A qregh G= (V,6) onsit

A
-

t Calbd Vesties, a anou set E= e, es, e --t

Whote elemeat Caud edees &ew kat eaeh edye et ik
derd (Vi, ) vahes.

means

he Vabees Repredented
odiagam, in hjeh
as ponn aud eaeh edye s a ine
Vecs.

e
Va

whe V u , Ve, V3, Uh, ust

numb vaius and tinle

AAqrsgh with a diie
tinik grph, olisnv)e, iliu
Mumber eolyes ias caled
called a
 An end vtix Bme edye ej, ui ad
When a Vuttx Vi
okes.
bid t be icident with eaeh

Two honpmallel edyes

0mmon Vuley
Ineidet n a end
adjaent ip hey aNe e
Two Veaies ane sad to be
Vaties a the lame edge.
vson Ui, witk Se-loyp:
mumbey edees inilant on a
Ihe
bwice is calld the deye
Ounted
d(ui).

oith velix
Vh
ineident

non dpr)

a edye belijen
 Lsolated Veslin, Pendent Venin and Null 92gh:
n0 inei ded edee s called an isolatd
AVeatix having ane Vestices with R dopue
Vesten ie uotated Vertiees

Calted a pentant Vaoy p

A Ventin depe One u

an ed velir.

V V

Vy

Velix
eBes
ad attepst Dne
witthond any edges
iA calle Nu!
V

irestd ad
disnad
a dreetd grnh.
Venlir ucaled
he edge is not a ind.
the diyechon %
Nien
Agraph In enjzt, belween
Hene, i an edge
V
V
V

Vb VS
 end ont-daue (04
Incdegue
denoted
at and it ú
tie mumber edyes begin nig
dt(v).
densed
In A diye eted

d ui).

he bum the in - dee

the veatex.
deyue a Siuyte and
called
in - diae s
Verte y witth X Called a
Snh.
A
H Ot dgue s
ès called
a Velex wta Reno
in-dye
V Vutey

0)
in-oue u
Here 0)
 tplications. )
in used eateniny
whith
o Adata shnlne

Netwok: kach wieh u ipoanted

1. Social
kggeshyrs
lat me
ond eendveuteer.
ard an Ikiy aetinhes, odes oe
bolyeen te
edee

Locabons ane e prele unte d

Vaions edges
belwen bo
shtest pati
Wsed ti tind

Vuties.
comme
3. Recommedaens on on Vais e-
suion bmiln
tor you reeommend iem
b
K e e o m m e n d a o n s

Ihe
ses apl theony
Webiks
wpe to wseri
choice.
moleeades in chemdy
Nop wsed * slndy
GTaph they
s
h.

thesry
whth
1736 with knlo' poprs in

he folyed tke
prgel ivey A Prgel

B
 'c' and'D tormed hy he progel ives in (0b)
ivy
Two islands
Conneetcd
weye
Konigsbarg
A dB witth Seyen bdees os
Bhawn in ise

WAS
owey eeh te seven bidges
c (o)D Wak
uk A, &, to
On, and Yelsn
a t s ke ve).

slhalin y mas94 g
dolnion: kney rereentd this htiny and me
below by
M Bhow Rhon
A

. I8 h1, 6-R. kirchhet dwlopednelky.

appliahons in eleebicnd nevk
-heir

Colot phobum.
 (04
Handthating.-Iheoren
gphu witt
wt
Ststement 6: (v, E) be an udyekd
e mumbe
n mumbey q vuti'cu and
tRu degu

n
1
dlvi) : Qe

heore
taadehandy
his is he knoW

dxe l)-D
D
(c) + dipeCo) =
+ dugee
duyefA) + l e l8)
3 +
|0= 10
undivee

Nole: he Bum deyes

Conbtes hy deress
Renon KAeh edge
Kaeh edge
 (O8
Prpey : 6= (v.¬) be an ndiyeted gegl.
ees
totd mumbey of odd dee Vestices ú

PA0 det 6= (VE) Anon die eted ghapl 6

ht take U a Bet g en dee wih in 6.
a det odd degue vehes in
Was

d(vi) Re

2 dlV) = Qe

Vjendg vetites

LdtVA): e- I dtv) Sum g Brodayue

VkEw

)dVk) de -
Vkew
dlVk) = enen

Vke w

A A 0d daque
B0dd degere
0 e ndeyae
C’endigue
 (01)
Nole b- (V,E) s a diye etd geph, Bon The Bum f
indeque and ot deue ne bame ed it
ýeRLal
b e tot umber edges in 4.
ie CV:))

ted qnph. pALh edee Chni bmtes a tount

Padire Vesies n whiih
the l o
edye u incidat.
Hene Mumber edyes gires the Veahes on Ww the
indgus an tnt deyee
edee is ineident.
= Sum gin-degue 20gegce
Sum ! Ontdegee

V2 Vey thces

V
V,
Sum

Hee deyue (v): deue (vi)= lE)

