EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Masonry Structures
Lecture 01 : Introduction bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
Distresses of different types in Masonry structures
EL
PT
Steps to be adopted for Retrofitting
Types of Retrofitting N
EL
PT
N
Cracks in Walls due to Foundation Settlement
Diagonal cracks
in Masonry walls
due to lateral
loads generated
EL
from Earthquake
PT
N
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine the
state of the building’s health, to establish a diagnosis and to arrive
at a suitable remedial measure.
EL
Investigation of Establish a Adopt a suitable
PT
existing conditions diagnosis remedial measure
N
Non-destructive tests for masonry:
Nondestructive testing does not alter the members’
properties or affect the service of the structure.
EL
Visual inspection
PT
Surface hardness
N
Stress wave technique
Petrographic examination
Destructive testing of masonry:
Material testing methods that involve removal and
destruction of a portion of the member to determine its
properties are called destructive testing.
EL
Compressive strength test
PT
Modulus of elasticity
N
Petrographic analysis
Moisture content test
•3/21/2022 •RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L1
EL
PT
N
Destructive test on Masonry wall
•3/21/2022 •RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L1
Flat Jack test to
EL
evaluate Modulus of
PT
Elasticity
N
Tell-Tale across
the crack
EL
PT
N
Grout Injection in cracks
Use of grout /
Mortar in cracks
Use of Mortar in crack
EL
PT
1. Plaster removed
6
2. Sealing of cracks
N
3. Grout Port
4. V-groove
5. Cement mortar
7 6. Wire mesh
7. Plaster on wall
Stitching of Masonry Wall
EL
PT
N
Strengthening of walls by
Pinning
EL
PT
1. Steel rods
2. Anchor Plates
N
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
Types of cracks in Masonry walls
PT
N
Tests that are relevant for Masonry walls
Different types of Retrofitting measures
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Masonry Structures
Lecture 02 : A few Retrofitting techniques bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
EL
Different types of techniques for retrofitting masonry
PT
structures
N
Grout Injection in cracks
Use of grout /
Mortar in cracks
Use of Mortar in crack
EL
PT
1. Plaster removed
6
2. Sealing of cracks
N
3. Grout Port
4. V-groove
5. Cement mortar
7 6. Wire mesh
7. Plaster on wall
Strengthening with
wire mesh and mortar
EL
3
PT
N
1. Welded wire mesh
2. Mortar or Micro concrete
3. Concrete roof band
4. Cross ties
5. Corner bar
Strengthening of walls by
Pinning (Strapping)
EL
PT
1. Steel rods
2. Anchor Plates
N
Connection of new
and old brick walls
1. Existing wall
2. New wall
3. Door opening
EL
4. Horizontal Reinforcements
PT
N
1. Existing wall
2. New wall
3. Concrete column
4. Connecting bar
Connection of
New and Old walls
EL
PT
N
Strengthening of long
walls by buttresses
Plan
EL
PT
N
1. Existing wall
2. Buttress
3. Key stone
4. Foundation
Section A - A
Strengthening
of foundation
EL
PT
1. Old foundation
2. New concrete beams
N
3. Concrete lateral connecting
beams
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
A few important Retrofitting techniques are
PT
discussed.
N
Steps needed for such Retrofitting techniques
of masonry structures
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Masonry Structures
Lecture 03 : A few Seismic Retrofitting techniques bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
EL
Different types of techniques for retrofitting masonry
PT
structures against seismic actions
N
Effect of
Shear walls
in masonry
EL
buildings
PT
N
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 3
1. Lintel band
2. Roof band
3. Vertical bar
4. Door
5. Window
EL
PT
N
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 4
W – Window
t – wall thickness
t1 – Lintel thickness
t2 – thickness of concrete in jamb
EL
v – vertical bar
PT
d – Diameter of reinforcing bar
N
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 5
1. Lintel band
2. Roof band
3. Gable band
4. Door
5. Window
6. Vertical steel bar
7. Rafter
8. Holding down bolt
EL
9. Brick wall
PT
[Link] lintel integrated with wall
N
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 6
Typical Lintel Bands
EL
PT
N
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 7
• The trusses are anchored into the walls by
holding down bolts
EL
• A horizontal band may be provided to transfer
the horizontal load
PT
N
• Diagonal bracings may be provided at the main
tie level.
