The Urinary System

formation and excretion

urinary system is
.The main functionof
the body.
of urine from

system/excretory
label a diagram of urinary
1 Draw and 07; W. 96,
system/renal system. (S. 96, 97, 98, 01, 05,
98,99)

Adrenal glands

Renal vein

Renal artery
Left kidney
Renal kidney

Left ureter

Right ureter

Urinary bladder

Urethra

53
 The Urih

54 Human Anatomy and Physiology

constant.
pressure. pigment

b l o o d
drugs,
as

2
b l o o d

of such

Explain the structure of

kidney. Mention: mujitains composition s u b s t a n c c s

kidneys. (S. 98, 03, 08, 09; W. Nention functlons of

00, 08) (iii)
It
i n t a i n s
exCess
of
forcig

body.
(iv) l
the
of
LS of Kidney
r e n o v e s

body. b a l a n c c

(V)t
the w a t e r
u r e t h r a .

lrom

cte.
total and
Renal capsule m a i n t a i n s
b l a d d e r

It urinary
(vi) a b o u t

brief
in cavity.
Renal cortex 3Write
in t h e pelvic
Pyramids ( a ) Urinary Bladder
sac
present

smooth
muscles.

Calycot muscular
pear-shaped

lincd by temporarily.

ofurine
arc
bladder
large litrc
Iis a urinary 0.5 t o I
walls of stores
about

Renal medulla The bladder

Polvis of uretor The
urinary

urinc.
of muscles
present
Uroter Function7s
storagc

. acts as
a
temporary
c o n t r a c t i o n
ofsmooth
(i) It the urine by the

(ii) It expels of urinary

bladder.
Renal col1nn in it. important
function

the urinary
bladder by
M i c t u r i t i o n is
a n
emptying
Kidneys are two in number. Each kidney is bean-shapcdand (ii) Means a n act of
Micturition:
prescnt in
it.
reddish brown in colour. of smooth
muscles
under the
contraction dehydration
in length and 5 cm in breadth.
about 10 for w a t e r to prevent
Kidneys are cm
(iv) It acts a s
a
reservoir
I n an adult cach kidney weights about 140 gm. conditions of dryness.
Section:
is cnclosed in capsule of fibrous connective
Each kidney a (b) Urethra
bladder.
from the urinary
tissue called renal capsule. It is a tube-like structure arising structures.
dark zone is renal cortex and
inner 70ne Is shows different
Outer granular Urcthra in case of male and female
to the tip of the penis
renal mcdulla. I n male: In males the urcthra extends up
renal
The medulla is divided into conical projections called and acts as a common passage for both sperms and
urine.

pyramids.
cup-shaptd In female: In female the urethra is short tube opening separately
The pelvis at its frec ends produces many just in front of the vagina. Urethra in female carries only urine.
projections called renal calyces.
through hinu Functions
I he renal vein and artery arisc from thc kidney
ne urethra is the last part of
region. Iclures
the urine urinary system and helps in expelinS
The kidncy contains closcly packed microscopic strucu
outside the body.
known as nephrons.
functional units of Kian
Nephrons a r c the structural and 4Explain, how
body? (S. 97) kidney helps in water balance of the
Functions of Kidney (s. 99; W. 02, 04)
(i) it helps in formation of urine.
ater constitutes about 60% of adult human
balance.
CC
Detween tluid intake body weight. The
(ii) It regulates water and electrolyte and output is controlled by
kidneys
 and Physiology The Urinary System 57
56 Human Anatomy

to maintain water balance by ADH in the blood and forms angio-

Thus, kidney helps reacts with globulin
.Renin angiotensin-1.
which in turn forms
urine output mechanism.
tensinogen produce the
stimulates adrenal cortex to
. This angiotensin-I increased reabsorption of
Water in the body is less hormone which causes
aldosterone
sodium.
thus the blood
Osmotic pressure of blood is reduced reabsorption of water and
.This is followed by blood pressure.
and ultimately increases
volume increases the enzymes
converted into angiotensin-Il by
Osmoreceptors of hypothalamus are stimulated
Angiotensin-I is
in the lungs.
thus inereases
Stimulates posterior lobe of pituitany gland Angiotensin-II is a powerful vasoconstrictor and
blood pressure.
Stimulates secretion of ADH helps to maintain blood pressure by
these two ways
.Thus, kidney

