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Math Chart Project for Class 11

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Saravanna . B. K 8 C VVP
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35 views13 pages

Math Chart Project for Class 11

Uploaded by

Saravanna . B. K 8 C VVP
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

01

Activity 1(a)

OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED


To demonstrate a function which is Cardboard, nails, strings, adhesive
not one-one but is onto. and plastic strips.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix three nails
on it as shown in the Fig.1a.1. Name the nails on the strip as 1, 2 and 3.
2. Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails in
the plastic strip as shown in Fig.1a.2. Name the nails on the strip as a and b.
3. Join nails on the left strip to the nails on the right strip as shown in Fig. 1a.3.

Fig 1a.1 Fig 1a.2 Fig 1a.3


DEMONSTRATION
1. Take the set X = {1, 2, 3}
2. Take the set Y = {a, b}
3. Join (correspondence) elements of X to the elements of Y as shown in Fig. 1a.3
OBSERVATION
1. The image of the element 1 of X in Y is __________.
The image of the element 2 of X in Y is __________.
The image of the element 3 of X in Y is __________.
So, Fig. 1a.3 represents a __________ .
2. Every element in X has a _________ image in Y. So, the function is
_________(one-one/not one-one).
Activity 1(b)
OBJECTIVE MATERIAL REQUIRED
To demonstrate a function which is Cardboard, nails, strings, adhesive
one-one but not onto. and plastic strips.

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails in it
as shown in the Fig. 1b.1. Name the nails as a and b.
2. Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix three
nails on it as shown in the Fig. 1b.2. Name the nails on the right strip as 1,
2 and 3.
3. Join nails on the left strip to the nails on the right strip as shown in the Fig. 1b.3.

Fig 1b.1 Fig 1b.2 Fig 1b.3


DEMONSTRATION
1. Take the set X = {a, b}
2. Take the set Y = {1, 2, 3}.
3. Join elements of X to the elements of Y as shown in Fig. 1b.3.
OBSERVATION
1. The image of the element a of X in Y is ______________.

The image of the element b of X in Y is ______________.

So, the Fig. 1b.3 represents a _____________________.


2. Every element in X has a _________ image in Y. So, the function is
_____________ (one-one/not one-one).
02
Objective
To draw the graph of Sin–1x using the graph of Sin x and demonstrate the concept of
mirror reflexion (about the line y = x)

Materials Required
✧ A cardboard of suitable size
✧ White chart papers
✧ Ruler
✧ Coloured pens
✧ Adhesive
✧ Pencil
✧ Eraser
✧ Board pins
✧ Paper pins
✧ Wires

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a cardboard of suitable size and a white sheet paste on it with the help of pins.

2. With the help of wires draw two perpendicular lines XoX‘ and YoY‘, XoX‘ says x-axis and
YoY‘ says y-axis.

3. Now mark some points on y-axis like 1, 1/2, 0, –1/2, –1 etc.


4. Sketch the graph of inverse trigonometric function y = Sin–1 x with the help of the following
table. This table will help to draw the exact graph of the inverse trigonometric function y =
Sin­–1 x.

π π π π
X 0
6 4 3 2
1 1 3
Sin x 0 = .5 = .71 = .81 1
2 2 2

π 
5. Now fix the paper pins to locate the coordinate which is represent the points say P1  , 0.5
6 
 π   π  π 
, p2  , 0.71 , P3  , 0.87  , P4  , 1 as shown in the figure.
4  3  2 
6. Now we will repeat the same process for the other side of the x-axis. Mark the points with
the help of the following table.

π π π π
X − − − −
6 4 3 2
1 1 3
Sin x − = − .5 − = − .71 − = − .87 –1
2 2 2

π π
7. With the help of paper pins we represent the points say P11  − , − .5 , P21  − , − .71 ,
 6   4 
 π   π 
P31  − , − .87  , P41  − , − 1 and fix a paper pin at point O which represents the origin of
 3   2 
the graph.

8. Join the pins with the help of wires on both the sides of x-axis. Here we have a curve which
π π
is a graph of Sin x from − to . Now plot the points (1, 1) (2, 2) (3, 3) (4, 4) ..... etc. on the
2 2
cartesian plane to draw the graph of line y = x.

9. From the marked point P1, P2, P3 and P4 draw perpendiculars on the line y = x and construct
lines such that length of perpendicular on both the sides of the line y = x are equal. Mark
these points as Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 and fix the paper pin on them.

10. Repeat the same process on the other side of x-axis and fix the paper pins on the points Q11,
Q21, Q31, Q41.

11. Now join the pins on both the sides of the line y = x by a wire tightly to obtain the graph of
y = sin–1x.

12. Now place a mirror on the line y = x. The mirror image of the graph of y = sin x represents
the graph of y = sin–1x which shows that sin–1x is a reflexion of sin x about the line y = x.
Observation
1. We observe that the image of point P1 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q1.
2. The image of point P2 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q2.
3. The image of point P3 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q3.
4. The image of point P4 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q4.
5. The image of point P11 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q11.
6. The image of point P21 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q21.
7. The image of point P31 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q31.
8. The image of point P41 in the mirror (through the line y = x) is Q41.