 (lO)
|. Dolisnine the Mumber edyes M Agaph witt 6 et ces,

abore data
Svlaon: Cien Ihat
hu e' numher edges
y handehantig pmposty
dugl vi ) = 2e
=

degue (v,)+ deyel V¡) t degae (us) e

bvonbes
Hene, he numhey dl edgs M a g7npl with
wth
V
Vi V

(OR

V
Vy
 wit

nmes

A0- 12

b conshne a
a ggh wsth
NO. Vebus ne neded b

6 Vestes
edges
3. Dolermne the munbor

ton Vtices me
 isomorplism).
Two gaphs One -to- One torrespondanee beliween
Oor 1here U a neilene
edyes &he hat the
-heiy sices and belveen
hatonshp is presennd. In okoreoods,
ingpBe hat edge
corspondig
inidet on fhe vexbees V, and v, that
edye 'e" G'mt be

ne esany
Me Vestrs
mst have te Bame numbey
() 6 ahd a
Veshces
with the

Bame degue.
me ikompaie

Suon: Nunber ytius in G iu 5

edges in G u 7.
Number
 NO. gf vtices No. vestias (3)
deua in G

3
5
5 5

,
A
E

inee A-A, 6-0, c-c, 0-o'and E- E

()

Solwin:
yenties in G -5: nuntey Vaiein 6
Nnber 9)
edges inM 6:6: umbor edges in s!
Number o
No. ol veiu No. vetices
Veni es wih in
degue

5
 M60,
A

D
B'
E-E
Sinee A-A', B-B, c-c', D-o'

Hene

(i)

edyes in 6
Nusey
Venttes with ND. veahus NO. wshus
in 6
dyue in

A A'

D
- t'
Sne A-A) B-8: C-c', D-'
Hene Umephe.
 (5)
(iv)

Votices in 4 =6: NO, l vertUs

in 6'
NO.
edges in 6 = 9: NI. g edyes in
6'
No. o
Vesties with NO. Vehes in ND.g vahces in
deyue
3 6 6

c, D-o', 6-E' f-f

A-A B-8' C-
SiNe
somphic.

(V)
 all 6 Vertices and edyes

A B A

f
H,
A A

Whort H,, a

a atoyh arhining all he

Veaties

C
 Walks, palks and ciycuik ()
dofjned as adigk alteinalive Beqhene
Wk: A Walk à ard erds voith veshes,
edeu whih befins
%Vestie and
Seh thal nedent on the vesthu
Beguene

in te doq henee.
PReceding and olhming it
Beg henie,
in he
nore lhan Onee
T ) NO edge
ageaYs
Walk (OR) a tnal in 6.
's called a
&neh a beqninee

Iypos f Walk: ahd ends at i

ditfayast
tat bugins
Walk: A walk Caled open Walk.
the bame Vetex
and ends at
Vehces.

Walk that begins

CÖ) clased walk! A closed
wak
æGalad a
opears
Nalk jn whih
no veste x
Pnth
pIR iiu A vn
tþeen pals (OR) palh.
fal
ah: calud a hmde
han onie is
more
oitt atleast one edge
CiYe uit' Aelosed walk
irpuit eminal lentiees
eneept h
is (alld a iYuit (o Acyele
me ban Once
ramgle t:
V
V

VS
 hlh e (19)
bellw, dolumie
he palhs, tiycuit, closed walk, tfen nalk

kzangle open Walk bnt nota pak

()
opo vy Walk hitho a path
(i) eircuit
walk whih a
(i) cloted whitw a not a cirit.
Watk
(i) dosed

(a)

V
(B)

VL
Connested and disenneeted gryhs:
tonnetted
H qroph 4 u sad be
One path belveen eruy lao Veuices
dis connetted ) 6 hs atleast one
be
Hqraph 6 o Baid
Vestiees belween h lhre ú wpati.
PY

bhangle!

Whye
A
A

(b)
A B

vee a),6) ty ne
D (C)
cc)
 he veaix bet v an se

Connecb a vesbain y and a vais V

evey edge in E V, OR) I
eilhw we Veabus in
no edge inin G,Ci,Connet
V)
Vuties in Va),u Calud a

V) Va

V,

V3 Vn V

Va
tlene
 V

Vg)

Vu

V, VG Vg

Hene

3.
m
C

(5)
5 4

8
 ae tomimonly woad * Teprsent gaps tor
The matix

hahin toym i n the taet hat many

dom any algekraie plin

matix

Jhe mai
adiaceny, mahiz

edges bebien
the ane
whoe
belweeo Viv;
edge

d. InideNe mabix :
foy undireted grgh!
(,E) whitv hws nVexha
Cowilen a undireetd qah
b=
ineidene nix A= [aij) & prdor
Qhd 'm' edees. she

1 when edge ei inei de t oith i

0 olkerwise.
for ireotd quph bom avesliy V;
ej diveted Qway
( 1 ' Whon edte Wwekds veusy Vi
diyertd
-1: Whon edge ej
0: Okenwie.
 9Thphs ein in below

tA B C D
0

|I010
D

V Vi V2 Vy

V,0
V
Vi 0

V2 V Vh
i)
0
0 A=00 0 1

V V2 V Vh V
(iv) 0

V
00|0I
0
 ^djaceny mati x
|0
|00 I
0 || 0
V Vu V V
VI
V 0
Vu

A=
0
00 0

V2 V

V)

0
V
0

0
(iD
3
A=

A 0 0
) )
9
C
D
D0

(iv)
0
|0
0I

Su,in: Vn V
V Va

0
0
 ndjaceay
(24)
nax.

