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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Mutation

CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5 1

Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 5: Mutation
First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
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copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mary Jeanny Rose P. Sotto

Editors: Agnes P. Alcantara Gilbert S. Baysic
Analyn D. Tulagan
Reviewers: Villamor Q. Gloria Arlene B. Casipit
Jaime Campos, Jr. Amalia C. Garcia
Jesusa V. Macam Rica C. Macam
Gina A. Amoyen
Illustrator: Jayson A. De Guzman
Layout Artist: Bobbit Dale M. Bulatao Marte B. Ilumin
Sharon Rose S. Boguen
Management Team: Tolentino G. Aquino Arlene A. Niro
Editha R. Pridas Gina A. Amoyen
Arlene B. Casipit Editha T. Giron

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Region I

Office Address: Flores St., Catbagen, City of San Fernando, La Union
Telefax: (072) 682-2324; (072) 607-8137
E-mail Address: region1@[Link]

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Science
Quarter 3 – Module 5:
Mutation

3
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completi ng this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home -based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is a genetic material made of nucleotides. In the

previous lesson, we learned how proteins were created through transcription (DNA
codes are copied into mRNA) and translation (mRNA into linked amino acids).
However, in this module we want to learn how those processes can “go wrong” and
create mutations. In this module, you will investigate a gene mutation in which there
is a change in one nucleotide. You will determine how these changes affect the way
the message is transcribed into mRNA and translated to protein.

This module will introduce you to the effects of gene mutations. So, stay tuned and
have fun learning the following:
1. Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function
of a protein (S10LTIIIe-38).

Going through this module can be a meaningful learning experience. All you need to
do is make use of your time and resources efficiently. To do this, here are some tips
for you:

1. Take the pretest before reading the rest of the module.

2. Take time in reading and understanding the lesson. Follow instructions
carefully. Do all activities diligently. This module is designed for independent
or self-paced study. It is better to be slow but sure than to hurry and miss the
concepts you are supposed to learn.
3. Use a clean sheet of paper for your answers in each activity/ assessment.
Don’t forget to write your name. Label it properly.
4. Try to recall and connect the ideas about Life Science that you had in the
lower years. Use the concept discussed in the lesson to explain the results of
activities or performance task. You may answer in English or a combination
of your vernacular and English.
5. Be honest. When doing the activities, record only what you have really
observed. Take the self-assessments after each activity, but do not turn to the
Answer Key page unless you are done with the entire module.
6. Don’t hesitate to ask. If you need to clarify something, approach or contact
your teacher or any knowledgeable person available to help you. You may also
look into other references for further information. There is a list of reference
at the back part of this module.
7. Take the posttest prepared at the end of the module, so you can assess how
much you have learned from this module.

1 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

 8. You can check your answers in the activities, self-assessments, and posttest
after you finished the entire module to know how much you have gained from
the lesson and the activities.

What I Know

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.

1. What are the DNA complementary bases of the following: ATC-GTG-CCC?

a. AUG-CAC-GGG
b. AUG-TAT-GGG
c. TAG-CAC-GGG
d. TAG-TAT-GGG

2. What do you call the change in a gene due to damage or being copied incorrectly?
a. evolution
b. meiosis
c. mutation
d. segregation

3. What is the collective term for “agents of mutations”?

a. GMO’s
b. mutagens
c. mutants
d. transgenic

4. Which of the following is NOT a mutagen?

a. alcohol and drugs
b. cigarette smoke
c. radiation
d. vitamins

5. The original strand of DNA looks like this ACGTCTCGA, the mutated strand
looks like this ACGTCTACGA. What type of mutation is this? a. deletion
b. frameshift mutation
c. insertion
d. nonsense mutation

6. What do you call the point mutation that changes a codon specifying an amino
acid into a stop codon?
2 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5
a. deletion mutation
b. frameshift mutation
c. missense mutation
d. nonsense mutation

7. Changing the codon from AGC to AGA represents a ____ mutation.

a. deletion
b. frameshift
c. missense
d. nonsense

8. Which of the following describes a frameshift mutation?

a. It introduces a section of amino acids not normally found.
b. It joins two different proteins.
c. It removes part of the protein.
d. It replaces one amino acid with another.