Result
From the above discussion the mirror image of the graph of y = sin x about the line y = x is the
graph of y = sin–1x and mirror image of y = sin–1x through y = x is the graph of sin x.
03
Objective
To find analytically the limit of a given function f(x) at given point x = c and also check
the continuity of the given function at that point.

Materials Required
✧ A drawing board
✧ A white paper sheet
✧ Board pins, pencil and calculator

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
 x2 − 9

1. Let the given function be f(x)  x − 3 if x ≠ 3
 6 if x = 3

2. Take some points or value of x on left side of 3, very close to 4 and find the value of f(x)

x 2 − 9 ( x + 3) ( x − 3)
⇒ f ( x) = = = x + 3 ⇒ ( x ≠ 3)
x−3 ( x − 3)
3. Find the corresponding values of f(x) for given values of x with the help of calculator.

4. The values of x and f(x) may be tabulated as below:

x 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999 2.999999 2.9999999


f(x) 5.9 5.99 5.999 5.9999 5.99999 5.999999 5.9999999

5. Now take some values of x or points on the right side of (x = 3) which are very close to c.
6. Find the corresponding values of f(x) for the given value of x with the help of calculator.

7. The value of f(x) are tabulated as below:

x 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001 3.000001 3.0000001


f(x) 6.1 6.01 6.001 6.0001 6.00001 6.000001 6.0000001

Observations
1. The values of f(x) is approaching to 6 when x → 3 from the left.

2. The values of f(x) is approaching to 6 when x → 3 from the right.

3. So we can say lim f ( x ) = 6 ( L.H .L.) and lim f ( x ) = 6 ( R.H .L.) L.H.L. → stands for
x → 3− x → 3+ Left Hand Limit
4. Therefore lim f ( x ) = 6 , f(3) = 6 R.H.L. → stands for
x→3 Right Hand Limit
 f ( x ) Value of the function
Thus lim f ( x ) = f (3) 
x→3 at given point.
Since lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) = f (3) = 6 {L.H.L. = R.H.L., f(x)}
x → 3− x → 3+
So the given function is continuous function at x = 3.

Result
With the help of above activity, we conclude the limit of a function f(x) at given point c analytically
and checked whether the function is continuous or not.
04
Objective
To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions.

Materials Required
✧ Piece of plywood of suitable size
✧ Piece of wire of different lengths
✧ White paper sheet
✧ Adhesive
✧ Geometry box
✧ Trigonometric tables

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. Take a piece of plywood of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it.

2. Take two wires of convenient size. With the help of wires draw two perpendicular lines
XOX‘ and YOY‘ which will bisect perpendicularly at point O. Now XOX‘ will represent
x-axis and YOY‘ represent y-axis.

3. Take two more pieces of wire of suitable lengths and make its shape of curves representing
two functions and fix them on the paper sheet as shown in the figure.

4. Take two or three wires of suitable lengths for the tangents to the curves at different points
on the curves.

5. Take the straight wire and place it on the curve in (L.H.S.) such that it is tangent to the
curve at the point say A1 and making an angle Q1 with x-axis in the positive direction.

6. Take another two points say A2 and A3 on the same curve and make tangents using the
same wire at A2 and A3 making angles Q2 and Q3 respectively with x-axis in the positive
direction.
7. Now take three points B1, B2 and B2 on the curve (R.H.S.) and using another wires forms
tangents to each of these points which makes angles f1, f2, f3 respectively with x-axis in the
positive direction.

Observations
1. With the above figure we have Q1 = 110º is an obtuse angle so tan Q1 is –ve.

2. Again we Sec. Q2 = 120 and Q3 = 125º are obtuse angles and therefore shapes of the tangents
tan Q2 and tan Q3 both are –ve.

3. tan Q1 = tan 110 = − 5.6712 



tan Q2 = tan 120 = − 2.7474 These are − ve values
tan Q3 = tan 125 = − 1 

4. Thus we can say that the given function in (L.H.S) is a decreasing function.

5. In R.H.S. on measuring f1, f2 and f3 the angles which makes by the tangents are f3 = 65º,
f3 = 75º, f1 = 0º.
⇒ tan B1 = tan 80° = + 5.6112
tan B2 = tan 75° =  These are +ve values
tan B3 = tan 65° = 

Thus we can say that the given function in (R.H.S.) is a increasing function.

Result
From the above activity it is verified that a function f(x) is increasing when f‘(x) ≥ 0 and decreasing
when f‘(x) ≤ 0 (where X ∈ domain of f)
05
Objective
To find the time when the area of a rectangle of given dimensions become maximum
if the length is decreasing and breadth is increasing at given rates.