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 8
• Requirements of structural safety of brick buildings
against earthquake forces:
• A free wall must be designed as vertical cantilever
• Shear walls must resist forces transferred to it by its
EL
deformation
PT
• Roof / floor elements must be tied together and be
capable of transferring their inertia forces to the
N
walls.
• Walls must be effectively tied together to avoid
separation at joints due to shaking.
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 9
a,b,c - Toothed
joints in walls A, B
EL
PT
N
3/21/2022 RRI / IITKGP / SKB / L3 10
Concept of
Confined Masonry
system
EL
PT
N
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
A few important techniques for retrofitting of
PT
masonry structures against earthquake forces
N
are discussed.
Concept of confined masonry is discussed
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Concrete Structures
Lecture 01 : Introduction bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
Distresses of different types in Concrete structures
EL
PT
Steps to be adopted for Retrofitting
Types of Retrofitting N
EL
PT
N
Distresses in Concrete
structures due to Corrosion
of Reinforcing bars
EL
PT
N
Distresses in Elevated Water Tank
EL
PT
N
Distresses in concrete structural
Elements due to Seismic action
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine the
state of the building’s health, to establish a diagnosis and to arrive
at a suitable remedial measure.
EL
Investigation of Establish a Adopt a suitable
PT
existing conditions diagnosis remedial measure
N
Non-destructive tests for concrete:
Visual inspection
Rebound hammer test
EL
Ultrasonic pulse velocity test
PT
Pull off test
N
Cover meters & rebar locators
EL
PT
N
Rebound Hammer Test
EL
PT
N
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
EL
PT
N
Pull-Off Test
Destructive tests for concrete:
Taking cores & compression testing
Petrographic analysis
EL
PT
N
Rapid soluble chloride test
Tension test of reinforcing bars
EL
PT
N
Extraction of Cores and Testing of Core
EL
PT
N
Tension Test and Stress-Strain
curves for different steels
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
Types of distresses in concrete structures
PT
N
Tests that are relevant for concrete structures
Concept of Retrofitting measures
N
PT
EL
EL
Retrofitting and Rehabilitation of Civil Infrastructure
PT
Prof. S. K. Bhattacharyya
N
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Module : Retrofitting of Concrete Structures
Lecture 02 : Retrofitting steps and Techniques bsri@[Link]
Concepts Covered
Diagnosis of distresses in Concrete structures
EL
PT
Steps to be adopted for Retrofitting
N
A few Retrofitting technique for column
• An investigation of existing conditions is intended to determine the
state of the building’s health, to establish a diagnosis and to arrive
at a suitable remedial measure.
EL
Investigation of Establish a
PT
existing conditions diagnosis
N
Adopt suitable
remedial measure
Gathered data through tests
Analyse the structural system using material
properties
EL
Interpret the test results
PT
Arrive at the diagnosis
N
Adopt suitable measure for retrofitting
The retrofitting of a structure involves improving its performance in
carrying the intended loads safely and effectively.
This may be done through modifications to one or more of:
EL
Columns
Beams
PT
Walls
N
Foundations
Horizontal diaphragms
Joints between structural elements
Existing Column, Roughen
surface and Clean
New Ties
Strengthening of
Dowel bars
Columns by
with Anchors Jacketing
EL
(a)
PT
Existing wall and column,
Roughen and clean
N
New Ties
Dowel bars with Anchors
(b) Drill and Grout holes
Drilled-in Anchor New Angles at each corner
bolts connected by lacing plates
Existing concrete
column
(a) Strengthening of
EL
Columns using
PT
Steel Plates
Steel members
N
Drilled-in Anchor
bolts
Existing concrete
(b) column
Conclusion
Discussed:
EL
Steps of diagnosis
PT
N
A few Retrofitting measures for columns
Concept of Retrofitting
N
PT
EL