniformly continuous

(b) 𝑓 is continuous but not uniformly continuous

(c) 𝑓 is unbounded

(d) 𝑓 is not continuous

Ans. (a)

12. If 𝑓, 𝑔 ∶ ℝ → ℝ are uniformly continuous functions, then their composition 𝑔 ○ 𝑓 is also uniformly
continuous. [TIFR -2010]

(a) Uniformly continuous

(b) continuous but not uniformly continuous

(c) continuous and bounded

(d) none of the above

Ans.(a)

13. Which of the following continuous function 𝑓 ∶ (0, ∞) → ℝ can be extended to a continuous function
on [0, ∞)? [TIFR -2016]
1 1−cos 𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2

1 1
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 (d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

Ans.(c)
sin 𝑥
14. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|+cos 𝑥 then [TIFR -2016]

(a) 𝑓 is differentiable at all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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(b) 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0

(c) 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 but 𝑓′ is not continuous at 𝑥 = 0

Ans. (a)

15. Which of the following functions is/are uniformly continuous on (0, 1)? [CMI -2014]
𝑥
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) (b) 𝑔(𝑥) = 1−𝑥

1−𝑥 𝑥
(c) 𝑢(𝑥) = (d) 𝑣(𝑥) = 2−𝑥
𝑥

Ans. (a, d)

16. Which of the following functions are uniformly continuous? [NBHM -2008]

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

1
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin 𝑥 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

Ans.(a, b)
1
𝑓(𝑥) log 𝑥−log 𝑎
17. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎 and let 𝑓(𝑎) > 0. Evaluate lim (𝑓(𝑎))
𝑥→𝑎

[NBHM -2014]

𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

18. Define 𝑓(𝑥) = { [NBHM -2013]
2𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

Which of the following statements are true?

(a) 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 1

(b) 𝑓 is differentiable at 𝑥 = 1

(c) 𝑓 is differentiable only at 𝑥 = 1

Ans. (b, c)

19. Which of the following statements are true? [NBHM -2013]

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎
𝑛
(a) If 𝑎0 + 2
+ 3
+ 4
+ ⋯ + 𝑛+1 = 0 where 𝑎1 ∈ ℝ for 0 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛, then the polynomial 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 +
𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 has a root in the interval (0, 1)
𝑛

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𝑓(𝑎) 𝑓(𝑏)
(b) If 𝑓 ∶ [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ is continuous and is differentiable in (𝑎, 𝑏), where 𝑎 > 0 and if = , then
𝑎 𝑏
there exits 𝑥0 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑥0 𝑓 ′ (𝑥0 ) = 𝑓(𝑥0 )

(c) The polynomial 𝑥 13 + 7𝑥 3 − 5 has only real root.

Ans. All are correct.

20. Which of the following functions are continuous? [NBHM -2009]

1
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥] + (𝑥 − [𝑥][𝑥] , 𝑥 > 2, where [𝑥] denotes the largest integer less than, or equal to 𝑥.

𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 +𝑥
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = lim ,𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞ 𝑒 𝑛𝑥 +1

1
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑛 log(𝑒 𝑛 + 𝑥 𝑛 ), 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑛→∞

𝑥 𝑥
21. Evaluate lim 𝑥 (log (1 + 2) − log (2)) [NBHM -2013]
𝑥→∞

5
22. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|2 ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ. Which of the following statements are true? [NBHM -2016]

(a) The function 𝑓 is not differentiable at 𝑥 = 0

5
(b) The function 𝑓 is differentiable everywhere and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2 |𝑥|3⁄2

5
(c) The function 𝑓 is differentiable everywhere 𝑓′(𝑥) = 2 |𝑥|1⁄2 ∙ 𝑥

Ans.(c)

23. Which of the following functions are differentiable at 𝑥 = 0? [NBHM -2014]

1
tan−1 |𝑥| 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = { 5
− 2 (−𝑥)3⁄2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|1⁄2 𝑥

𝜋
𝑥 2 |cos (𝑥 )| 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0

Ans. (b, c)

24. Let 𝑓 be twice differentiable function on (0, 1). It is given that for all 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1), |𝑓”(𝑥)| ≤ 𝑀 where
𝑀 is a non-negative real number. Prove that 𝑓 is uniformly continuous on (0, 1). [I.S.I -2014]

25. The number of solutions of the equation 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 5𝑥 in the set of positive real numbers is exactly.

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(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5 [D.U. -2014]

Ans. (b)

26. Pick out the uniformly continuous functions. [NBHM -2011]

𝜋
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 cos (𝑥 ) ∀𝑥 ∈ (0, 1)

𝜋
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 cos (𝑥 ) ∀𝑥 ∈ (0, 1)

(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥, ∀𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞)

Ans. (b, c)
1
27. Let 𝑓 ∶ (1, ∞) → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ∀𝑥 ∈ (1, ∞) then 𝑓 is uniformly continuous. [CMI -2011]

28. There is a non-constant continuous function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ whose image is contained in ℚ. [CMI -2012]
sin 3𝑥 𝑎
29. Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 real numbers such that lim ( + 𝑥 2 + 𝑏) = 0 then [ISI -2014]
𝑥→0 𝑥

9 9 −9 −9
(a) 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = 2 (b) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2 (c) 𝑎 = −3, 𝑏 = (d) 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 =
2 2

Ans(a).

𝑒𝑁
30. Examine with justification, whether the following limit exists : lim ∫𝑁 𝑥𝑒 2016𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [ISI -2016]
𝑁→∞

31. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → ℝ be a fixed continuous function such that 𝑓 is differentiable on (0, 1) and 𝑓(0) =
𝑓(1) = 0 then the equation 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓′(𝑥) admits [TIFR -2015]

(a) No solution 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1) (b) More than one solution 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1)

(c) Exactly one solution 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1) (d) At least one solution 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1)

Ans.(d)

32. Let 𝑝(𝑥) be a polynomial of degree 3 with real coefficients. Which of the following is possible?

[TIFR -2016]

(a) 𝑝(𝑥) has no real roots

(b) 𝑝(𝑥) has exactly 2 real roots

(c) 𝑝(𝑥) = −1, 𝑝(2) = 1, 𝑝(3) = 11 & 𝑝(4) = 35

(d) 𝑖 − 1 & 𝑖 + 1 are roots of 𝑝(𝑥), where 𝑖 is the square root of −1

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Ans. (c).

33. Pick out the uniformly continuous functions over the interval (0, 1). [NBHM -2010]
1 1 1
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 sin (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = exp (− 𝑥 2 )
√𝑥

Ans. (b, c)

34. Pick out the true statements [NBHM -2010]

(a) |cos 2 𝑥 − cos2 𝑦| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦| for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ

(b) 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ satisfies |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| ≤ |𝑥 − 𝑦|√2 for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ then 𝑓 must be constant function.
4
(c) Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be continuously differentiable and such that |𝑓′(𝑥)| ≤ 5 ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ then there exists a
unique 𝑥 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥.

Ans. All are Correct

35. Which of the following functions are differentiable at 𝑥 = 0? [NBHM -2007]

𝑥2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙

(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|𝑥

1
𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
(c) 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0

Ans. All are Correct .

36. Show that 𝑓 defined below is continuous and differentiable at 𝑥 = 0 [CMI -2010]
1
𝑥 2 sin (𝑥 2 ) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0

37. Let 𝑓 be a function on ℝ such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ and 𝑓(0) − 1, then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

[CMI -2010]

38. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a differentiable function with 𝑓′ bounded, then 𝑓 is uniformly continuous function.

[CMI -2010]

39. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| sin 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥| cos 𝑥 for −2𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 then 𝑓 & 𝑔 are differentiable on
[−2𝜋, 2𝜋]. [CMI -2010]

40. Let 𝑔 be defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = |𝑥|3 exp{−|𝑥|} ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ then 𝑔 is continuously differentiable on ℝ.

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[CMI -2012]

41. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be differentiable function then 𝑓′ is continuous on ℝ [T/F] [CMI -2010]

Ans.F

42. There exists a function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ such that 𝑓(−1) = −1, 𝑓(1) = 1 and |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| ≤
|𝑥 − 𝑦|3⁄2 ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ [T/F] [TIFR -2017]

Ans. F
𝑓(𝑥+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑥−ℎ)
43. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a function such that lim exists for all 𝑥 ≠ ℝ then 𝑓 is differentiable in
ℎ→∞ ℎ
ℝ. [TIFR -2012]

44. The equation 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 has exactly one real root [T/F] [TIFR -2013]

Ans.T

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Chapter -6

RIEMANN INTEGRAL

𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ′ = 1⁄𝑛 for 𝑛 ∈ ℕ
1. Let 𝑓, 𝑔 ∶ [0, 1] → ℝ be defined by and 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑄 ∩ [0, 1]
Then, 𝑔(𝑥) = { .
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

(a) Both 𝑓 and 𝑔 are Riemann integrable

(b) 𝑓 is Riemann integrable and 𝑔 is Lebesgue integrable

(c) 𝑔 is Riemann integrable and 𝑓 is Lebesgue integrable

(d) Neither 𝑓 nor 𝑔 is Riemann integrable

Ans.(b)
2 𝑓(𝑥) 2
2. If 𝑓 ∶ [1, 2] → ℝ is a non-negative Riemann integrable function such that ∫1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≠
√𝑥
0 then 𝑘 belongs to the interval. [GATE -2010]
1 1 2 2 4
(a) [0, 3] (b) (3 , 3] (c) (3 , 1] (d) (1, 3]

Ans. (c)
1 1 1
𝑥2 ; 𝑥∈𝑄 ; ≤𝑥≤𝑛
3. 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 on [0, 1] and 𝑔(𝑥) = { 𝑛 𝑛+1 then
−𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ 𝑄𝑐 0 ; 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 [0, 1]

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec-2010]

(a) 𝑓(𝑥) is Riemann integrable but 𝑔(𝑥) is not

(b) 𝑔(𝑥) is Riemann integrable but 𝑓(𝑥) is not

(c) both 𝑓(𝑥)& 𝑔(𝑥) are Riemann integrable

(d) neither 𝑓(𝑥) nor 𝑔(𝑥) is Riemann integrable

Ans. (b)

4. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → ℝ be a continuous function then [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec-2010]

(a) 𝑓 maps a bounded sequence to Cauchy sequence

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(b) 𝑓maps an bounded sequence to convergent sequence

(c) 𝑓 maps monotonic sequence to convergent sequence

(d) 𝑓 maps bounded sequence to bounded sequence

Ans.(d)

5. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → ℝ be continuous function, which of the following statement is always TRUE?