Materials Required
✧ Card board
✧ Chart paper of white colours
✧ Cutter
✧ Glue Sticks
✧ Scale

METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
1. We take a rectangle R1 of dimentions 18 cm × 9 cm.

2. Let the length of the rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 1 cm/sec. and breadth is increasing
at the rate of 2 cm/sec.
3. Now we cut other rectangles R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, R8, R9, of the dimensions 17 cm × 11 cm,
16 cm × 13 cm, 15 cm × 15 cm, 14 cm × 17 cm, 13 cm × 19 cm, 12 cm × 21 cm, 11 cm × 23 cm,
10 cm × 25 cm respectively as shown in the figure.
4. Now fix these rectangle on the white sheet and then card board.
Observation
1. Here we observe that the length of the rectangle is decreasing at the rate of 1 cm/sec. and
breadth is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec.
2. Area of Rectangle R1 = 18 cm × 9 cm = 162 cm2
3. Area of Rectangle R2 = 17 cm × 11 cm = 187 cm2
4. Area of Rectangle R3 = 16 cm × 13 cm = 208 cm2
5. Area of Rectangle R4 = 15 cm × 15 cm = 225 cm2
6. Area of Rectangle R5 = 14 cm × 17 cm = 238 cm2
7. Area of Rectangle R6 = 13 cm × 19 cm = 247 cm2
8. Area of Rectangle R7 = 12 cm × 21 cm = 252 cm2
9. Area of Rectangle R8 = 11 cm × 23 cm = 253 cm2
10. Area of Rectangle R9 = 10 cm × 25 cm = 250 cm2
12. Now we observe that the area of rectangle is maximum after 8 seconds. It is 253 cm2.
13. Hence the maximum area of rectangle is 253 cm2.

Result
From the above activity we conclude that the time when the area of rectangle of given dimensions
becomes maximum if the length is decreasing and breadth is increasing at the given rates.

Common questions

Powered by AI

To demonstrate such a function, a model is setup with three nails on a strip (set X) and two nails on another strip (set Y). Each nail from the first set connects to a nail in the second set, ensuring every element in Y is mapped, indicating onto. However, since multiple elements in X map to same Y element, it shows not one-to-one nature .

As the rectangle’s length decreases by 1 cm/sec and the width increases by 2 cm/sec, the area changes through successive rectangles of newly computed dimensions. The maximum area, 253 cm², occurs after 8 seconds, due to the varying rates of decrease and increase affecting the multiplicative dimensions .

A function is shown to be one-one but not onto by using a cardboard where a strip on the left hosts two nails (a, b) and another on the right has three nails (1, 2, 3). Nails from the left are uniquely joined in a one-to-one correspondence to two nails on the right, leaving some elements in Y without pre-images, hence not onto .

The function's behavior is determined by the angle the tangent makes with the x-axis. If the angle θ is obtuse, tan θ is negative, indicating the function is decreasing. Conversely, if the angle is acute, tan θ is positive, indicating the function is increasing. This analysis involves measuring angles at various points on a curve to observe this behavior .

The graph of y = sin–1x is plotted by first sketching the graph of y = sin x and marking points on it. These points are reflected over the line y = x to achieve the graph of y = sin–1x. A mirror is placed on the line y = x to show that the inverse function graph is a reflection of the original function through this line, demonstrating their symmetrical relationship .

The limit provides insight into how the function behaves as it approaches a point. If both left-hand and right-hand limits exist and are equal to the function’s value at that point, it signals smoothness and continuity at that point. For example, for f(x) approaching 3, both the limits and f(3) are 6, indicating continuity .

Using mirror reflection over y = x demonstrates the graph of inverse trigonometric functions. By reflecting points on y = sin x across y = x, the graph of y = sin–1x emerges, showing the inverse function's symmetry in relation to the original trigonometric function. This reinforces the conceptual understanding of inverse functions .

The tangent's sign, determined by the angle with the x-axis, indicates the function's nature. When the angle is obtuse, the tangent is negative, suggesting the function is decreasing. Conversely, acute angles produce positive tangents, thus showing the function is increasing. The signs of the angles' tangents at various points enable this analysis .

The function is demonstrated by pasting a plastic strip on the left side of the cardboard and fixing three nails named 1, 2, and 3. Then, another strip is pasted on the right side with two nails named a and b. Each nail from the left is joined to a nail on the right, such that the set X = {1, 2, 3} maps to set Y = {a, b}. In this arrangement, the function is onto because every element in Y has a pre-image in X, but it is not one-one because multiple elements in X can correspond to the same element in Y .

To determine continuity at x = 3 for f(x) = (x² - 9)/(x - 3) where x ≠ 3, values of f(x) are calculated as x approaches 3 from either side. The function approaches 6 as a limit from both directions (left and right), and since f(3) is also 6, the function is continuous at x = 3 .

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