BP decreases
Increases the reabsorption of water

Renin released + gBobulin

Increases water level in the body

Angiotensinogen
Effect of ADH is inhibited

Explanation Angiotensin-
When anmount of water in the body is less then osmotic pressure Stimulates adrenal cortex
of blood is reduced.
As aresult ofthis osmoreceptors ofhypothalanmus are stimulated Angiotensin-|l
(powerful vasoconstrictor Secretes hormone aldosterone
This activates pituitary gland and secretes anti-diuretic hormone
(ADH) from posterior lobe. Causes reabsorption of sodium along with water
Increases BP
Stimulation of ADH increases reabsorption of water and thus
water level of the
body increases. Blood volume increases
Once the water level in the
is inhibited.
body is balanced, the effect of AD
BP increases

Discuss the role of kidney in maintenance of

pressure. OR How kidney maintains BP? bloo 6 Describe the structure of nephron with the help of
01, 05) (S. 99;
diagram. (S. 97, 99; W. 96, 98, 99, 01, 04)
The juxtaglomerular cells in the Kidney this
function. responsible for
kidney are respoilsi
are uExplanation
When blood pressure decreases. it The kidney is
of composed of about 1 million of functional units
renin the by
causes release nO1 called nephrons.
kidneys.
 isrrIari krirny a d PhyEiiogy

. The structure oi nephrofi consists of1wo

two ma17
mai parts
Gioretuus 2

Afferet Efestert rxri re

arteriie Funcion:
Pars f

Gkrerlar formmatn

Capsuie
the process
of urine
4. 6 7 96
Explain formation. (S. $2 03
stages of urine
06. 07. 08)
Sages
Three ka
Formation
of Urine lm voves
(Glomeruiar Fiitration S. 12
Uitrafiitration
1.

rteryw

erial
rate
Kat.
GR: iiTerular F tltratica

gioETTular iltratso r a t

2 Selective Reabsorption /Active Reabsorgoni (

Npw1 (Lwuteis Kutnze
glomeruiar fiitrate into the bi vapii3ris
a)GloTular rapsule (Bawman's capsule): }t 3us is
reabsorptua
stfut ur¢
mposed at a network of arteria! apillarcs, High threshotd substances: Th substznEs a LT
welux. In pomeruus, blood is tiltered under pressa to the body and are seleetively reabsowtei ber t e
circulation are calied nigh tbresitoit
i Henai tubules: I1 SUsLEE
ammino acrds. v1tamins. WEEr
f the
is a
ong tube whuh exteids fru
"phios anuf consists
nt Low threshold substances: The Su DCS
Phinal cvohued nutbule (PO°T absorbei oniy p to a sght exenr are <a
Stances. eg. uea. uric N Ki
 61
60 Human Anatomy and Physiology The Urinary System
t

Non-threshold substances/no threshold subst

This is
associated
substances which are not reabsorbed at all from thoSThe 2. Sugars
is called glycosuria.
level.
glomerular
urine
in
filtrate are called non-threshold substances, e d of sugar exceeding the threshold
presence levels
The b l o o d sugar conditions:
hippuric acid. increased pathological
with the occurs in the following
.The glycosuria
3. Active Secretion (i) Diabetes mellitus

(ii) Renal glycosuria.

Definition
(Acetone Bodies)
The process of transport of substances from blood into the Ketone
Bodies
condition is called
filtrate fitr. 3.
in the urine the
again is called active secretion." ketone
bodies appcar
When
The substances which are not filtered by is called
glomerular in the blood the
condition
carried in the capillaries of the effercnt arteriole and they capsule are ketonuria.
bodies appear
are clearei When ketone
by active seeretion into the urine. ketonemia. ketonuria o c c u r .
ketonemia and
In this way process of urne formation in which
completes. Thus ketosis is a process acid a r e
acetoacetic acid and -hydroxy butyric
The a c e t o n e ,
8 What the abnormal constituents of urine? Give
are
their described a s ketone
bodies.
conditions:
significance. OR Name the pathological conditions Ketonuria occurs in the following pathological
they signify. (S. 05, 08, 09; W. 08) (i) Carbohydrate starvation

T h e following are the abnormal constituents (ii) Pregnancy

of urne. (iii) In anaesthesia.