9. Gene mutation occurs at the time of ________________.

a. cell division
b. DNA repair
c. DNA replication
d. RNA transcription

10. Point mutation involves ________________.

a. change in single base pair
b. deletion
c. duplication
d. insertion

11. What type of point mutation results in a frameshift mutation?

a. deletion
b. insertion
c. substitution
d. Both A and B

12. Which is NOT a type of substitution mutation?

a. conservation
b. missense
c. nonsense
d. silent

13. Which is a stop codon?

a. UAG
b. UCC
3 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5
 c. UUC
d. All of the above

14. Sickle cell anemia is a disease that affects red blood cells. This is the result of a
mutation called __________.
a. deletion
b. insertion
c. nonsense mutation
d. substitution
15. Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a recessive inherited disorder that is associated with
thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and trouble breathing, salty sweat, infertility
in certain individuals, and a shortened life expectancy. This is the result of a
mutation called __________.
a. deletion
b. insertion
c. nonsense mutation
d. substitution

Answer Key on Page 19

How did you find the pre-test? What was your score? If you got 15 items
correctly, you may skip the module. But if your score is 14 and below, you must proceed
with the module.

Lesson

5 Mutation

What’s In

The DNA is used to complete the process of protein synthesis. Protein

synthesis has two stages which are called transcription and translation. During
protein synthesis at the ribosome, messenger RNA sequences are read and translated
into amino acids. These amino acids will form proteins.
These amino acids are specified by codons carried by mRNA. If the mRNA is
copied incorrectly during transcription stage, there will be an anomaly in the genes.
This is called mutation. A mutation is a change that occurs in our DNA sequence,
either due to mistakes when the DNA is copied or as the result of environmental
4 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5
factors such as UV light and cigarette smoke. Mutation occurs during DNA
replication, thus transcription into mRNA is anomalous.

Let’s explore the different types of mutation in the next activity. Are you ready?

5 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

 What’s New
Genomazing Challenge!

What you need:

 work sheet
 sheet of paper
 ball pen
What you have to do:
1. Study Figure 1 (amino acid chart) and the DNA sequences carefully, and read the
captions very well. Get a sheet of paper for your answers and observation. Do not
copy the questions, just write down your answer or observations. 2. Study the
following DNA strand:
Transcribe and Translate the original DNA strand:
DNA: ATG CC C GGC GAG
mRNA: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tRNA:
_______________

Figure 1. Amino Acid Chart

Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

2.1. Refer to your answer in item number 2. When protein synthesis is completed, write
the sequence of amino acid. Refer to Figure 1: Amino acid chart

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 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5
2.2. Edit the DNA strand in #2 by changing the second and third bases of ATG to A.
What will be the new amino acid chain created by the modified DNA? Refer to Figure
1: Amino acid chart.

DNA: __________________________________
mRNA: __________________________________
tRNA: __________________________________

Amino acid:

2.3. Return the DNA to its original state (A T G C C C G G C G A G). This time, write
an additional A after ATG, the DNA strand will be ______________________.

What will be the new amino acid chain created by the DNA? Refer to Figure 1:
Amino acid chart.
DNA: __________________________________
mRNA: __________________________________
tRNA: __________________________________

Amino
acid:

2.4. Return the DNA to its original state (A T G C C C G G C G A G). Write CCA instead
of CCC.
What will be the new peptide created by the DNA? Refer to Figure 1: Amino acid chart.
DNA: __________________________________
mRNA: __________________________________
tRNA: __________________________________

What Is It

Mutations are changes to a DNA sequence. Just like the information in DNA as a
group of sentences, mutations are mistakes in spelling of the words that form those
sentences.