[TIFR -2014]

1 1 2 1 1 2
(a) ∫0 𝑓 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥) (b) ∫0 𝑓 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≤ (∫0 |𝑓(𝑥)|𝑑𝑥)

1 1 2 1 1 2
(c) ∫0 𝑓 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≥ (∫0 |𝑓(𝑥)|𝑑𝑥) (d) ∫0 𝑓 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≤ (∫0 𝑓𝑑𝑥 )

Ans.(c)
1 sin 𝑥 1 sin 𝑥
6. If 𝑓 = ∫0 and 𝑔 = ∫0 then [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2010]
√𝑥 𝑥

(a) 𝑓 and 𝑔 both are convergent (b) 𝑓 is convergent but not 𝑔

(c) 𝑔 is convergent but 𝑓 is not (d) both are divergent

Ans.(a)

PRACTICES SET-1

𝑥2 2
1. Differentiate 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫𝑥 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑥 > 1 [NBHM -2005]

𝑥 sin 𝑥𝑦
2. Let 𝑥 > 0 Define 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑑𝑦 Evaluate 𝑓′(𝑥) as a function of 𝑥 [NBHM -2006]
𝑦

1
3. Does the integral ∫0 log 𝑥𝑑𝑥 exist? [NBHM -2005]

If it exists, given is value

𝜋⁄2
4. Evaluate ∫0 log tan 𝜃𝑑𝜃 [NBHM -2009]

𝜋 sin 𝑥 √3 𝜋 1
5. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, 2 ] → ℝ be continuous and satisfy ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 then 𝑓 (2) equals
2

[D.U. -2014]
1 1 1
(a) 2 (b) (c) (d) 1
√2 √3

Ans. (d)

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sin 𝑥
6. Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on ℝ. Define 𝐺(𝑥) = ∫0 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ then [D.U. -2017]

(a) 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 (b) 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑓(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥

(c) 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(sin 𝑥) cos 𝑥 (d) 𝐺 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥

Ans.(c)

7. Let 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑛 ≥ 3 be fixed and let 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → ℝ be defined by [D.U. -2017]

1
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = { (2𝑘−1) 𝑘−1 𝑘
𝑥− 𝑖𝑓 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, …
2𝑛 𝑛

then

(a) 𝑓 is continuous and Riemann integrable on [0, 1]

(b) 𝑓 is not continuous but is Riemann integrable on [0, 1]

(c) 𝑓 is continuous but not Riemann integrable on [0, 1].

(d) 𝑓 is neither continuous nor Riemann integrable on [0, 1]

Ans.(b)
3
8. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a continuous function with 𝑓(1) = 5 and 𝑓(3) = 11. If 𝑔(𝑥) = ∫1 (𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑡 then
𝑔′(0) is equal to [GATE -2013]

(a) 0 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 14

Ans.(b)

9. If 𝑓(𝑥) be defined in (0, 2) as follows [ISM -2017]

2
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 2+ 𝑥 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙
8
(a) The value of upper Riemann integral in (0, 2) is 3.

83
(b) The value of upper Riemann integral in (0, 2) is 12.

5
(c) The value of lower Riemann integral in (0, 2) is 3.

58
(d) The value of lower Riemann integral in (0, 2) is 12.

Ans.(b)

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10. Let 𝑓 [𝑎, 𝑏] → [𝑐, 𝑑] and 𝑔 ∶ [𝑐, 𝑑] → ℝ be Riemann integral functions defined on the closed intervals
[𝑎, 𝑏] and [𝑐, 𝑑] respectively then the composite 𝑔 ○ 𝑓 is also Riemann integrable. [T/F] [TIFR -2013]

Ans. F
∞
11. The integral ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 is convergent [T/F] [TIFR -2013]

Ans. T
∞ 𝑒 −𝑥
12. The integral ∫−∞ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 is convergence [T/F] [TIFR -2012]

Ans. F

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Chapter -7

SEQUENCE OF FUNCTIONS

1. Let 𝑓𝑛 ∶ [1, 2] → [0, 1] be given by 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = (2 − 𝑥)𝑛 for all non-negative integer 𝑛. Let 𝑓(𝑥) =
lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) for 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 then which of the following is true? [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec-2013]
𝑛→∞

(a) 𝑓 is continuous function on [1, 2]

(b) 𝑓𝑛 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [1, 2] as 𝑛 → ∞

2 2
(c) lim ∫1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

(d) For or any 𝑎 ∈ (1, 2) we have lim 𝑓𝑛′ (𝑥) ≠ 𝑓′(𝑎)

𝑛→∞

Ans.(c)
𝑥𝑛 𝑥𝑛
2. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 and 𝑔𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+𝑛𝑥 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] and 𝑥 ∈ ℕ. Then, on the interval [0, 1] [GATE -2010]

(a) Both {𝑓𝑛 } and {𝑔𝑛 } convergence uniformly

(b) Neither {𝑓𝑛 } nor {𝑔𝑛 } converges uniformly

(c) {𝑓𝑛 } converges uniformly but {𝑔𝑛 } does not converge uniformly

(d) {𝑔𝑛 } converges uniformly but {𝑓𝑛 } does not converge uniformly

Ans.(d)
1
3. Consider the series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛3⁄2 sin(𝑛𝑥). Then, the series [GATE -2017]

(a) converges uniformly on ℝ

(b) converges point wise but not uniformly on ℝ

(c) converges in 𝐿′ norm to an integreable function on [0, 2𝜋] but not converge uniformly on ℝ

(d) does not converge point wise

Ans.(a)
1
𝑛 − 𝑛𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [0, 𝑛]
4. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = { 1
then [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2012]
0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑛 , 1]

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(a) lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) defines a continuous function [0, 1]

𝑛→∞

(b) {𝑓𝑛 } converges uniformly on [0, 1]

(c) lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]

𝑛→∞

(d) lim 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]

𝑛→∞

Ans. (d)

5. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 1⁄𝑛 for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]. Then, [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]

(a) lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]

𝑛→∞

(b) lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) defines a continuous function on [0,1]

𝑛→∞

(c) {𝑓𝑛 } converges uniformly on [0, 1]

(d) lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 for all 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]

𝑛→∞

Ans.(a)
1
6. Let the sequence function be 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 where 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥⁄𝑛 from ℝ → ℝ. The lim ∫0 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑛→∞
[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2010]

(a) does not exist (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

Ans.(b)
(𝑛𝑥+𝑥 𝑛 ) 1
7. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = tan , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2] then 𝑓𝑛 is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2010]
𝑛

(a) not defined (b) uniformly convergent

(c) point wise but not uniformly convergent (d) none of these

Ans.(b)
sin(𝑛𝑥)
8. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 , then [GATE -2013]
𝑛2

(a) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = (0) (b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 1

𝑥→0 𝑥→0

𝜋2
(c) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = (d) lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exits
𝑥→0 6 𝑥→0

Ans.(8)

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9. Consider the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 defined by 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1⁄(1 + 𝑥 𝑛 ) for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = lim𝑛→∞ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥).
Then [D.U. 2014]

(a) For 0 < 𝑎 < 1, 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [0, 𝑎]

(b) the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [0, 1]

(c) the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [1⁄2 , 1]

(d) the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [1⁄2 , 1]

Ans.(a)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 cos 𝑥
10. For 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = + for 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝜋⁄2]. Then [D.U. 2014]
𝑥 √𝑛

(a) 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly on (0, 𝜋⁄2) but not on (0, 𝜋⁄2]

(b) 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly on (0, 𝜋⁄2]

(c) 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly on (0, 𝜋⁄4) but not on (0, 𝜋⁄4]

(d) none of these

Ans.(b)

11. Which one of the following sequence converges uniformly on the indicated set? [D.U. 2015]
1
(a) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = (1 − |𝑥|)𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ (−1, 1) (b) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥; 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

1
(c) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] (d) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞]

Ans.(b)

12. The sequence of real-valued functions 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 = 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] ∪ {2}, is [D.U. 2016]

(a) point wise convergent but not uniformly convergent

(b) uniformly convergent

(c) bounded but not point wise convergent

(d) not bounded

Ans.(d)

PRACTICE SET-1

1. If 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) are continuous functions from [0, 1] to [0, 1] and 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑛 → ∞, then which of the
following statements is true? [TIFR -2010]
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(a) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) converges to 𝑓(𝑥) uniformly on [0, 1]

(b) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) converges to 𝑓(𝑥) uniformly on (0, 1)

(c) 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous on [0, 1]

(d) None of the above

Ans.(d)

2. Suppose 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) is a sequence of continuous functions on the closed interval [0, 1] converging to 0
1
pointwise. Then the integral ∫0 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 converges to 0. [T/F] [TIFR-2011]

Ans.(F)

3. Let 𝑔 a continuous function in [0, 1] such that 𝑔(1) = 0 then the sequence function 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 𝑔(𝑥)
converges uniformly on [0, 1]. [T/F] [TIFR-2018]

Ans.(T)

4. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be continuous. Then which of the following statements implies that 𝑓(𝑥) = 0?

