SAN ISIDRO COLLEGE
City of Malaybalay
Tel. No. 088-813-5541
Website: [Link]
Webmail: info@[Link]
NCM 102 N/N45 (BSN-1N2) Health Education Mr. Rolando Y. Casas
Course Code Course Title Name of Instructor
I. Learning Module 4 : Social Learning Theory
II. Introduction:
What is learning?
Learning is a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning
and/or behavior as a result of experience (Bastable, 2003). Learning is lasting or permanent
change in behavior as a result of experience which is primarily determined or influenced by the
environment where the person is situated. It is a complex process in mental processing,
development of emotional functioning and social transactional skills which develop and evolve
from birth to death.
How does learning occur?
Learning occurs as the individual interacts with his/her environment and incorporate or applies
new information or experience to what he/she already knows or has learned. Learners also have
their own way of taking in and processing information (learning styles) and the type, nature and
level of motivation also affects learning.
III. Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:
Apply related principles of physical, social, natural and health sciences and humanities in
conducting health education in various settings.
Distinguish the different theories and strategies used in health education.
IV. Stimulating Recall
During the previous lesson, we discussed about the Cognitive Learning Theory.
Knowledge of this gestalt principle will help the health educator on how he/she approaches any
learning situation with an individual or group. One approach may be effective to a particular
client or group. One approach may be effective to a particular client or group but may not work
with another. Because individuals vary or differ from one another, the way they perceive,
interpret and respond to the same event may be in different ways and manner
V. Presentation of the Topic/Learning Material
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
Emphasize the importance of environmental or situational determinants of behavior and
their continuing interaction.
Further believes that behavior need not be performed and reinforced for learning to occur.
It emphasizes on the importance of observing and modelling the behaviors, attitudes and
emotional reactions of others.
It focuses on the learning that occurs with a social context.
ALBERT BANDURA
Reciprocal Determinism by Albert Bandura states that “environmental conditions shape behavior
through learning and the person’s behavior, in return, shapes the environment.”
“Most learning is gained by people’s perception and thinking about what they experience. They
learn by copying the examples of others around them.”
BASIC SOCIAL LEARNING CONCEPTS
Observational learning – people can learn through observation
Intrinsic reinforcement – mental states are important for learning
The modeling process – learning does not lead to a change in behavior
THE MODELING PROCESS
Learning does not lead to a change in behavior.
Not all observed behaviors are effectively learned. Factors involving both the model and the
learned can play a role in whether social learning is successful.
The following steps are involved in the observational learning and modelling process.
Attentional processes – which determine what a person can do and what he or she can
attend to
Retentional processes – which determine how experience is encoded or retained in
memory.
Motor reproduction processes – determine what behavior can be performed.
Motivational & reinforcement processes – determine the circumstances under which
learning is translated into performances.
Forms of Reinforcement
Direct Reinforcement – occurs when an individual watches a model perform, imitates
that behavior and is reinforced or punished by some individual.
Vicarious Reinforcement – the observer anticipates receiving a reward for behaving in a
given way because someone else has been so rewarded.
Self-Reinforcement – the individuals strives to meet personal standards and does not
depend on or care about the reaction of others.
HOW BEHAVIOR OCCURS (BANDURA):
There are 3 interrelated determinants of behavior which are antecedents, consequence, and
cognitive factors:
“Behavior is based on the past (Antecedents) as we have seen it, but it is also influenced by its
result (consequence) and how we are motivated (cognitive factor)
The social learning theory of personality development by Bandura assumes that all actual
behavior patterns must be learned through traditional learning (by reinforcement) and
observational learning (by modeling). It emphasizes the role of modeling and other types of
learning with no direct rewards or reinforcements. Instead, behavior is shaped by people’s
expectations. These expectations are formed from experience and by watching other persons.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
People can learn by observing the behavior of others and the outcomes of those behaviors
Learning can occur without a change in behavior
Cognition plays a role in learning
The social learning theory approach to personality focuses directly on a person's behavior
A relatively enduring quality or characteristics is called traits.
WALTER MISCHEL (1993)
Mischel's experiments suggested that an individual's behavior is not simply the result of his or
her traits, but fundamentally dependent on situational cues—the needs of a given situation.
COGNITIVE VARIABLES
A. Competencies – which refer to various skills like intellectual abilities.
- Social and physical skills and other special abilities.
B. Encoding strategies and personal constructs – experience that are retained and categorized
by the individual
Example: being asked to sing in a big gathering may be perceived by a person as a welcomed
opportunity to show off his talent in singing but may be seen by another as a threat to his or her
ego
C. Subjective values – what a person considers as a worth having or accomplishing
Example: A student may perform ingratiating tactics like giving food to the teacher just so he or
she can pass the course. Another student may also do the same, but his/her purpose is for the
teacher to make him or her number one in class.
D. Self-regulating system or plans – people have different standards and rules for regulating
their behavior
- Including their plans for reaching his or her goals.
VI. Activities/Exercises
Note: Use a 1 whole yellow pad paper. Answer directly.
I. Multiple Choice Questions (10)
Instructions: Read each question carefully. Choose the best answer from the options provided
(A, B, C, or D). Write the letter of your chosen answer. Only one answer is correct for each
question. Take your time and review your answers.
1. According to Social Learning Theory, learning can occur:
A. Only when behavior is reinforced
B. Only through direct experience
C. Through observing and modeling the behaviors of others
D. Only when there is a change in behavior
2. Who proposed the concept of Reciprocal Determinism?
A. Walter Mischel
B. Albert Bandura
C. B.F. Skinner
D. Sigmund Freud
3. Which of the following is NOT a step in the modeling process?
A. Attentional processes
B. Motor reproduction processes
C. Emotional processes
D. Retentional processes
4. What type of reinforcement occurs when an individual watches a model perform a behavior
and anticipates a reward based on the model’s experience?
A. Direct Reinforcement
B. Vicarious Reinforcement
C. Self-Reinforcement
D. Observational Reinforcement
5. Walter Mischel’s theory suggests that behavior is primarily influenced by:
A. Inherited traits
B. Situational cues
C. Reinforcement only
D. Biological instincts
6. According to Bandura, behavior is influenced by three determinants: antecedents,
consequence, and _______.
A. Social factors
B. Genetic predispositions
C. Cognitive factors
D. Emotional responses
7. Which of the following statements aligns with Social Learning Theory?
A. People must always be directly reinforced for learning to occur
B. Observational learning does not require reinforcement
C. Traits are the sole predictors of behavior
D. Learning can only occur in childhood
8. What does the term “subjective values” refer to in cognitive variables?
A. An individual’s intellectual skills
B. The importance a person places on achieving specific goals
C. The ability to categorize experiences
D. The process of retaining and recalling information
9. Which concept explains why a person may regulate their behavior based on personal standards
and goals?
A. Self-regulating system
B. Competencies
C. Observational learning
D. Encoding strategies
10. The social learning theory of personality development emphasizes:
A. The role of reinforcement and modeling in shaping behavior
B. That behavior is only shaped by direct rewards and punishments
C. That genetics plays the primary role in personality development
D. That personality is fixed and unchangeable
II. Essay (20)
Note: Copy and answer
1. How does observational learning work in Social Learning Theory? What factors affect
whether people learn from others? Give real-life examples. (10 pts)
2. According to Walter Mischel, behavior depends on the situation, not just personality
traits. How do a person’s skills, values, and goals influence their actions in different
situations? Give examples. (10 pts)