Mutagens are agents that cause alteration in the DNA and can lead to permanent
mutations in the DNA sequence depending on the ability of an organism to repair the
damage. Examples of mutagens are radioactive substances, x-rays, ultraviolet
radiation, and certain chemicals or drugs.

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 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5
There are different types of mutations that you have explored in the previous activity.
These are POINT mutation and FRAMESHIFT mutation. First, you made a POINT
mutation in the original DNA. The second mutation you explored is a FRAMESHIFT
mutation. Lastly, the third mutation you determined is a special type of point
mutation called a SILENT mutation.

Let’s take a look on the definitions and descriptions about the types of mutation.
First gene mutation is the point mutation. It is the type mutation in DNA or RNA
wherein one single nucleotide base is deleted, added or altered. This can lead to
substitution mutation. There are three types of substitution mutation. These are
nonsense, missense and silent mutation.
1) Nonsense mutation results in the formation of a stop codon due to the
substitution of one nitrogenous base. Remember, stop codons are special
nitrogenous bases that stop the translation stage in protein synthesis. These are
ATC, ATT, or ACT in DNA, and UAG, UAA, or UGA in mRNA. They are usually located
at the end of messenger RNA nucleotide base sequence. However, when a
substitution mutation causes it to appear in another place, it will suddenly stop the
translation process to amino acid and will fail to produce the correct protein.

Example:

Original DNA Code for Amino Acid Sequence

DNA: AGG AAG AAC ACG CAG AGC ATG mRNA:

UCC UUC UUG UGC GUC UCG UAC tRNA: AGG AAG
AAC ACG CAG AGC AUG amino acid: Ser - Phe- Leu-
Cys- Val - Ser- Tyr

Replacement of a single nucleotide

Mutated DNA CODE
DNA: AGG AAG AAC ACT CAG AGC ATG
mRNA: UCC UUC UUG UGA GUC UCG UAC tRNA:
AGG AAG AAC ACG CAG AGC AUG amino acid:
Ser- Phe- Leu- STOP

incorrect sequence causes shortening of protein

2) When one nitrogenous base of the DNA is replaced and the result is an altered
codon but does not form a stop codon, it is classified as missense mutation.
This will create a different amino acid in protein synthesis.
Example: DNA: CAT to mRNA : GUA to tRNA CAU (Valine)
CAT is changed into CCT to mRNA: GGA to tRNA: CCU (Glycine)

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 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

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 Original DNA Code for Amino Acids

DNA: GCA ATG CAT CAT CGT CGC CAA mRNA: CGU
UAC GUA GUA GCA GCG GUU tRNA: GCA ATG CAU CAU
CGU CGC CAA amino acid: ARG- TYR VAL- VAL - ALA- ALA- VAL

Mutated DNA CODE

Replacement of a single nucleotide

DNA: GCA ATG CAT CCT CGT CGC CAA mRNA: CGU UAC
GUA GGA GCA GCG GUU tRNA: GCA ATG CAU CCU CGU
CGC CAA amino acid: ARG TYR VAL GLY ALA ALA VAL

This is an incorrect amino acid which may produce a

malfunctioning protein

Missense mutation can be classified into conservative and non-conservative.

Conservative mutation: When the new amino acid formed has the same properties of
the one that was supposed to be produced.
Non-conservative: When the new amino acid formed has different properties of the
one that was supposed to be produced.
3) Silent mutation happens when a nitrogenous base is altered but the same
amino acid is produced. Remember, many codons can code for the same amino acid.
Example: GGC and GGU can both code for glycine. If C is changed to an U, the same
amino acid will be produced and therefore, the amino acid will not be changed.

Figure 2. Silent Mutation

Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

Table 1 shows the different kinds of substitution point mutations. It shows the DNA
template, messenger RNA codon, anticodon, and the amino acid produced.