[TIFR -2018]
1 𝑛 1 𝑥
(a) lim ∫0 (𝑓(𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 (b) lim ∫0 𝑓 (𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

1
(c) lim ∫0 𝑓(𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0 (d) None of these
𝑛→∞

Ans.(b)

5. Prove that a sequence of continuous functions 𝑓𝑛 : [0, 1] → ℝ converges uniformly to a continuous

function 𝑓 ⇔ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) → 𝑓(𝑥) whenever 𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥. [ISI -2011]

log(2+𝑥)−𝑥 2𝑛 sin 𝑥
6. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = lim for 𝑥 > 0 Then [ISI -2015]
𝑛→∞ 1+𝑥 2𝑛

(a) 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1 (b) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim− 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→1 𝑥→1

(c) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 1 (d) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Ans.(b)
cos(3𝑛 𝑥)
7. The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 [TIFR -2015]
2𝑛

(a) Diverges, for all rational 𝑥 ∈ ℝ (b) Diverges, for some irrational 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

(c) Converges, for some but not all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ (d) Converges, for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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Ans.(d)

8. The function 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛 sin(𝑥⁄𝑛) [TIFR -2011]

(a) does not converge for any 𝑥 as 𝑛 → ∞ (b) converges to the constant function 1 as 𝑛 →
∞

(c) converges to the function 𝑥 as 𝑛 → ∞ (d) does not converge for all 𝑥 𝑎𝑠 𝑛 → ∞

Ans.(d)

9. Which of the following sequences of functions {𝑓𝑛 }∞

𝑛=1 converges uniformly? [TIFR -2016]
1
(a) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 on [0, 1] (b) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 𝑛 on [2 , 1]

1 1 1 1
(c) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+𝑛𝑥 2 on [0, 2] (d) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+𝑛𝑥 2 on [2 , 1]

Ans.(d)

10. Compute 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑛2 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛 where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1. [NBHM -2007]

𝑛→∞

11. Let {𝑓𝑛 } be a sequence of functions defined on [0, 1]. Determine 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥), for each of the
𝑛→∞
following. [NBHM -2012]

(a). 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛2 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛

(b). 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛

(c). 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑛

12. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛2 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 . Evaluate: [NBHM -2017]

lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) for 0 < 𝑥 < 1.

𝑛→∞

13. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true? [CMI -2014]

2
(a) The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑒
−𝑛
converges
(−1)𝑛
(b) The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 converges
𝑛

(−1)𝑛
(c) The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 converges absolutely
𝑛

sin(𝑛𝑥)
(d) The series ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑛2
converges uniformly on ℝ.

Ans.(a, b, d)
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14. Consider the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 defined by 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1⁄(1 + 𝑥 𝑛 ) for 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥).
𝑛→∞
Then [D.U. -2014]

(a) For 0 < 𝑎 < 1, 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [0, 𝑎]

(b) the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [0, 1]

(c) the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [1⁄2 , 1]

(d) the sequence 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly to 𝑓 on [0, 1].

Ans.(c)
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
15. For 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = + for 𝑥 ∈ (0, 𝜋⁄2]. Then [D.U. -2014]
𝑥 √𝑛

(a) 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly on (0, 𝜋⁄2) but not on (0, 𝜋⁄2]

(b) 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly on (0, 𝜋⁄2)

(c) 〈𝑓𝑛 〉 converges uniformly on (0, 𝜋⁄4) but not on (0, 𝜋⁄4]

(d) none of these

Ans.(b)

16. Which one of the following sequence converges uniformly on the indicated set? [D.U. -2015]
1
(a) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = (1 − |𝑥|)𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ (−1, 1) (b) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 ; 𝑥 = ℝ

1
(c) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] (d) 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+𝑥 𝑛 ; 𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞)

Ans.(b)

17. The sequence of real-valued function 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑛 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] ∪ {2}, is [D.U. 2016]

(a) point wise convergent but not uniformly convergent

(b) uniformly convergent

(c) bounded but not point wise convergent

(d) not bounded

Ans.(d)
1
18. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 1+(𝑛𝑥−1)2 , 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1] [D.U. -2017]

Then the sequence (𝑓𝑛 ) is

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(a) Point wise convergent but not uniformly convergent on [0, 1]

(b) Uniformly convergent but not point wise convergent on [0, 1]

(c) Both point wise and uniformly convergent on [0, 1]

(d) Neither point wise nor uniformly convergent on [0, 1]

Ans.(a)

1
19. Le 𝑓 be continuously differentiable on ℝ. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛 (𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑛) − 𝑓(𝑥)). The [CMI -2013]

(a) 𝑓𝑛 converges uniformly on ℝ

(b) 𝑓𝑛 converges on ℝ, but not necessarily uniformly

(c) 𝑓𝑛 converges to the derivative of 𝑓 uniformly on [0, 1]

(d) there is no guarantee that 𝑓𝑛 converges on any open interval.

Ans.(b, c)

20. Let 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥), for 𝑛 ≥ 1, be a sequence of continuous nonnegative function on [0, 1] such that
1
lim ∫0 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0. [TIFR -2014]
𝑛→∞

Which of the following statements is always correct?

(a) 𝑓𝑛 → 0 uniformly on [0, 1]

(b) 𝑓𝑛 may not convergent uniformly but converges to 0 point-wise

(c) 𝑓𝑛 will converge point-wise and the limit may be non-zero

(d) 𝑓𝑛 is not guaranted to have a point-wise limit.

Ans.(d).

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Chapter -8

MATRIC SPACE
1. Which of the following subset of ℝ2 is/are not compact? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]

(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥|}

(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 1} (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1}

2. Let A and B be two disjoint non empty subset of ℝ2 such that 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is open in ℝ2 Then,

[(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]

(a) If A is open and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is connected then B must be closed in ℝ2

(b) If A is closed, then B must be open in ℝ2

(c) If both A and B are connected then 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 must be discounted

(d) If 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 is disconnected then both A and B are open

3. Consider the following subsets of ℝ2 , where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐴 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 2
+ = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏}
𝑎 𝑏2

𝑥2 𝑦2
𝐵 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 ≤, 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏}

𝐶 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 5 = 0}

𝐷 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑦 2 }

𝐸 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 1}

Then which of the following is correct?

(a) 𝐶 and 𝐷 are compact, but 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐸 are not compact.

(b) 𝐴 and 𝐵 are compact, but 𝐶, 𝐷, 𝐸 are not compact.

(c) 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐸 are compact, but 𝐶, 𝐷 are not compact.

(d) 𝐴 and 𝐸 are compact, but 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 are not compact.

4. Consider ℚ, the set of rational numbers, with metric on 𝑑(𝑝, 𝑞) = |𝑝 − 𝑞|. Then which of the
following are true? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

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(a) {𝑞 ∈ ℚ|2 < 𝑞 3 < 3} is closed (b) {𝑞 ∈ ℚ|2 ≤ 𝑞 2 ≤ 4} is compact

(c) {𝑞 ∈ ℚ|2 ≤ 𝑞 2 ≤ 4} is closed (d) {𝑞 ∈ ℚ|𝑞 2 ≥ 1}

5. Let 𝐴 be a subset of ℝ𝑝 and 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑝 . Denote 𝑑(𝑥, 𝐴) = inf{𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴}. ∃ a point 𝑦0 ∈ 𝐴 with

𝑑(𝑦0 𝑥) = 𝑑(𝑥, 𝐴), if [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

(a) 𝐴 is any closed non-empty subset of ℝ𝑝 (b) 𝐴 is any non-empty subset of ℝ𝑝

(c) 𝐴 is any non-empty compact subset of ℝ𝑝 (d) 𝐴 is any non-empty bounded subset of ℝ𝑝

6. Let 𝑥 be a matric space and 𝐴 ⊆ 𝑥 be a connected set with at least two distinct points. Then the
number of distinct in 𝐴 is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2012]

(a) 2 (b) more than 2 but finite

(c) countably infinite (d) uncountably

7. Which of the following subsets of ℝ2 are compact? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2012]

(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ |𝑥| ≤ 1, |𝑦| ≥ 2} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ |𝑥| ≤ 1, |𝑦|2 ≤ 2}

(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 ≤ 5} (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑥 2 ≤ 𝑦 2 + 5}

8. Which of the following is/are metrices on ℝ. [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]

(a) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = min(𝑥, 𝑦) (b) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥 − 𝑦|

(c) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 | (d) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥 3 − 𝑦 3 |

9. If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑦|𝑦| and 𝑦(0) = 0 then [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2010]