0 0
A=
|0|

V) Va V Vy

Vn

A=
00 0I
|0 00

V V, Vy

Vn
 wne the inidene matix tostos teke
maix follooing aph
e
(i)

Vu e
Staton': dat V: Vi, , V,, V 4’ n():
E: e, 9, es, e, es t n(6)= 5
0Tdoy hxs.

V 0 0 0
|
Vg, 0
V0

(h)

et
’ nE )= 8.
e, eo, C5, eh, es, l, l3, t

e e

000 0 | | 0 0
do0 0 00 I I

Vs0 0 0
 Yo
e
(i) Ve

Stubon: V:U, Va, V3,V,’ nlv): 4

E e , 9, , ey, e ’ (E)= 5.
Iniotene mahix
e
1 0 0

0 0 -|
A
V9-| 0 -) J0 0
0 -) -|

n(:5
Sitn: V= {Vh, v2, Vó, Vh, Vst
E e , e, ey, e4,e,ce ntE): 6

e
-|
V
- |000 0
A
0 0 0II0
000-I|
 Kramgk wit the gph fes te blowig incidenee maties
1
0 0 0 00
00 0 0

Stbn: Re-wte ki giren ineidene matix asM

V) 0

V V9

t | |0 0 0 0 0
As
0 00I |0 0 0
0 00
0

eg
 0)

A=
0 - ) 0-)
0 0 -) 0

ineidene matix a

V) 0
V
Vg

(iv) -1 0 0 00 00|
0
00-| -J
A= 0 0 0 0 -1
0 0

-)
(V)
A 0
|0
Planar GragA
Agrayh úbad to be plana %thore onist Bome
aibith CAn be dianon a plane
jemene Nymsendahan ° G
bnw hat no tiop it edes inbrseut.
DVers.
Note: Jepbind inlirseuhon
in&eihon ane called cs8
plane thont a e16bver
4 grnghhat canot be don on a

e' edges
then

Vuty Euer's theoreg for the

n=n0 vutes
=5

By Ener hyma

5-6+3 =&.’2-21
theoren.
6i katshes eder's
 1 eoyes = l0

by Eneeis lAeoren

5-10 + 7=2

ane planan 0Y not.

()

Vy
wndans
cann be re-
Sbin. Jhe giren
gr

VI

Cne's Iheoren
 (33)

V as
CAn be e -wtw

n= 6

V6

6 ~9t5

(i)
V

(iv)
 has regons
4). buo many edges mast a plann qaph have i} it
and 5 Vexthes. A0 dhan 0he Bhh ph. 3)
Soleh Sinte gien haph is pan
By Cnler's lheorem
V
YS

5-+7d

1-e=

Hne, unbr edges ane 10.

dee 3
hws lo vutices eaew
(5) Aeonnekd plane gong gh
Yegios gied b thi phne
ind the number
plunan
Stlatim: handshi
’ e =15
3ID = le
Corllay trly's keorem

n3)Vetics and e edges thn es3n-6

Veies and

on 5 Veshes, whrt eveay poir

he eomplale
Vaties iu tonneced by an edge

k5
orv 6 velhtes, wrth e

bet
 (36
(1) bot k, and ky 0re Tegnla grgha
(a) bott k5 ard K,3 ayt n0n-planar grrghs
(3) Kenoval one VesoA (0R) one edqe makes he

the nen plan qph witk Smallest numbrr /

(H) ks s
Veatices (m=5).
on plan
k,: KThe nen gph with Smatles} nu mbe
()
dges le- 9).

ke ú not coplansn (o8) nn plana.

1. Showhat the grnph
SineeKs iu a himple
5 Vices and l edger.
ie

Wkr or tuplhnn (a plan gropl

wrollay fnlosthe oren
e < 3rn-6
Whe e= 10 a
3n-6 = 3 ) - 6 = lr-6= 4<eD

but

Hee
 hss s non -plana,

Wk7
Va

u Aimpk rnph with 6wmbus and

sine ks)

WKT plan gnph, co9lNy Enby's theorm

e anrt

an-4= alt) -4= 8

 38
3. Dras aginghe

Selhon: bom te tiven depu seghens

tt, 3, 3 3,3
ht4+3 +3 +3t3 = a0.
n= 6, 2 deylvi)=

tandshaking pegusty: I dyti)= Re

by 0e

6 u aplan then by buerlheoem

e 4 3n-6
plan gghs

hon hmple plara grph.