10 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

Take note: Amino Acids are based on mRNA

No mutation Point mutations

Silent Nonsense Missense

Conservative Non-
conservative
DNA level TTC TTT ATC TCC TGC
mRNA AAG AAA UAG AGG ACG
level
tRNA level UUC UUU AUC UCC UGC
Protein LYSINE LYSINE STOP ARGININE Threonine
level

Table 1: Types of Point Mutations

Second gene mutation is the frameshift mutation. Frameshift mutation happens

when the normal sequence of codons is disorganized by the insertion or deletion of
one or more nitrogenous bases, given that the number of nitrogenous bases added
or deleted is not a multiple of three. For example, if just one nucleotide is deleted,
then all of the codons after the mutation will have an altered reading frame. This can
lead to the possible change of many amino acids that may affect the amino acid chain
produced incorporation of many changes in amino acids into the protein. In contrary,
when three nitrogenous bases are deleted or inserted, there will be no shift in the
codon reading frame but, there will be either an extra or a missing amino acid in the
protein. Therefore, frameshift mutations lead to the abnormal protein with an
improper amino acid sequence that can be either longer or shorter than the normal
protein.

The following are kinds of chromosomal mutations:

1. Deletion- happens when a base is deleted from the nitrogen base sequence.

Figure 3. Deletion
2. Duplication – occurs when a part of a chromosome is copied (duplicated) too
many times. This type of chromosomal change results in extra copies of genetic
material from the duplicated segment.

Figure
4. Duplication

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3. Inversion - when a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end.

Figure 5: Inversion
4. Insertion- the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.

Figure 6: Insertion
5. Translocation- segments of two chromosomes are exchanged.

Figure 7: Transloaction

W hat happens when a person has mutated genes?

This can lead to inherited disorders. One of the most common disorders is the sickle
cell anemia. This type of anemia is caused by a recessive disorder through a single
substitution mutation in the gene that is responsible for hemoglobin production.
Hemoglobin is known for carrying oxygen in the blood. In a normal gene, glutamic
acid is formed in the chain. But when the amino acid valine substitutes glutamic
acid, this leads to the production of sickle-shaped blood cells. These cells cannot
properly carry oxygen. Sickle cell anemia’s symptoms are anemia, pain crises and
frequent infections. It can be managed with prescription drugs, folic acid, bone
marrow transplants, and blood transfusions.

Figure 8. DNA sequence of Sickle Cell Anemia

Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

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 Figure 9. Sickle cells
Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

Likewise, deletion mutation can lead to albinism. Albinism (specifically type I

oculocutaneous albinism) is an autosomal recessive disorder in whi ch the formation
of melanin is reduced or absent in skin, hair, and eyes due to the lack of activity of
tyrosinase. This is caused by the deletion of the tyrosinase gene.
Another is the Cystic Fibrosis (CF). It is a recessive inherited disorder. Although
there are many different mutations that can cause cystic fibrosis, deletion mutation
is the most common cause. It affects the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance
regulator (CFTR) gene that leads to the deletion of the amino acid phenylalanine. This
causes an incorrect protein.
Furthermore, is the Down syndrome or Trisomy 21. It is related with slight
retardation of cognitive ability. It is also characterized with impairment of physical
growth, body and facial features. Down syndrome is caused by a translocation
during meiosis that transfers most of chromosome 21 (showing three chromosomes)
onto chromosome 14 (see Figure 11).

Figure 10. Karyotype of Trisomy 21 Figure 11. Down syndrome

Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

13 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

 What’s More

Since you have accepted and conquered the “Genomazing

challenge” a while ago, here are some enrichment activities for you to work on to
strengthen the basic concepts you have learned from our mini -lesson and to validate
your observations in the activity part.
Activity 1: Crossword Puzzle
Directions: Complete the crossword by filling out the boxes a word that fits each
clue.

Across:
1. The term used for describing the
“alterations/errors” in DNA sequence.
2. This is an autosomal recessive disorder in
which the formation of melanin is reduced or absent
in skin, hair and eyes.
4. ______ cell anemia is caused by the substitution
mutation for haemoglobin gene.