(a) It has uniformly Lipchitz continuity

(b) It has locally Lipchitz continuity at 𝑦 = 0 in ℝ × ℝ

𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
(c) 𝜕𝑦 does not exist at 𝑦 = 0 (d) 𝜕𝑦 exist at 𝑦 = 0

10. Let X and Y be metric spaces and 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → 𝑌 be continuous. The 𝑓 maps [D.U. -2014]

(a) open sets to open sets closed sets to closed sets

(b) compact set to bounded sets

(c) connected sets to compact sets

(d) bounded sets to compact sets

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11. The open unit ball 𝐵((0, 0), 1) in the metric space (ℝ2 , 𝑑) where the metric 𝑑 is defined by
𝑑((𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )) = |𝑥1 − 𝑥2 | + |𝑦1 − 𝑦2 | is the inside portion of [D.U. -2014]

(a) the circle centered at the origin and radius 1

(b) the rectangle with vertices at (0, 1), (1, 0), (−1, 0), (0, −1)

(c) the rectangle with vertices at (1, 1), (1, −1), (−1, 1), (−1, −1)

(d) the triangle with vertices (0, 1), (−1, −1), (1, −1)

12. Define a metric 𝑑 and ℝ by 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑥) = 0 for any 𝑥 and 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 for any 𝑥, 𝑦 with 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦. Let 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 be
a Cauchy sequence in 〈ℝ, 𝑑〉. Then [D.U. -2014]

(a) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 is constant sequence

(b) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 contains infinitely many points

(c) 〈𝑎𝑛 〉 contains at most finite number of distinct points

(d) none of these

13. Consider 𝐴 = {𝑞 ∈ ℚ ∶ 𝑞 2 ≥ 2} as subset of the metric space {ℚ, 𝑑}, where 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥 − 𝑦|. Then
𝐴 is [D.U. 2015]

(a) closed but not open in ℚ (b) open but not closed ℚ

(c) neither open nor closed in ℚ (d) both open and closed in ℚ

14. The set ℕ considered as a subspace of (ℝ, 𝑑) where 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥 − 𝑦|, is [D.U. 2015]

(a) closed but not complete (b) complete but not closed

(c) both closed and complete (d) neither closed nor complete

15. Let 𝑋, 𝑌 be metric spaces 𝑓 𝑋 → 𝑌 be a continuous function, 𝐴 be a bounded subset of 𝑋 and let 𝐵 =
𝑓(𝐴). Then 𝐵 is [D.U. 2015]

(a) bounded (b) bounded if 𝐴 is also closed

(c) bounded if 𝐴 is compact (d) bounded if 𝐴 is complete

16. Let 𝑋 be a connected metric space and 𝑈 be an open subset of 𝑋. Then [D.U. -2015]

(a) 𝑈 cannot be closed in 𝑋.

(b) if 𝑈 is closed in 𝑋, then 𝑈 = 𝑋

(c) if 𝑈 is closed in X, the 𝑈 ≠ 𝜙, the empty set

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(d) if 𝑈 is closed in 𝑋, then 𝑈 is non-empty, then 𝑈 = 𝑋

17. Let 𝑋 be a connected metric space and 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → ℝ be a continuous function. Then 𝑓(𝑥) [D.U. -2015]

(a) is whole of ℝ (b) is a bounded subset of ℝ.

(c) is an interval in ℝ (d) may not be an interval in ℝ.

18. Let 𝑋 = ℝ2 with metric defined by 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦 and 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑥) = 0. Then [D.U. -2016]

(a) every subset of 𝑋 in dense in (𝑋, 𝑑) (d) (𝑋, 𝑑) is separable

(c) (𝑋, 𝑑) is compact but not connected (d) every subspace of (𝑋, 𝑑) is complete

19. Let 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 be metrics on a non-empty set 𝑋. Which of the following is not metric on 𝑋?

[D.U. -2016]

(a) max(𝑑1 , 𝑑2 ) (b) √𝑑12 + 𝑑22

1 3
(c) 1 + 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 (d) 4 𝑑1 + 4 𝑑2

20. Let 𝑋 = 𝐶[0, 1] be the space of all real-valued continuous functions on [0, 1]. Then (𝑋, 𝑑) is not a
complete matric space if [D.U. 2016]
1
(a) 𝑑(𝑓, 𝑔) = ∫0 |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)|𝑑𝑥 (b) 𝑑(𝑓, 𝑔) = lim |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)|
𝑥∈[0,1]

0 𝑖𝑓 𝑓=𝑔
(c) 𝑑(𝑓, 𝑔) = sup |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑔(𝑥)| (d) 𝑑(𝑓, 𝑔) = {
𝑥∈[0,1] 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑔≠𝑔

Answer Key

1. (b, c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a, c) 5. (a, b, c ) 6.(d)

7.(b, c) 8.(b, d) 9.(d) 10.(b) 11.(b) 12. (c)

13. (d) 14.(c) 15.(c) 16.(d) 17.(c) 18.(d)

19.(c) 20.(a).

PRACTICE SET-1

1. Let 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 , 𝑑3 , 𝑑4 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ be defined by [D.U. -2014]

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𝑑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = √|𝑥 − 𝑦|

𝑑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 |

𝑑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = |sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦|

𝑑4 (𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑦|

Then which of the following is/are metric on ℝ ?

(a) 𝑑1 (b). 𝑑2 (c). 𝑑3 (d). 𝑑4

Ans.(a, d)

2. For 𝑥 = (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ), 𝑦 = (𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , 𝑦3 ) ∈ ℝ3 [D.U. 2017]

−1⁄2
𝑑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = max |𝑥𝑗 − 𝑦𝑗 |, 𝑑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = [∑3𝑗=1(𝑥𝑗 − 𝑦𝑗 )2 ]
1≤𝑗≤3

Consider the metric spaces (ℝ3 , 𝑑1 ) and (ℝ3 , 𝑑2 ) then

(a) (ℝ3 , 𝑑1 ) is complete , but (ℝ3 , 𝑑2 ) is not complete.

(b). (ℝ3 , 𝑑1 ) is not complete , but (ℝ3 , 𝑑2 ) is complete.

(c). Both (ℝ3 , 𝑑1 ) is complete and (ℝ3 , 𝑑2 ) is complete.

(d). Neither (ℝ3 , 𝑑1 ) is complete nor (ℝ3 , 𝑑2 ) is complete.

Ans.(c)

3. Consider the following functions from ℝ × ℝ → ℝ defined by [D.U. -2017]

𝑑1 (𝑥, 𝑦) = |𝑥| + |𝑦|

2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥≠𝑦
𝑑2 (𝑥, 𝑦) = {
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑥=0

𝑑3 (𝑥, 𝑦) = √|𝑥 − 𝑦| which of the following statements is true?

(a) Only 𝑑2 and 𝑑1 are metrices on ℝ

(b) Only 𝑑3 is metric on ℝ

(c) Only 𝑑1 &𝑑2 are metrics on ℝ

(d) All are metric on ℝ

Ans.(b)

4. Let (𝑋, 𝑑) be a metric space where 𝑋 is an infinite set and 𝑑 is the discrete metric then. [D.U. -2017]
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(a) Heine-Borel theorem holds for (𝑋, 𝑑)

(b) Henie-Borel theorem does not hold for (𝑋, 𝑑)

(c) 𝑋 is not bounded

(d) 𝑋 is compact

Ans.(b)

5. Let 𝐴 ⊆ ℝ𝑛 be a closed proper subset. For 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ𝑛 , denote the usual (Euclidean) distance between
them by 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦). Let 𝑥 ∈ ℝ𝑛 \𝐴; define 𝛿 ∶ = inf{𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦)| 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴}. Show that there exists 𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 such
that 𝛿 = 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦). [CMI -2016]

6. Let (𝑋, 𝑑) be a metric space and let 𝐸 ⊆ 𝑋 for 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, define 𝑑(𝑥, 𝐸) = inf 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) [NBHM -2005]
𝑦∈𝐸

(a) |𝑑(𝑥, 𝐸) − 𝑑(𝑦, 𝐸)| ≤ 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋

(b) 𝑑(𝑥, 𝐸) = 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦0 ) for some 𝑦0 ∈ 𝐸

7. For 𝑋 ⊂ ℝ𝑛 , consider 𝑋 as a metric space with metric included by the usual Euclidean metric on ℝ𝑛 .
Which of the following metric spaces 𝑋 is completes? [TIFR -2016]

(a) 𝑋 = ℤ × ℤ ⊂ ℝ × ℝ (b) 𝑋 = ℚ × ℝ ⊂ ℝ × ℝ

(c) 𝑋 = (−𝜋, 𝜋) ∩ ℚ ⊂ ℝ (d) 𝑋 = [−𝜋, 𝜋] ∩ (ℝ⁄ℚ) ⊂ ℝ

Ans.(a)

8. Let 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) be that usual Euclidian metric on ℝ2 . Which of the following metric spaces is complete?

