INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Crude dumping is the dumping of waste in an illegal manner instead of using an
official authorized measures like curbside collection or rubbish dump (Vasquez 2018,
Sogbey 2019). Indiscriminate disposal of waste has become a challenge that many
cities and towns are facing due to the population growth and expansion(Vasquez
2018, Sogbey 2019). Wastes are generated from our daily activities and
require dispose. Waste management is everyone’s business. People are aware of these
practices. waste generation is increasing at alarming rate(Vasquez 2018, Sogbey
2019). Countries are rapidly developing without adequate system in place to manage
the changing waste composition of citizens(Vasquez 2018, Sogbey 2019. Cities and
home over half of humanity are generating more than 80% of world’s GDP(Vasquez
2018, Sogbey 2019).
According to World Bank’s, the world generates 2.01 billion tons of waste annually,
with at least 33% of that not managed in the environmentally safe manner. An update
to a previous edition, the 2018 report projects that rapid urbanization, population
growth, and economic development will push global waste to increase by 70% over
the next 30 year to a staggering 3.40 billion tons of waste generated
annually (Farhat, 2018).
In Africa, available data shows that 125 million tons per annum of waste was
generated in Africa in 2012, of which 81 million tons (65%) was from sub Saharan
Africa. This is expected to grow to 244 million tons per year by 2025. However, with
an average waste collection rate of only 55% (68 million tons) nearly half of all waste
generated in Africa, remains within our cities and towns, dumped onto sidewalks,
open fields, storm water drains and rivers(Edinam,2019). The average waste
collection rate in sub Saharan Africa is lower at only 44% although the coverage
varies considerably between cities, from less than 20% to well above 90%. The
average of waste collection rate for the continent is expected to increase to only 69%
by 2025 (Edomah,2019).
Also, in West Africa about 38 million tons of waste aregenerated annually in Nigeria,
more than 3 million tons in Senegal, and about 6 million tons in Cote
D’Ivoire. However20% are been disposed of official unto landfills (Droll 2022)
In Ghana, the predominant waste generated are domestic solid waste, industrial waste
and construction waste. The wastes are sent to few dumpsites, but majority end up in
drains, streams and open places. 12,710 tons of waste is generated everyday with only
10% collected and disposed of properly per the current population of 27,043,093
(Anku, 2015).
As the global population progress towards 8.5 billion by 2030, amount of urban waste
is budding even faster than the rate of urbanization (World Bank, 2012). Ten years
ago there were 2.9 billion global urban residents who generated about 0.64kg of
municipal waste per person day (6.8 billion tons per year. With an exponential global
urban population explosion, these amounts have increased to about 3 billion urban
residents globally, generating 1.2kg per person per day (1.3 billion tons per year). An
increasing population changing consumption patterns, economic development,
improving household incomes, growing urbanization and industrialization have
resulted in increased u diseases urban waste generation(world Bank, 2012).
In Ghana, waste is precursor to several environment and health challenges, ranging
from clogged drainages and sewers, waterborne diseases like typhoid, cholera and
diarrhea, increased upper respiratory from burning of the garbage malaria. Waste
manage has over time been the first – instance responsibility of local authorities but
the scenario in changing with the realization that they, on their own, are not capable
of effectively managing waste(World Bank, 2012).
1.2 Statement of the problem
Millions of tons of municipal solid waste are generated every day. Urban waste
management is drawing increasing attention, as it can easily be observed that too
much garbage is lying uncollected in the streets, causing
inconvenience, environmental pollution, and posing a public health risk
(Yoada, Chirawurah, Adongo 2014).
The crude dumping of solid waste is a major environmental problem that affects both
developed and developing countries in Africa. The problem arises when waste is not
disposed of properly and ends up being dumped in landfills, oceans, river, or other
natural environments. This can lead to a range of negative environmental and health
impacts, including pollution of air, water, and soil, as well as harm to wildlife and
human health(Yoada, Chirawurah, Adongo 2014). The problem is exacerbated by the
increasing amount of waste being generated globally, as well as the lack of effective
waste management system in many parts of the world. Addressing this problem will
require a combination of efforts, including improved waste reduction and recycling
programs, better waste management practices, and increased public awareness and
education about the importance of responsible waste
disposal (Yoada, Chirawurah, Adongo 2014).
Ghana just like every other country in Africa, is faced with solid waste generation and
management. Solid waste is dump indiscriminately and seen in huge heaps on any
piece of unused land, playing ground, roads side, drainage system/ institutions in the
open market places in major cities and towns. Living with solid waste littered around
seems to be an acceptable way of life among the people in this part of Africa and
Ghana (Yoada, Chirawurah, Adongo 2014).