Down:
1. These are the agents of mutation.
3. This happens when a nitrogen base is altered but
the same amino acid is produced.

Assessment 1: Word Hunt

Directions: Look for the words pertaining to our lesson about mutations. There are
five clues listed below and you will look for the corresponding terms inside the table
of letters below. Use separate sheet for your answers.

M S I L E N T D D I P G L C Y
I H O S P H O L I P O D A H B
S A G L Y P O R T E I T U A C
S B S F G H J K L L N R T N D
E L Y C O P R O T E T N S N E
N L A G L Y P O R T E R T E F
S Y P A A L D A S X D S A L G
E F R A M E S H I F T S S S G
H P T B C H A L Y D S S A A J
H R R N D G A S D S S A S G S
M O T M W C F S F S S S A O D
I T E S O H S D F G H J K L T
S B D C C D A S F G S F G J D

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 Y N O N S E N S E P O T E R D

1. This result when one single nucleotide base is deleted, added or altered.
2. This results in the formation of a stop codon due to the substitution of one nitrogen
base.
3. This results in an altered codon formation but does not form a stop codon.
4. This happens when a nitrogen base is altered, but the same amino acid is produced.
5. These mutations happen when the normal sequence of codons is disorganized by the
insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases.

Activity 2: What’s the point?

Directions: Fill out the corresponding boxes with the correct word/s to compete the
diagram. Use another sheet for your answer.

SUBTYPES:

2.
POINT 5. SAMP LE
TYPE (1) INHERITED
MUTATION 3.
DISORDER
4.

Assessment 2: Frameshift it
Directions: Fill out the corresponding boxes with the correct word/s to compete the
diagram. Use another sheet for your answer.

Types:

1. (Another type 5. Sample inherited disorder

of mutation)

Activity 3: Complete me please

Directions: Complete the table by filling out what is needed or being asked in each
item. Refer to the amino acid chart on the next page to indicate what amino acids
are being coded for by the base sequences listed for mRNA.

Normal TAT CAT CCT AAG GTA

DNA
Protein Iso Val Gly Phe His

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 1. (Type of TAT CAT CGT AAG GTA
M utation)
Protein Tyr His Arg Lys Val

2. (Type of TAT CAT CGC TAA GGT A

M utation)
Protein Tyr His Arg Stop Gly

3. (Type of TAT C_TC CTA AGG TA

M utation)
Protein Iso Glu 4. ________ 5. ________ X

Figure 12. Amino Acid Chart

Illustrated by Jayson A. De Guzman

Assessment 3:
Directions: Complete the sequence by filling out what is needed or being asked in
each item. Refer to the amino acid chart above to indicate what amino acids are
being coded.

Original DNA code –C-A-G-C-A-G-C-A-G-C-A-G-C-A-G-C-A-G

Mutated DNA gene- C-A-G-C-A-G-C-A-G-_-A-G-C-A-G-C-A-G

Amino Acid: Val--- Val ---1____- --- 2_____- 3_______

Mutated base or nucleotide 4 ___________

16 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

Type of mutation: 5 __________________________

What I Have Learned

Great job! You are almost done with this module. Let’s
summarize what you have learned from the lesson and activities by choosing the
correct word inside the parentheses. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.

1. (Mutations, Mutagens) are changes to a DNA sequence.