[TIFR -2016]

(a) ℚ2 ⊂ ℝ2 with the metric 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦)

𝑑(𝑥,𝑦)
(b) [0, 1] × [0, ∞) ⊂ ℝ2 with the metric 𝑑 ′ (𝑥, 𝑦) = 1+𝑑(𝑥,𝑦)

(c) (0, ∞) × [0, ∞) ⊂ ℝ2 with the metric 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦)

(d) [0, 1] ×⊂ ℝ2 with the metric 𝑑𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦) = min{1, 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦)}

Ans.(b)

9. Prove or disprove the following let 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → 𝑋 be a continuous function from a complete metric space
𝑋, 𝑑) into itself that 𝑑(𝑓(𝑥), 𝑓(𝑦)) < 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) when ever 𝑥 ≠ 𝑦, The 𝑓 has a fixed point. [TIFR -2017]

10. Choose the correct statement(s): [CMI -2015]

(a) There is a continuous subjective function from [0, 1) to ℝ;

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(b) ℝ and [0, 1) are homeomorphic to each other;

(c) There is a bijective function from [0, 1) to ℝ;

(d) Bounded subspaces of ℝ cannot be homeomorphic to ℝ

Ans.(a)

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Chapter -9
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

GATE-2014
1 1
1. For the sequence of function 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 sin (𝑛𝑥) , 𝑥 ∈ [1, ∞). Consider the following quantities
expressed in terms of Lebesgue integrals. [GATE -2014]
∞ ∞
𝐼 ∶ lim ∫1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝐼 ∶ ∫1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

Which of the following is true?

(a) The limit in I does not exist

(b) Quantities 𝐼 and 𝐼𝐼 are well defined but 𝐼 ≠ 𝐼𝐼

(c) Quantities 𝐼 and 𝐼𝐼 are well defined and 𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼

Ans.(d)

2. Let 𝑑1 , 𝑑2 and 𝑑3 be metrices on set 𝑋 with at least two elements. Which of the following is not a
metric on 𝑋? [GATE -2014]

(a) min{𝑑1 , 2} (b) max{𝑑2 , 2}

𝑑 𝑑1 +𝑑2 +𝑑3
(c) 1+𝑑3 (d)
3 3

Ans.(b)

GATE-2015
∞
1. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, ∞) → ℝ be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫0 sin2 (𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 then the function 𝑓 is [GATE -2015]

(a) uniformly continuous on [0, 1] but not on (0, ∞)

(b) uniformly continuous on (0, ∞) but not on (0, 1)

(c) uniformly continuous on both [0, 1) and [0, ∞)

(d) neither uniformly continuous on [0, 1) nor uniformly continuous on (0, ∞)

Ans.(c)

2. Let 𝑑1 and 𝑑2 denote the usual metric and the discrete metric on ℝ respectively. [GATE -2015]

Let 𝑓 ∶ (ℝ, 𝑑1 ) ⟶ (ℝ, 𝑑2 ) be defined by [GATE -2015]

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𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, then

(a) 𝑓 is continuous but 𝑓 is not continuous (b) 𝑓 −1 is continuous but 𝑓 is not continuous

(c) both 𝑓 and 𝑓 −1 are continuous (d) neither 𝑓 nor 𝑓 −1 is continuous

Ans.(b)
2
3. If for some 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ ℝ, the integration formula ∫0 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝(𝛼) + 𝑝(𝛽) [GATE -2015]

holds for all polynomials 𝑝(𝑥) of degree at most 3 then value of 3(𝛼 − 𝛽)2 is equal to _______

Ans. 3(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 = 4

1 1 1
4. Let 𝑎1 = 1 and 𝑎𝑛−1 + 4, 𝑛 ≥ 2. Then lim [𝑎 +𝑎 + ⋯+ 𝑎 ] is equal to [GATE -2016]
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑎2 2 𝑎3 𝑛−1 𝑎𝑛

Ans.1/4
𝜋 𝜋
5. The number of roots of the equation 𝑥 2 − cos(𝑥) = 0 in the interval [− 2 , 2 ] is equal to [GATE -2016]

Ans. Hence exactly two roots.

NET-JUNE-2014
1 1 1
1. lim ( + + ⋯+ ) equals [NET : June -2014]
𝑛→∞ √1+√3 √3+√5 √2𝑛−1+√2𝑛+1

1
(a) √2 (b)
√2

1
(c) √2 + 1 (d)
√2+1

Ans.(b)

2. Consider the following sets of function on ℝ. [NET : June -2014]

𝑊 = The set of constant function on ℝ

𝑋 = The set of polynomial function on ℝ

𝑌 = The set of continuous function on ℝ

𝑍 = The set of all continuous function on ℝ which of these sets has the same cardinality as that of ℝ.

(a) Only 𝑊 (b) Only 𝑊 and 𝑋

(c) Only 𝑊, 𝑋 and 𝑍 (d) All of 𝑊, 𝑋, 𝑌, 𝑍

Ans.(d)

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3. For a continuous function 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ, let 𝑧(𝑓) = {𝑥 ∈ ℝ |𝑓(𝑥) = 0}. Then 𝑧(𝑓) is always

[NET : June -2014]

(a) compact (b) open

(c) connected (d) closed

Ans.(d)

4. Let 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 ⟶ 𝑌 be a function from a metric space 𝑋 to another metric space 𝑌. For any Cauchy
sequence {𝑥𝑛 } in 𝑋. [NET : June -2014]

(a) If 𝑓 is continuous then {𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )} is always convergent in 𝑌.

(b) If {𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )} is Cauchy then {𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )} is always convergent in 𝑌.

(c) If {𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )} is Cauchy in 𝑌 then 𝑓 is continuous

(d) {𝑥𝑛 } is always convergent in 𝑋.

Ans.(c)

5. Let 𝛼, 𝑃 be real numbers and 𝛼 > 1. [NET : June -2014]

∞ 1 1 ∞ 1
(a) If 𝑃 > 1 then ∫−∞ |𝑥|𝑃𝛼 𝑑𝑥 < ∞ (b) If 𝑃 > then ∫−∞ |𝑥|𝑃𝑎 𝑑𝑥 < ∞
𝛼

1 ∞ 1 ∞ 1
(c) If 𝑃 < 𝛼 then ∫−∞ |𝑥|𝑃𝑎 < ∞ (d) For any 𝑃 ∈ 𝑅 we have ∫−∞ |𝑥|𝑃𝑎 = ∞

Ans.(d)
𝑃(𝑛)
6. Let 𝑃(𝑥) be a polynomial in the real variable 𝑥 of degree 5. Then lim [NET : June -2014]
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛

(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) ∞

Ans.(c)

7. Let 𝑋 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 5} and 𝐾 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 ∶ 1 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤or 3 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4},

then [NET : June -2014]

(a) 𝑋⁄𝐾 has three connected components

(b) 𝑋⁄𝐾 has no relatively compact connected component in 𝑋.

(c) 𝑋⁄𝐾 has two relatively compact connected component in 𝑋.

(d) All connected components of 𝑋⁄𝐾 are relatively compact in 𝑋.

Ans.(a, c)
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8. For two subsets 𝑋 and 𝑌 of ℝ, let 𝑋 + 𝑌, 𝑋 + 𝑌 = {𝑥 + 𝑦 |𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌} [NET : June -2014]

(a) If 𝑋 and 𝑌 are open sets then 𝑋 + 𝑌 is open

(b) If 𝑋 and 𝑌 closed sets then 𝑋 + 𝑌 is closed

(c) If 𝑋 and 𝑌 are compact set then 𝑋 + 𝑌 is compact

(d) If 𝑋 is closed and 𝑌 is compact then 𝑋 + 𝑌 is closed

Ans.(a, c , d)

9. Let {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 point-wise on ℝ. [NET : June -2014]

∞ ∞
(a) If {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 uniformly on ℝ, then lim ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

∞ ∞
(b) If {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 uniformly on ℝ then lim ∫−∞ 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

(c) If {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 uniformly on ℝ, then 𝑓 is continuous on ℝ.

(d) There exists a sequence of continuous function {𝑓𝑛 } on ℝ, such that {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 uniformly
∞
on ℝ, lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≠ ∫−∞ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

Ans.(c, d)

10. Let {𝑎𝑛 }, {𝑏𝑛 } be given bounded sequence of positive real numbers. Then (Here 𝑎𝑛 ↑ 𝑎 means
𝑎𝑛 increase to 𝑎 as 𝑛 goes to ∞, similarly, 𝑏𝑛 ↑ 𝑏 means 𝑏𝑛 decreases to 𝑏 as 𝑛 goes to ∞)

[NET : June -2014]

(a) If 𝑎𝑛 ↑ 𝑎, then 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛≥1 (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = 𝑎(𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛≥1 𝑏𝑛 )

(b) If 𝑎𝑛 ↑ 𝑎 then 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛≥1 (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) < 𝑎(𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑛≥1 𝑏𝑛 )

(c) If 𝑏𝑛 ↓ 𝑎, then 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛≥1 (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) = (𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛≥1 𝑎𝑛 )𝑏

(d) If 𝑏𝑛 ↓ 𝑏, then 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛≥1 (𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 ) > (𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑛≥1 𝑎𝑛 )𝑏

Ans.(b, d)
1 1
11. Let 𝑆 ⊂ ℝ2 be defined by 𝑆 = {(𝑚 + 2|𝑝| , 𝑛 + 2|𝑞| ) : 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ}. Then [NET : June -2014]

(a) 𝑆 is discrete in ℝ2

(b) The set of limit points of 𝑆 is the set {(𝑚, 𝑛) ∶ 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ}

(c) ℝ2 ⁄𝑆 is connected but not path connected.

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(d) ℝ2 ⁄𝑆 is path connected

Ans.(b, d)

12. Let 𝑓 ∶ (0,1) → ℝ be continuous. Suppose that |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| ≤ |sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦| for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ (0, 1).
Then [NET : June -2014]

(a) 𝑓 is discontinuous at least one point in (0, 1)

(b) 𝑓 is continuous everywhere on (0, 1), but not uniformly continuous on (0, 1).

