GRADE 8
NEWTON’S 3 LAWS OF MOTION
Sir Isaac Newton is known as the “Father of Physics” and also announced as “The
Scientist of the Millennium” for his numerous groundbreaking universal concepts.
Newton’s laws of motion are three basic laws of classical mechanics that describe the relationship
between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it. These laws can be paraphrased as
follows:
A body remains at rest, or in motion at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon
by a force.
When a body is acted upon by a force, the time rate of change of its momentum equals the
force.
If two bodies exert forces on each other, these forces have the same magnitude but in
opposite directions.
Law of Inertia - refers to “an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in
motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced force”
Law of Acceleration - law refers to “the net force of an object is equal to the product of its mass
and Acceleration
Law of Interaction - law refers to “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction"
EXAMPLES:
Law of Inertia
- When you stir coffee or tea, the swirling motion continues, then stops.
- Men in space find it more difficult to stop moving because of the lack of
gravity acting against them
Law of Acceleration
- The mass of a truck is much larger than the car, which means it requires
more power and force to the same extent.
- Two people walk together, but one of them has a lower weight than the
other, although they walk with the same amount of force, those who
weigh less will go faster.
Law of Interaction
- A person slams a wall.
Force - refers to either push or pull resulting from an object’s interaction
Net force - refers to the sum of all forces acting on an object
Balanced forces - a force that is in a state of equilibrium
Unbalanced force - kind of force changes the position, speed, or direction of the object to which it
is applied
Contact force - force is applied whenever there is an interaction between objects
Noncontact force - force is no longer present whenever the interaction between objects stops
Motion - the continuous change of position of an object with respect to a reference point.
WORK POWER AND ENERGY
Work and energy are closely related. When you do work to move an object, you change the object’s
energy. You (or an object) also expend energy to do work. In fact, energy can be defined as the ability to do
work. Energy can take a variety of different forms, and one form of energy can transform to another.
WORK - refers to a force when applied and the distance traveled by an object in the same
direction was done
FORMULA:
WORK = FORCE X DISTANCE
POWER- determines the length of time it takes for work to be finished or done.
FORMULA:
POWER = WORK ÷ TIME
ENERGY - refers to the capacity to do work
MECHANICAL ENERGY - refers to the energy of an object due to its motion or position
POTENTIAL ENERGY - energy is possessed by an object due to its position or state
FORMULA:
MASS X GRAVITY X HEIGHT
KINETIC ENERGY - refers to the energy of a body in motion
Two unequal masses have the same K.E, bodies that have different masses possess
the same kinetic energy. momentum is directly proportional to mass. In other
words, the greater the mass, the greater will be the momentum of the body.
Hence, for two unequal masses that have the same kinetic energy, the momentum
of the heavier body is more.
FORMULA:
KE = MV2
2
SOUND, LIGHT, HEAT AND ELECTRICITY
SOUND - is a sensation that stimulates the ears, which are the organs for hearing
ECHO - is the reflection of sound when it bounces back from a hard surface.
LIGHT - is an energy that stimulates the sense of sight and makes things visible
SHADOW - is formed when an opaque object blocks the light of another object
HEAT - is an energy in transit from medium temperature to one of low temperature
ELECTRICITY - is energy produced from the movement of electrons or charged particles in a
substance
ELECTRONS – are particle moves when there is an electric current passing through a wire
STATIC ELECTRICITY - is stationary or collects on the surface of an object, whereas current
electricity is flowing very rapidly through a conductor
VOLTAIC CELL - is composed of silver or copper and zinc plates and paper soaked in salt solution
between the plates
OHM’S LAW - describes the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.
- is the foundation of electronics and electricity
-
10 amps - cause wires to get hot
25 amps and higher - can start a fire
RESISTANCE - is the opposition to the flow of charges
VOLTAGE - measure of the stored electric charge per unit of electric potential
One should avoid touching any appliance or electrical devices when the hand the body is wet.
Using too many appliances or electrical devices at the same time may overload the circuit,
resulting in fire and destruction.
A circuit must always be complete and allow the electricity to flow to and from battery in a
continuous loop, it is composed of a Power source (cell), Current
The greater the voltage across a device with resistance, the greater the current through the
device (wire), Device (lamp), Switch (on/off).