EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Overview of the Course
Lecture 01 : Introduction bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
To acquaint with different terms related to retrofitting
EL
PT
Needs for Retrofitting
Steps of Retrofitting N
Different terms that are used in the context of Civil Infrastructure:
Repair
Restoration
EL
PT
Rehabilitation
N
Conservation
Retrofitting
Needs for Retrofitting
• The need to improve the ability of an existing
structure to withstand forces arising usually from
the evidence of damage and poor behaviour during
recent natural calamities.
EL
PT
• To restore the damaged structures after any natural
N
calamity
• To strengthen an existing structure for better
performance
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What to retrofit?
• It is required to retrofit the structures,
damaged due to disaster or strengthen the
EL
existing structures.
PT
• Cost-benefit analysis
N
Better to
reconstruct
than retrofit
EL
PT
N
Better to
Retrofit
Requirements of Retrofitting:
Before the occurrence of any disaster, the required
strengthening of weak buildings is to be determined by a survey
and analysis of the structures.
EL
PT
An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine
N
the state of the health of the structure, to establish a diagnosis
and to arrive at a suitable remedial measure.
Steps of Retrofitting
The steps necessary to arrive at an appropriate
retrofitting measure are:
EL
a. Reviewing existing construction documents
PT
N
b. Field Investigations
c. Probing and exploratory demolition
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d. Testing materials
e. Analysing existing framing
EL
PT
f. Making an evaluation
N
g. Preparing a report of condition assessment
•3/15/2022 •RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L1
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
A few pertinent terms related to Rehabilitation
PT
and Retrofitting
N
Needs for Retrofitting
Steps needed for Retrofitting of any structure
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Overview of the Course
Lecture 02 : Retrofitting Steps bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
To acquaint with the steps related to retrofitting
EL
PT
Different types of Testing
N
Analysis Methodologies
Steps of Retrofitting
As discussed, the steps necessary to arrive at an
appropriate retrofitting measure are:
EL
a. Reviewing existing construction documents
PT
N
b. Field Investigations
c. Probing and exploratory demolition
•3/15/2022 •RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L1
d. Testing materials
e. Analysing existing framing
EL
PT
f. Making an evaluation
N
g. Preparing a report of condition assessment
•3/15/2022 •RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L1
a. Reviewing existing construction documents
Design Calculations
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Design basis report
PT
Relevant as-built drawings of the structure
N
Any other relevant documents
b. Field Investigations
Visit to the Site
Visual Investigation
EL
PT
Identification of distresses
N
Decision on Tests to be carried out
c. Probing and exploratory demolition
Decisions on exploratory tests to be carried out
EL
PT
N
d. Testing materials
Tests on Materials – Physical / Chemical
EL
Non-destructive
PT
N
Destructive
e. Analysing existing framing
Identification of existing frame types
EL
PT
Adoption of appropriate Analysis methodology
N
f. Making an evaluation
Assessment of distresses
Retrofitting strategies
EL
PT
N
g. Preparing a report of condition
assessment
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
PT
Retrofitting Steps
N
Details of each of the steps of retrofitting
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Overview
Lecture 03 : Review of Materials and Test Methods bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
To acquaint with different materials used in retrofitting
EL
PT
Different types of tests normally conducted
N
General guidelines
Recapitulations on previous Lessons
As discussed, the steps necessary to arrive at an
appropriate retrofitting measure are:
a. Reviewing existing construction documents
b. Field Investigations
EL
c. Probing and exploratory demolition
PT
d. Testing materials
N
e. Analysing existing framing
f. Making an evaluation
g. Preparing a report of condition assessment
Revisiting Materials that are used in Retrofitting
Mortar, Concrete, Steel, cement or modified cement based Grout
material, Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) are generally used for
Retrofitting of structures
EL
PT
Binders could be cement or lime depending on situation and
N
requirements
Materials in isolation or in suitable combination are used for
retrofitting
Cement or Lime Mortars
Cement / Lime Mortar
EL
Polymer modified Mortar
PT
N
Fiber enriched Mortar
Quick setting cement mortar
Concrete and cement based Material
Cast-in-place ordinary concrete
Micro-concrete
EL
PT
Fiber-reinforced concrete
N
Self consolidated concrete
Shotcrete or guniting
Steel as retrofitting material
Reinforcing steel
EL
Structural steel
PT
N
Welded wire mesh / Wire mesh
Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP)
EL
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP)
PT
Aramid Fiber Reinforced Plastic
N
Stress – Strain Curves of Fibers and Steel
MPa
Carbon
2500 Aramid
stress
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2000 Glass
PT
1500 Polyester
1000
N
500 Steel
0 %
5 10 15
strain
WHY FRP ?