(c) 𝑓 is uniformly continuous on (0, 1)

(d) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) exists

𝑥→0

Ans.(c, d)

13. Define 𝑓 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ2 by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + |𝑥𝑦|, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + |𝑥𝑦| for (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Then

[NET : June -2014]

(a) 𝑓 is discontinuous at (0, 0)

(b) 𝑓 is continuous at (0, 0) but not differentiable at (0, 0)

(c) 𝑓 is differentiable at (0, 0)

(d) 𝑓 is differentiable at (0, 0) and the derivative 𝐷𝑓(0, 0) is invertible

Ans.(c, d)

14. Let 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑛 be a sequence of quadratic polynomials where 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑏𝑎 + 𝑐𝑛 ∈ ℝ for

all 𝑛 ≥ 1. Let 𝜆0 , 𝜆1 , 𝜆2 be distinct real numbers such that lim (𝜆0 ) = 𝐴0 , lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆1 ) = 𝐴1 and
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆2 ) = 𝐴2 Then [NET : June -2014]
𝑛→∞

(a) lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ (b) lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

𝜆0 +𝜆1 +𝜆2 𝜆0 +𝜆1 +𝜆2

(b) lim 𝑃𝑛 ( ) does not exist (d) lim 𝑃𝑛′ ( ) does not exist
𝑛→∞ 3 𝑛→∞ 3

Ans.(a, b)

NET-DEC-2014

1. Let {𝑎𝑛 : 𝑛 ≥ 1} be a sequence of real numbers such that ∑∞ ∞

𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 is convergent and ∑𝑛=1 |𝑎𝑛 | is
divergent. Let 𝑅 be the radius of convergence of power series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 . Then we can conclude that

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[NET : Dec -2014]

(a) 0 < 𝑅 < 1 (b) 𝑅 = 1

(c) 1 < 𝑅 < ∞ (d) 𝑅 = ∞

Ans.(b)

2. Let {𝑏𝑛 } and {𝑐𝑛 } be sequence of real numbers. The a necessary and sufficient condition for the
sequence of polynomials 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑏𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑛 𝑥 2 to converge uniformly to 0 on the real line is

[NET : Dec -2014](SCQ)

(a) lim 𝑏𝑛 = 0 and lim 𝑐𝑛 = 0

𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(b) ∑∞ ∞
𝑛=1|𝑏𝑛 | < ∞ and ∑𝑛=1|𝑐𝑛 | < ∞

(c) There exists a positive integer 𝑁 s.t. 𝑏𝑛 = 0 and 𝑐𝑛 = 0 for all 𝑛 > 𝑁

(d) lim 𝑐𝑛 = 0
𝑛→∞

Ans.(c)

3. Suppose 𝑃 is a polynomial with real coefficients, then which of the following statements is necessarily
true? [NET : Dec -2014](SCQ)

(a) There is no root of the derivative 𝑃′ between any two real roots of 𝑃.

(b) There is exactly one root of the derivate 𝑃′ between any to real roots of 𝑃.

(c) There is exactly one root of the derivative 𝑃′ between any two consecutive roots of 𝑃.

(d) There is at least one root of the derivative 𝑃′ between any two consecutive roots of 𝑃.

Ans.(d)

(𝑛!)𝑘
4. Let 𝑘 be a positive integer. The radius of convergence of the series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=0 (𝑘𝑛)! 𝑧 is

[NET : Dec -2014](SCQ)

(a) 𝑘 (b) 𝑘 −𝑘 (c) 𝑘 𝑘 (d) ∞

Ans.(c)
𝑎𝑛+1
5. Let ∑∞ 𝑛
0 𝑎𝑛 𝑧 be a convergent power series such that the lim = ℝ > 0. Let 𝑃 be a polynomial of
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
degree 𝑑. Then the radius of convergence of the power series ∑∞
𝑛=0 𝑃(𝑛)𝑎𝑛 𝑧
𝑛
equals.

[NET : Dec -2014](SCQ)

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(a) 𝑅 (b) 𝑑 (c) 𝑅𝑑 (d) 𝑅 + 𝑑

Ans.(a)

6. Let 𝑃: ℝ → ℝ be a polynomial of the 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 , with 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 ∈ ℝ and 𝑎2 ≠ 0. Let

1 1 1 1
𝐸1 = ∫0 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 2 (𝑃(0) + 𝑃(𝑥), 𝐸2 = ∫0 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑃 (2) [NET : Dec -2014](SCQ)

If |𝑥| is the absolute value of 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, then

(a) |𝐸1 | > |𝐸2 | (b) |𝐸2 | > |𝐸1 |

(c) |𝐸2 | = |𝐸1 | (d) |𝐸2 | = |𝐸1 |

Ans.(a)

7. Let 𝑓 be a monotonically increasing function from [0, 1] into [0, 1] which of the following statements
is/are true? [Net : Dec -2014](MSQ)

(a) 𝑓 must be continuous all but finitely many points in [0, 1]

(b) 𝑓 must be continuous at all must countably many points in [0, 1]

(c) 𝑓 must be Riemann integrable

(d) 𝑓 must be Lebesgue integrable

Ans. (b, c,d)

8. Let A be a subset ℝ. Which of the following properties imply that 𝐴 is compact? [NET : Dec -204](SCQ)

(a) Every continuous function 𝑓 from 𝐴 to ℝ is bounded.

(b) Every sequence {𝑥𝑛 } in 𝐴 has a convergent subsequence converging to a point in A.

(c) There exists a continuous function from 𝐴 onto [0, 1]

(d) There is no one-one and continuous function from 𝐴 on to (0, 1)

Ans.(a, b)

9. Let 𝑓 be a continuously differentiable function on ℝ. Suppose that 𝐿 = lim (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)) exists. If
𝑥→∞
0 < 𝐿 < ∞, then which of the following statements is/are correct? [NET : Dec -2014]

(a) If lim 𝑓′(𝑥) exists, then is 0 (b) If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists, then it is 𝐿
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

(c) If lim 𝑓′(𝑥) exists then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 0 (d) If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists then lim 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝐿
𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→∞

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Ans.(a, b)

10. Let {𝑎𝑘 } be an unbounded, strictly increasing sequence of positive real numbers and 𝑥𝑛 =
(𝑎𝑘+1 − 𝑎𝑘 )⁄𝑎𝑘+1 . Which of the following statements is/are correct? [NET : Dec -2014]
𝑎𝑚
(a) For all 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚, ∑𝑛𝑘=𝑚 𝑥𝑚 > 1 − 𝑎𝑛

1
(b) There exists 𝑛 ≥ 𝑚 such that ∑𝑛𝑘=𝑚 𝑥𝑘 > 2

(c) ∑∞
𝑘=1 𝑥𝑘 converges to a finite limit

(d) ∑∞
𝑘=1 𝑥𝑘 diverges to ∞

Ans.(d)

11. For a non-empty subset 𝑆 and a point 𝑥 in a connected metric space (𝑥, 𝑑), let 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑠) =
inf{𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦) ∶ 𝑦 ∈ 𝑠}. Which of the following statements is/are correct? [NET : Dec -2014]

(a) If 𝑆 is closed and 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑠) > 0 then 𝑥 is not an accumulation point of 𝑆

(b) If 𝑆 is open and 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑠) > 0 then 𝑥 is not an accumulation point of 𝑆

(c) If 𝑆 is closed and 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑠) > 0 then 𝑆 does not contain 𝑥

(d) If 𝑆 is open and 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑠) = 0 then 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆

Ans. (a, b, c )

12. Let 𝑋 be a metric space and 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → ℝ be a continuous function. Let 𝐺 = {(𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥) ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋)} be the
graph of 𝑓 then [NET : Dec -2014]

(a) 𝐺 is homomorphic to 𝑋 (b) 𝐺 is homomorphic to ℝ

(c) 𝐺 is homomorphic to 𝑋 × ℝ (d) 𝐺 is homomorphic to ℝ × 𝑋

Ans.(a)

13. Suppose that 𝑃 is a monic polynomial of degree 𝑛 in one variable with real coefficients and 𝑘 is a real
number. Then which of the following statements is/are necessarily true? [NET : Dec -2014]

(a) If 𝑛 is even and 𝑘 > 0, then there exists 𝑥0 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑃(𝑥0 ) = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥0

(b) If 𝑛 is odd and 𝑘 < 0, then there exists 𝑥0 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑃(𝑥0 ) = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥0

(c) For any natural number𝑛 and 0 < 𝑘 > 1, then there exists 𝑥0 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑃(𝑥0 ) = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥0

(d) If 𝑛 is odd and 𝑘 ∈ ℝ, then there exists 𝑥0 ∈ ℝ such that 𝑃(𝑥0 ) = 𝑘𝑒 𝑥0

Ans.(a, b)
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15. Let 𝐸 be a subset of ℝ. Then the characteristic function 𝜒𝐸 : ℝ → ℝ is continuous iff [NET : Dec -2014]

(a) 𝐸 is closed (b) 𝐸 is open

(c) 𝐸 is both open closed (d) 𝐸 is neither open nor closed

Ans.(c)

16. Let 𝑋 = {(𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 1} be the unit circle inside ℝ2 . Let 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 → ℝ be a continuous

functions then [NET : Dec -2014](MSQ)

(a) Image (𝑓) is connected

(b) Image (𝑓) is compact

(c) The given information in not sufficient determine whether image (𝑓) bounded

(d) 𝑓 is not injective

Ans. (a, b, d)
𝑑𝑓
17. Let ℝ[𝑥] denote the vector space of all real polynomials. Let 𝐷 ∶ ℝ[𝑥] → ℝ[𝑥] the map 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑑𝑥 . ∀𝑓.
Then [NET : Dec -2014]

(a) 𝐷 is one-one

(b) 𝐷 is onto

(c) There exist 𝐸 ∶ ℝ[𝑥] → ℝ[𝑥] so that 𝐷(𝐸(𝑓)) = 𝑓 ∀𝑓

(d) There exists 𝐸 ∶ ℝ[𝑥] → ℝ[𝑥] so that 𝐸(𝐷(𝑓) = 𝑓 ∀𝑓

Ans.(b, c)

NET-JUNE-2015
1 1+2 1+2+3
1. The sum of the series 1! + + +…….. equals [NET : June -2015](SCQ)
2! 3!