Abnormal constituent
Significance/pathological 4. Bile Pigments and Salts
conditions Sodium
When bile appears in the urine the condition called jaundice.
is
Proteins Proteinura bile salts while bilirubin
2. glycocholate and sodium taurocholate are
Sugar Glycosuria and biliverdin are bile pigments.
3. Ketone bodies in the urine and colour of
Ketonuria In defective liver function bile appears
4. Bile pigments and salt Jaundice urine becomes greenish yellow greenish brown.
or
Blood
Haematuria Bile pigments appear in all types of jaundice:
. Pus
Pyuria (i) Haemolytic jaundice
(ii) Obstructive jaundice
1. Proteins
(iii) Toxic jaundice.
ne
presence of proteins in the urine 5. Blood
ence iscalled protcinura. 1neppres
of albumin and globulin in
urine is called albuminu and
globulinuria. When blood appears in urine the condition is called haemauria. in
The
proteinuria results in the haemoglobinuria, the only haemoglobin pigment is found in urine.
following pathological co tions
i) Nephritis Pathological Conditions
(ii) Renal tuberculosis (1) Haematuria occurs due to
kidney lesions.
(ii) Bacterial (11) Hacmoglobinuria occurs in enteric fever. malaria,
infections
(iv) Mereury poisoning.
in
kidney haemo
lytic poisoning.
62 Human Anatomy and Physiologgy inary Sam53

of an
ii) Snake venom causes haemolysis which
ch resultsiih
mose

results presenke
conSISts
Th15 stone suaif formation
of haemoglobin in urine. nrecipitated. the stome
in ayers. Mostly
substances deposited tubule and then passes
into the pelvis

6. Pus in the collecting bose particies w n i

originates iCTEase in size. 1
where they may
The presence of pus in the urine is termed pyuria. ofkidney biock 2 I o w oi uT n Lreters. Those
size may abstruet tbe
Pyuria is caused due to inflamma
mation of the urinary bladd- are of large ureterTS ma
which are passed through
urethra and pelvis of the kidney. particles
urethra.
Stone
.Symptoms of Kidney
9 Give the characteristics and composition of normal (i) Pains in
the peivic region.
micturition.
urine. (S. 00; W. 00) and pains during
(ii) Difficulty the urine.
of pus and blood in
(iii) Passage
Characteristics of urine Composition of normal urine failure.
(iv) Evidence of rena!
(i) Urine is amber in colour. (i) Water: 96% (v) Uneasiness.
06. 87.
05, 06, 08: W. 99, 02. 03,
(i) Specific gravity of urine is (ii) Urea: 2% (vii) Edema (S. 98, 00, 01, 03, accumulation of issue tiuid in
1.020 to 1.030. abnormal or excessive
08): An adema. This
(ii) Urine is acidic in nature. (ii) Uric acid, chlorides. of the body is cailed
the intracellular spaces of the
increases the volume of that parn
creatinine, phosphates increase in tissue fluid
and when finger is pressed on it
a
ammonia, sulphates. sodium
potassium, oxalates, glucose
body. The skin appears pufiy and then reacies
for sometime
oxalic acid. dent is formed which remains
(iv) Healthy adult passes 1000 the normal level.
the eves due to kidney and
to 1500 mi of urine per day. Edema is found in the skin below
heart diseases.
Edema may be seen in subcutaneous
tissues.
10 Describe the disorders of
urinary system/renal disor- Causes of Edema
ders/pathophysiology of renal diseases. (i) Blockage of venous drainage flow.
) Anuria (W. 02, 03): It means absence of urine (11) Deficiency of plasma proteins results in
decrease in
or compiete
suppression of urine. osmotic pressure of blood leading to edema.
(1i) Oliguria: It means in
400 mi of urine
reduced urinary output, i.e. about less tna iii) Damage to capillary walls leaks the plasma proteins
per day. the tissue spaces which leads to edem
(ii Polyuria: It means excessive (iv) Blockage of lymphatic vessels may produce edema.
by the kidneys. secretion and discharge o1 u
(iv) Types of Edemna
Dysuria: It means
pains and difficulties during n. (i) Cardiac edema
(v) Nephritis (S. 00, 06, 08; W. 01): It means micu (ii) Renal edema
(V1)
kidney. inflammato (iii) Pulmonary edema
Kidney
In this stone/urinary calculus/renal (iv) Cirrhotic edema
condition, there is a formation calculi (S. 08; W. (v) Nutritional edema.
kidney or urinary tract.
of stony materia
The
kidney stone is formed when the nstituents of
urine such as normal cons
oxalates, phosphates, urates afe
and uric **