• Benefits of FRP:
• No increase in the dead weight due to light weight.
• It has corrosion resistance , so further deterioration
EL
do not take place.
• It requires less time to complete a job.
PT
• The process is simple and fast.
N
• Requires Low maintenance.
• Extended service life of structure.
10
Material for grouting
Cementitious material
Cementitious material with non-shrink compound
EL
PT
Epoxy resins are chemical mixtures with high tensile
N
strength which serve as an adhesive agent
Epoxy-cement
Non-destructive tests for masonry:
Visual inspection
Surface hardness
EL
Stress wave technique
PT
Endoscopy test
N
Petrographic examination
Destructive testing of masonry:
Compressive strength test
Modulus of elasticity (Flat jack test)
EL
PT
Petrographic analysis
Moisture content test N
Non-destructive tests for concrete:
Visual inspection
Rebound hammer test
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
EL
Pull out test
PT
Cover meters & rebar locators
N
Use of sensors to gather data
Destructive tests for concrete:
Taking cores & compression testing
Petrographic analysis
EL
PT
N
Rapid soluble chloride test
Tension test of reinforcing bars
Non-destructive tests for steel are:
Visual
Ultrasonic testing
EL
Radiography
PT
Magnetic particle test
N
Liquid penetrant test
Hardness
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Destructive tests for steel are:
Chemical test
Bend test
Tension test
EL
PT
Compression test
N
Charpy, Izod & drop weight impact test
Fatigue test
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Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
PT
Different material used in retrofitting
N
Different Tests that are normally adopted
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Overview
Lecture 04 : Review of Analysis Method bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
To acquaint with Matrix Method of Structural Analysis
EL
PT
Interpretation based on the Analysis results
N
Recapitulations on previous Lessons
As discussed, the steps necessary to arrive at an
appropriate retrofitting measure are:
a. Reviewing existing construction documents
b. Field Investigations
EL
c. Probing and exploratory demolition
PT
d. Testing materials
N
e. Analysing existing framing
f. Making an evaluation
g. Preparing a report of condition assessment
Matrix Method of Structural Analysis:
An idealized frame of a building structure in 2-D is considered for analysis.
y1
θ
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2 2
3 x1
Y
x1
PT
1
3
θ
N
Local Axes
1 4
X θ
y1
Global Axes
• Nodes
• Members
Each Node has 3-degrees of freedom in 2-D plane (x-disp, y-disp and rotation)
Hence for each member, connected with two nodes, has six degrees of freedom. Hence the size
of local Stiffness Matrix for each of the members will be 6 x 6. Local stiffness matrix is
considering the local axes system (X-axis is along the direction of the member). [KL]
EA 0 0 - EA 0 0
L L
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0 12 EI 6 EI 0 - 12 EI 6 EI
3 2
L3 L2
PT
L L
0 6 EI 4 EI 0 - 6 EI 2 EI
N
L
2
L L
2
L
[K L ] =
- EA 0 0 EA 0 0
L L
0 - 12 0 12 EI - 6 EI
EI - 6 EI
L
3
L
2
L
3
L
2
0 6 EI 2 EI 0 - 6 EI 4 EI
L
2 2
L L L
To write the complete stiffness matrix of the whole frame, the local stiffness
matrices of each element are to be brought on the same platform. Hence
we need to transform them in Global reference. This is accomplished using
the Transformation Matrix. [T]
EL
sin cos 0 0 0 0
cos sin 0 0 0 0
PT
0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] =
0 0 0 sin cos 0
0
N
0 0 0 cos sin
0 0 0 0 0 1
To transform Local stiffness matrix of each element into Global
reference you need to carry out the Following Matrix operations:
[KG] = [TT].[KL].[T]
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Once the Global stiffness matrix of each element is obtained,
PT
each of these matrices can be assembled to obtain Global
stiffness matrix of the frame. Thus the Force-displacement
N
relationship in global reference is:
{FG} = [KG].{dG}
12 X 1 12 X 12 12 X 1
For the given frame, the size of the Global Stiffness matrix (KG) is 12 X 12.
Sizes of {FG} is 12 X 1 and {dG} is 12 X 1. On substitution of boundary
conditions (All six displacement components for nodes 1 and 4 are zero as
those are fixed ends), the size of the Global stiffness matrix will be 6 X 6.