𝑒 3𝑒 𝑒
(a) 𝑒 (b) 2 (c) (d) 1 + 2
2

Ans.(c)
1 2𝑥 2
2. The limit lim 𝑥 ∫𝑥 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑑𝑡 [NET : June -2015](SCQ)
𝑥→∞

(a) does not exist (b) is infinite

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(c) exists and equals 1 (d) exists and equals 0

Ans.(c)

3. Which of the following subsets of ℝ𝑛 is compact (with respect to the usual topology of ℝ𝑛 )

[NET : June -2015](SCQ)

(a) {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛 ): |𝑥𝑖 | < 1, 1 ≤ 𝑛}

(b) {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛 ): 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 = 0}

(c) {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛 ): 𝑥𝑖 ≥ 0, 1 ≤ 1, 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛}

(d) {(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 … 𝑥𝑛 ): 1 ≤ 𝑥𝑖 ≤ 2𝑖 , 1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ 𝑛}

Ans.(d)

4. Let 𝑓 ∶ 𝑋 ⟶ 𝑥 such that 𝑓(𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑥 for all 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. Then [NET : June -2015](SCQ)

(a) 𝑓 is on-to-one and onto

(b) 𝑓 is one-to-one, but no onto

(c) 𝑓 is onto but not one-to-one

(d) 𝑓 need not be either one-to-one or onto

Ans.(a)

5. A polynomial of odd degree with real coefficients must have [NET : June -2015](SCQ)

(a) at least one real root (b) no real root

(c) only real roots (d) at least one root which is not real

Ans.(a)

6. Let 𝑉 be the space of twice differentiable functions on ℝ satisfying [NET : June -2015](SCQ)

𝑓" − 2𝑓′ + 𝑓 = 0 Define 𝑇 ∶ 𝑉 ⟶ ℝ2 by 𝑇(𝑓) = (𝑓 ′ (0), 𝑓(0)) Then 𝑇 is

(a) One to one and onto (b) One to one but not onto

(c) Onto but not one to one (d) Neither one to one nor onto

Ans.(a)

7. Let, for each 𝑛 ≥ 1. 𝐶𝑛 be the open disc in ℝ2 , with centre at the point (𝑛, 0) and radius equal to 𝑛.

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Then 𝐶 = ⋃𝑛≥1 𝐶𝑛 is [NET : June -2015](SCQ)

(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 > 0 and |𝑦| < 3} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 > 0 and |𝑦| < 2𝑥}

(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 > 0 and |𝑦| < 3𝑥} (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 : 𝑥 > 0}

Ans.(d)

8. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a polynomial of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑖 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 with 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 and 𝑎2 ≠ 0.

1 1 1
If𝐸1 = ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − [𝑓(−1) + 𝑓(𝑥)], 𝐸2 = ∫−1 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − 2 (𝑓(−1) + 2𝑓(0) + 𝑓(1)) and |𝑥| is the
absolute value of 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, then [NET : June -2015](SCQ)

(a) |𝐸1 | < |𝐸2 | (b) |𝐸1 | = 2|𝐸2 |

(c) |𝐸1 | = 4|𝐸2 | (d) |𝐸1 | = 8|𝐸2 |

Ans.(c)

9. Let 𝑎 be a positive real number which of the following integrals are convergents?

[NET : June -2015](MSQ)

𝑎 1 𝑎 1
(a) ∫0 𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4 √𝑥

∞ 1 ∞ 1
(c) ∫4 𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫5 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 log 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥(log𝑒 𝑥)2

Ans.(b, d)
1 𝑥
10. For 𝑛 ≥ 1, let 𝑔𝑛 (𝑥) = sin2 (𝑥 + 𝑛) , 𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞) and 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥) = ∫0 𝑔𝑛 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡. Then

[NET : June -2016](MSQ)

(a) {𝑓𝑛 } converges point-wise to a function 𝑓 on [0, ∞), but does not converge uniformly on [0, ∞)

(b) {𝑓𝑛 } does not converge point-wise to any function on [0, ∞)

(c) {𝑓𝑛 } converges uniformly on [0, 1]

(d) {𝑓𝑛 } converges uniformly on [0, ∞)

Ans.(c, d)

11. Let 𝑓 be a bounded function on ℝ and 𝑎 ∈ ℝ. [NET : June -2015](MSCQ)

For 𝛿 > 0, let 𝜔(𝑎, 𝛿) = sup|𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)| , 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎 − 𝛿, 𝑎 + 𝛿]

Then

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(a) 𝜔(𝑎, 𝛿) ≤ 𝜔(𝑎, 𝛿) If 𝛿1 ≤ 𝛿2 (b) lim+ 𝜔(𝑎, 𝛿) = 0 for all 𝑎 ∈ ℝ

𝛿→0

(c) lim+ 𝜔(𝑎, 𝛿) need not exist (d) lim+ 𝜔(𝑎, 𝛿) = 0 If 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑎
𝑎→0 𝑎→0

Ans.(a, d)
1
12. For 𝑛 ≥ 2, let 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑛. Then [NET : June -2015](MSQ)

(a) The sequence {𝑎𝑛 }∞

𝑛=2 is convergent (b) The series ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛 is convergent

(c) The series ∑∞ 2

𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛 is convergent (d) The series ∑∞ 𝑛
𝑛=2(−1) 𝑎𝑛 is convergent

Ans. (a, c, d)

13. Which of the following sets of functions are uncountable? (ℕ stands for the set of natural numbers)

[NET : June -2015](MSQ)

(a) {𝑓|𝑓 ∶ ℕ ⟶ {1, 2}} (b) {𝑓|𝑓 ∶ {1, 2} ⟶ ℕ}

(c) {𝑓|𝑓 ∶ {1, 2} ⟶ ℕ, 𝑓(1) ≤ 𝑓(2)} (d) {𝑓|𝑓 ∶ ℕ ⟶ {1, 2}, 𝑓(1) ≤ 𝑓(2)}

Ans. (a, d)

14. Let {𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 … } be a sequence of real numbers. [NET : June -2015](MSQ)

For any 𝑘 ≥ 1, let 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=0 𝑎2𝑘 which of the following statements are correct?

(a) If lim 𝑆𝑛 exists, then ∑∞

𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 exists (b) If lim 𝑆𝑛 exists, then ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 need not exist
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

(c) If ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 exists, then lim 𝑆𝑛 exists (d) If ∑∞
𝑚=0 𝑎𝑚 exists, then lim 𝑆𝑛 need not exist.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

Ans.(b, d)

NET-DECEMBER-2015

1. For (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅 2 with (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0, 0), let 𝜃 = 𝜃(𝑥, 𝑦) be the unique real number such that −𝜋 < 𝜃 ≤
𝜋 and (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃) where 𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2. Then the resulting function 𝜃: ℝ2 ⁄{(0, 0)} → ℝ
is [NET : Dec -2015](SCQ)

(a). Differentiable (b). Continuous, but not differentiable

(c). Bounded, but not continuous (d). Neither bounded , nor continuous

Ans.(c)

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2. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a twice continuously differentiable function with 𝑓(0) = 𝑓(1) = 𝑓 ′ (0) = 0. Then

[NET : Dec -2015](SCQ)

(a) 𝑓" is the zero function (b) 𝑓"(0) is zero

(c) 𝑓"(𝑥) = 0 for some 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1) (d) 𝑓" never vanishes

Ans.(c)
1 1 1 1
3. lim ( + +⋯+ ) is [NET : Dec -2015](SCQ)
𝑛→∞ √𝑛 √2+√4 √4+√6 √2𝑛+√2𝑛+2

1 1
(a) √2 (b) (c) √2 + 1 (d)
√2 √2+1

Ans.(b)
1
4. Let 𝑆𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑘=1 𝑘 which of the following is true? [NET : Dec -2015](SCQ)
𝑛
(a) 𝑆𝑛 𝑛 ≥ 2 for every 𝑛 ≥ 1 (b) 𝑆𝑛 is a bounded sequence

𝑆𝑛
(c) |𝑆2 − 𝑆2𝑛 − 1| → 0 as 𝑛 → ∞ (d) → 1 as 𝑛 → ∞
𝑛

Ans.(a)

5. Let 𝐴 be a closed subset of ℝ, 𝐴 ≠ 𝜙, 𝐴 ≠ ℝ then 𝐴 is [NET : Dec -2015](SCQ)

(a) the closure of the interior of 𝐴 (b) a countable set

(c) a compact set (d) not open

Ans.(d)

6. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, ∞) ⟶ [0, ∞) be a continuous function which of the following is correct?