The problem crude dumping has become extremely large dangerous issues in the
society. The situation in Kasseh is not different. Indiscriminate dumping of waste can
be found in all the environments. Its consequences cannot over emphasized open
space, major street, land, abandoned buildings and waterways has be converted into
refuse dump sites by dwellers. These activities have led to degradations, air pollution,
land pollution and harmful environment. The study aimed is to assessing the causes
and effects of crude dumping in Kasseh community and make necessary
recommendations on waste disposal and management practices to prevent further
deterioration of the environment and negative effects on the human population
in Kasseh.
1.3 Study Objective
The main objective of the study is to assess the causes and effects of crude dumping
in Kasseh community.
The specific objectives of the study are to:
1. Determine the causes of crude dumping in Kasseh community.
2. Determine the impacts of crude dumping on human health and the
environment.
3. Suggest appropriate disposal methods for the Kasseh community.
1.4 Research Questions
The study would be guided by the following questions:
1. What are the causes of crude dumping in the Kasseh community?
2. What are the impacts of crude dumping on human health and the
environment?
3. What are the appropriate methods for the disposal of waste in Kasseh
community
1.5 Significance of the study
The study would provide assess into the causes and effects of crude dumping
in Kasseh . The study would present a comprehensive assessment of the methods of
waste management in Kasseh and appropriate recommended for improving waste
management in the district could be made. The relevance of the appropriate
recommendations suggestions made in the research to the various officers of health
and stakeholders will stimulate and encourage the policy makers at the district and the
regional level to formulate comprehensive strategies to improve upon the current
improper solid waste management in the district and beyond.
1.6 Limitations of the study
The data collection technique was mainly the use of questionnaires which were used
to obtain data from the respondents and participants. Funds were needed in producing
the questionnaires. There were chances that some respondents might have been
unwilling to respond to the questionnaire others were also not willing to partake in it.
1.7 Delimitations of the study
Geographically, the research will cover Kasseh community in Ada East district in the
Greater Accra Region of Ghana. This advocacy campaign focuses on the delivering
the message on solid waste management and the disaster that will happen if they
continue throwing garbage anywhere, the effects of proper and improper solid waste
management and the 3Rs thus reduce, reuse and recycle.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1 .Crude dumping refers to the practice of disposing of waste materials often in an uncontrolled
or illegal manner without proper treatment or processing. This can involve the disposal of various
types of waste including industrial by-products, hazardous materials or even general refuse into
the environment such as landfills, rivers and oceans.
2 .Crude Oil Dumping:
The intentional or accidental release of crude oil into the environment, often in areas not
designed for proper oil storage or disposal.
3 .Environmental Contamination:
The pollution of soil, water, and air caused by the improper disposal or spillage of crude oil,
leading to the degradation of the surrounding ecosystem.
4 .Soil Pollution:
The accumulation of crude oil and its byproducts in the soil, affecting the fertility, structure, and
ecological balance of the land.
5 .Water Pollution:
The contamination of surface water bodies, groundwater, and marine ecosystems due to the
presence of crude oil and associated pollutants.
6. Air Pollution:
The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other airborne pollutants during crude oil
dumping, leading to poor air quality and potential health risks.
7 .Ecological Damage:
The adverse impacts of crude oil pollution on local flora and fauna, including the disruption of
habitats, food chains, and biodiversity.
8. Public Health Implications:
The potential risks to human health, such as respiratory issues, skin irritation, and long-term
exposure to carcinogenic compounds, associated with crude oil dumping.
9 .Socioeconomic Impacts:
The economic and social consequences of crude oil dumping, including the disruption of
livelihoods, loss of agricultural productivity, and decreased property values.
10. Regulatory Frameworks:
The laws, policies, and guidelines governing the handling, storage, and disposal of crude oil to
prevent and mitigate the negative effects of crude oil dumping.
[Link] Strategies:
The various techniques and approaches used to clean up and restore the environment affected
by crude oil dumping, such as soil remediation, oil spill response, and habitat restoration.
1.9 Organization of the Study
Chapter two reviewed related literature under headings clearly
marked. Chapter three indicated the methodology used in the
study. It highlighted the research design, population, sample and
sampling procedures, research instrument, data collection
procedures as well as data analysis procedures. Chapter four
entails the results and discussions. Finally, chapter five provided
a summary of the major findings of the study, the conclusions,and the recommendations based on the findings as w
ell as areas for further studies.