So the displacement components, which are to be evaluated are: 4,5,6 for
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Node-2 and 7,8,9 for Node-3. Displacement components 1,2,3 for Node-1
and 10,11,12 for Node-4 are zero.
PT
2 2
3
{d’G} = [K’G]-1.{F’G}
N
1
3
6X1 6X6 6X1
1 4
Once the displacements in Global level are obtained, we need
to go back to local level to obtain the member forces.
{FL} = [KL].{dL}
EL
PT
N
Example
Fig.1 shows the plan of a building with masonry walls and concrete beam / column system. Section A-A
shows the cross section. Space in between columns along longitudinal direction is filled with masonry wall.
Beams The idealised frame also is shown with two members and three joints.
A A
0.02 0.0 -0.04 -0.02 0.0 -0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 3.80 0.0 0.0 -3.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Brick
-0.04 0.0 0.11 0.04 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0
wall
-0.02 0.0 0.04 4.30 0.0 0.04 -4.20 0.0 0.0
Column 0.0 -3.80 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.10 0.0 -0.03 0.10
EL
Fig.1
-0.04 0.0 0.06 0.04 0.10 0.50 0.0 -0.10 0.20
PT
0.0 0.0 0.0 -4.20 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 0.04
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.03 -0.10 0.0 4.0 -0.10
N
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.20 0.04 -0.10 0.60
X
Each of the values given in the Global stiffness Matrix is multiplied by 10^6.
A-A
3 Through some measurements, it was found that Horizontal, vertical disp. and
2 rotation at Node.2 are 2.0mm, -0.1mm and 0.10rad respectively. Also the wall
undergoes a settlement of X=4 mm as shown.
Q.1: Evaluate displacements of Node.3 using Matrix Method.
Idealised Q.2: What are the consequences of these displacements on structure?
1
Frame
Conclusion
Discussed:
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PT
Matrix Method of Structural Analysis in 2-D to
N
gain an idea about the state of stresses in
members for further actions.
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Overview
Lecture 05 : Some aspects of Seismic Retrofitting bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
To revisit a few salient points of seismic retrofitting
EL
PT
Seismic strengthening of existing structures
N
Recapitulations on previous Lessons
As discussed, the steps necessary to arrive at an
appropriate retrofitting measure are:
a. Reviewing existing construction documents
b. Field Investigations
EL
c. Probing and exploratory demolition
PT
d. Testing materials
N
e. Analysing existing framing
f. Making an evaluation
g. Preparing a report of condition assessment
Strategy for Seismic Retrofitting
• Post-earthquake emergency facilities
• Lifelines
• Un-reinforced Masonry Structures
EL
• Buildings which are less expensive to retrofit
PT
• Vulnerable buildings with many people
N
• Cultural Heritage property
• Other Properties
Lifelines:
• Water Supply
• Gas Supply
• Electricity Supply
EL
• Sewerage System
PT
• Storm water drainage
N
• Telecommunications
• Transportation systems
• Building Services
When to retrofit?
Before the occurrence of any earthquake, the
required strengthening of seismically weak
buildings is to be determined by a survey and
analysis of the structures
EL
PT
Just after a damaging earthquake, temporary
N
supports and emergency repairs are to be carried
out so that precariously standing buildings may not
collapse during aftershocks and the less damaged
ones could be quickly brought back into use.
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Elements prone to failure
• Buildings with irregular configurations such as those
with abrupt changes in stiffness, large floor openings,
very large floor heights etc.
EL
• Buildings or structures on sites prone to liquefaction
PT
N
• Buildings with walls of un-reinforced masonry, which
tend to crack and crumble under severe ground
motions.
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Elements prone to failure
• Building with lack of ties between walls and floors or roofs
• Buildings with non-ductile concrete frames, where shear
failure at beam-column joints and column failures are
EL
common.
PT
• Concrete buildings in which insufficient lengths of bar
N
anchorage are used.
• Concrete buildings with flat-slab framing, which can be
severely affected by large storey drifts.
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to
determine the state of the building’s health, to establish a
diagnosis and to arrive at a suitable remedial measure.
EL
• The retrofitting of a structure involves improving
its performance through one or more of:
PT
• Increase its strength and / or stiffness
N
• Increasing its ductility
9
Performance
Resist earthquakes of minor intensity without damage
Resist moderate earthquakes with minor structural
EL
damage (repairable) and some non-structural damage.
PT
N
Resist major catastrophic earthquakes without
collapse.
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
PT
Different aspects of seismic retrofitting
N
Different Tests
N
PT
EL