[NET : Dec -2015](SCQ)

(a) There is 𝑥0 ∈ [0, ∞) such that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥0

(b) If 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 𝑀 for all 𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞) for some 𝑀 > 0, then there exists 𝑥0 ∈ [0, ∞) such that 𝑓(𝑥0 ) = 𝑥0

(c) If 𝑓 has a fixed point unless it is differentiable on (0, ∞)

(d) 𝑓 does not have a fixed point unless it is differentiable on (0, ∞)

Ans.(b)

7. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ be a differentiable function such thatsup|𝑓 ′ (𝑥)| < ∞. Then [NET:Dec -2015](MSQ)
𝑥∈ℝ

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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance

(a) 𝑓 maps a bounded sequence to a bounded sequence

(b) 𝑓 maps a Cauchy sequence to a cauchy sequence

(c) 𝑓 maps a convergent sequence to a convergent sequence

(d) 𝑓 is uniformly continuous

Ans. All are correct .

8. Let 𝑓 ∶ (0, 1) → ℝ be continuous. Suppose that |𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑦)| ≤ | cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 | for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ (0, 1).
Then [NET : Dec -2015](MCQ)

(a) 𝑓 is discountinuous at least at one point in (0, 1)

(b) 𝑓 is continuous everywhere on (0, 1) but not uniformly continuous on (0, 1)

(c) 𝑓 is uniformly continuous on (0, 1)

(d) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists

𝑥→0

Ans.(c , d)

9. Let 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑥be a sequence of quadratic polynomials where 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 ∈ ℝ for all 𝑛 ≥ 1. Let
𝜆0 , 𝜆1 be distinct non-zero real numbers such that lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝜆1 ) exist. Then [NET : Dec -2015](MCQ)
𝑛→∞

(a) lim 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ (b) lim 𝑃𝑛′ (𝑥) exists for all 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

𝜆0 +𝜆1 𝜆0 +𝜆1
(c) lim 𝑃𝑛 ( ) does not exists (d) lim 𝑃𝑛′ ( ) does not exist
𝑛→∞ 2 𝑛 2

Ans.(a, b)

10. Consider all sequences {𝑓𝑛 } of real valued continuous function on [0, ∞). Identify which of the
following statements are correct. [NET : Dec -2015](MCQ)
∞ ∞
(a) If {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 point-wise on [0, ∞), then lim ∫0 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

∞ ∞
(b) If {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 uniformly on [0, ∞), then lim ∫0 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

(c) If {𝑓𝑛 } converges to 𝑓 uniformly on [0, ∞), then 𝑓 is continuous on [0, ∞)

(d) There exists a sequence of continuous function {𝑓𝑛 } on [0, ∞) such that {𝑓𝑛 } converges to
∞ ∞
uniformly on [0, ∞) but lim ∫0 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≠ ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑛→∞

Ans. (c, d)

11. Let 𝐺1 and 𝐺2 be two subsets of ℝ2 and 𝑓 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ2 be a function. Then, [NET : Dec -2015](MCQ)
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(a) 𝑓 −1 (𝐺1 ∪ 𝐺2 ) = 𝑓 −1 (𝐺1 ) ∪ 𝑓 −1 (𝐺2 )

𝐶
(b) 𝑓 −1 (𝐺1𝐶 ) = (𝑓 −1 (𝐺1 ))

(c) 𝑓(𝐺1 ∩ 𝐺2 ) = 𝑓(𝐺1 ) ∩ 𝑓(𝐺2 )

(d) If 𝐺1 is open and 𝐺2 is closed then 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 = {𝑥 + 𝑦 ∶ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐺1 , 𝑦 ∈ 𝐺2 } is neither open nor closed.

Ans.(a, b)

12. Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ2 be the function 𝑓(𝑟, 𝜃) = (𝑟 cos 𝜃 , 𝑟 sin 𝜃). Then for which of the open subsets 𝑈 of
ℝ2 given below, 𝑓 restricted to 𝑈admits an inverse? [NET : Dec -2015](MCQ)

(a) 𝑈 = ℝ2

(b) 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0}

(c) 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 1}

(d) 𝑈 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 ∶ 𝑥 < −1, 𝑦 < −1}

Ans. (b, d)
1 1
13. Let 𝑆 ⊂ ℝ2 be defined by 𝑆 = {(𝑚 + 4|4| , 𝑛 + 4|𝑞| ) : 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝑝, 𝑞 ∈ ℤ} [NET : Dec -2015](MCQ)

Then

(a) 𝑆 is discrete in ℝ2 .

(b). The set of limit points of S is the set {(m, n) : m, n ∈ ℤ}.

(c).𝑆 𝑐 is connected but not path connected.

(d). 𝑆 𝑐 is path

Ans.(d)

14. Which of the following statements is/are correct?

(a) There exists a continuous map 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ such that 𝑓(ℝ) = ℚ

(b) There exists a continuous map 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ such that 𝑓(ℝ) = ℤ

(c) There exists a continuous map 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → ℝ such that 𝑓(ℝ) = {(𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 |𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1}

(d) There exists a continuous map 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] ∪ [2, 3] ⟶ {0, 1}

Ans.(c, d)

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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance

1 if 𝑥𝑦 = 0
15. Define 𝑓 ∶ ℝ2 → ℝ2 by 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = { . If 𝑆 = {(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓 is continuous at the point
2 otherwise
(𝑥, 𝑦)} then [GATE -2007]

(a) 𝑆 is open (b) 𝑆 is connected (c) 𝑆 = 𝜙 (d) 𝑆 is closed

Ans.(a)

16. If 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → (0, 1) is a continuous mapping then which of the following is not true?

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]

(a) 𝐹 ⊆ [0, 1] is a closed set implies 𝑓(𝐹) is closed in ℝ.

(b) If 𝑓(0) < 𝑓(1) then 𝑓([0, 1]) must be equal to [𝑓(0), 𝑓(1)]

(c) There must exists 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1) such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥

(d) 𝐹 ∶ ([0, 1]) ≠ (0, 1)

Ans.(b)

17. Let 𝑓 ∶ [0, 1] → [0, 1] be any twice differentiable function satisfying 𝑓(𝑎𝑥 + (1 − 𝑎)𝑦) ≤ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) +
(1 − 𝑎)𝑓(𝑦) for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ [0, 1] and any 𝑎 ∈ [0, 1]. Then for all 𝑥 ∈ (0, 1)

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF :Dec -2013]

(a) 𝑓′(𝑥) ≥ 0 (b) 𝑓"(𝑥) ≥ 0

(c) 𝑓′(𝑥) ≤ 0 (d) 𝑓"(𝑥) ≤ 0

Ans.(b)
1 𝑑𝑥
18. Let 𝐿 = ∫0 then [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF :Dec -2013]
1+𝑥 8

𝜋 𝜋
(a) 𝐿 < 1 (b) 𝐿 > 1 (c) 𝐿 < (d) 𝐿 >
4 4

Ans.(a, d)

19. In Which of the following cases there is no continuous function from the set 𝑆 onto the set 𝑇?

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

(a) 𝑆 = [0, 1], 𝑇 = ℝ (b) 𝑆 = (0, 1), 𝑇 = ℝ

(c) 𝑇 = (0, 1] (d) 𝑆 = ℝ, 𝑇 = (0, 1)

Ans.(a)

20. Let 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 be distinct real numbers. Then the number of distinct real roots of the equation
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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance

(𝑥 − 𝑎)3 + (𝑥 − 𝑏)3 + (𝑥 − 𝑐)3 = 0 is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2013]

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) depends on the value of 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐

Ans.(a)

21. If |4𝑥 − 7| = 5 then the values of 2|𝑥| − | − 𝑥| is [GATE -2013]

1 1 3 2
(a) 2, 3 (b) 2 , 3 (c) 2 , 9 (d) 3 , 9

Ans.(b)
∞
22. Let 𝜆 > 0 and 𝐹(𝑥) = 1 for 𝑥 > 0. Then for 𝑡 > 0, ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝐹(𝑥) equal

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2013]

𝜆 𝜆
(a) 𝜆+𝑡 (b) 0 (c) 𝜆−𝑡 (d) ∞

Ans.(a)

23. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 2 : 0 < 𝑥 < 1} and 𝐵 = {𝑥 2 : 1 < 𝑥 < 2} which of the following statement is true?

[(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]

(a) There is a one to one, onto function from 𝐴 to 𝐵

(b) There is no one to one onto function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 taking rational to rationals

(c) There is no one to one function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 which is onto

(d) There is no onto function from 𝐴 to 𝐵 which is one to one

Ans.(a)

24. Which of the following subsets of ℝ2 are convex? [(MCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : June -2011]

(a) {(𝑥, 𝑦): |𝑥| ≤ 5, |𝑦| ≤ 10} (b) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1}

(c) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≥ 𝑥 2 } (d) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2

Ans.(a, c)

25. 𝑆 = {𝑓 ∶ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 < 1} and 𝑆 ⊆ ℝ × ℝ then 𝑆 is [(SCQ)CSIR-NET/JRF : Dec -2010]

(a) bounded and open set (b) bounded and closed set

(c) unbounded and open set (d) unbounded and closed set

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 Real Analysis for [Link]. Entrance

Ans.(c)

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