2. (Mutations, Mutagens) are agents that cause alteration in the DNA.
3. The type mutation in DNA or RNA wherein one single nucleotide base is
deleted, added or altered is called (point, frameshift) mutation.
4. Point mutation can lead to (substitution, frameshift) mutation.
5. (Nonsense, Missense) mutation results in the formation of a stop codon
due to the substitution of one nitrogen base.
6. When one nitrogen base of the DNA is replaced, and the result is an altered
codon formation but does not form a stop codon, it is classified as
(nonsense, missense) mutation.
7. (Missense, Silent) mutation can be classified into conservative and
nonconservative.
8. (Conservative, Non-conservative) mutation happens when the same
properties of amino acid were formed to the one that was supposed to be
produced.
9. (Conservative, Non-conservative) happens when amino acid has produced
different properties of protein)
10. (Missense, Silent) mutation happens when a nitrogen base is altered, but
the same amino acid is produced. Remember, many codons can code for
the same amino acid.
11. (Point, Frameshift) mutation happens when the normal sequence of codons
is disorganized by the insertion or deletion of one or more nitrogen bases,
given that the number of nitrogen bases added or deleted is not a multiple
of three.
12. (Cystic Fibrosis, Albinism) is a recessive inherited disorder caused by the
deletion of the amino acid phenylalanine.
13. (Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia) is caused by a recessive disorder
through a single substitution mutation in the gene that is responsible for
hemoglobin production.
14-15. (Cystic Fibrosis, Down syndrome) is related with slight retardation of
cognitive ability. It is also characterized with impairment of physical growth,
body and facial features. It is caused by a (substitution, translocation) during
meiosis that transfers most of chromosome 21 onto chromosome 14.

17 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

 What I Can Do

Directions: For the following activities, choose only one that you prefer to
accomplish. Use another sheet for your answer.

1. For example you are given a chance to be one of the representatives in the “Down
Syndrome Awareness Month Forum”. The activity is to write an inspirational letter
to your fellow youth and friends who are parents or relatives of a person with Down
syndrome. What are the words of inspiration that you can give to them? You may
use English or vernacular. (50-100 words).
Your sample letter will be rated by your teacher according to the following
criteria:
Standards Rubric
Appropriateness of Topic (Down Syndrome Awareness) 10 points
Accuracy of Details and Information (taken from real scenario) 5 points
Techniques (persuasiveness/humor in words/English or vernacular) 5 points
TOTAL - 20 points

2. Not all mutations are bad. There are naturally occurring genetic mutations that
can change the appearance and traits of flowers, fruit or stems of any plant or
crops and also, there are laboratory-made mutations. These mutations can be
designed by genetic engineers. Suppose you are a genetic engineer, what gene or
trait of a plant or crop are you going to design (duplicate, insert, or delete) to help
in food production or crop improvement?

Draw a sample of that plant or crop showing the good mutation or trait. (You
may label the parts of a crop or plant or write a brief explanation of the use of that
gene in that plant).

Standards Rubric

Drawing Quality 10 points

Labels 5 points
Required Information (Title, Short Explanation) 5 points
Total: 20 points

Good job! You are now ready to have your posttest. You may want to go over again
the lessons and activities to review for the final assessment. God bless you!

18 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

 Assessment

Directions: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the

correct answer. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers.
1. What do you call the change or error in the gene?
a. genetic engineering
b. mutagen
c. mutant
d. mutation
2. What is the term used to describe the factors that affect error or alterations in
base sequence?
a. genetic engineering
b. mutagen
c. mutant
d. mutation

3. A frame shift mutation is a genetic mutation that is caused by the insertion or

deletion of a specific number of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of the
sequence. The insertion or deletion of how many nucleotides would cause a
frame shift mutation?
a.2
b.3
c.6
d.9
4. How do mutations lead to genetic variation?
[Link] changing the organism's appearance
[Link] changing the way that the organism reproduces
[Link] changing the organism's behavior
[Link] producing random changes in an organism's genetic code
5. A piece of each chromosome has broken off and been reattached to the other
chromosome, resulting in an exchange. The process that occurs when a section
of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome is known
as_______.
a. deletion
b. inversion
c. nondisjunction
d. translocation
6. What do you call the genetic mutation that causes a codon that should code for
a specific amino acid to be changed into a stop codon?
a. a chromosomal mutation.
b. a frame shift mutation.
c. a nonsense mutation.
d.a silent mutation.

19 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

7. A genetic mutation that does not result in a change in the amino acid sequence
of the resulting protein is called a. a chromosomal mutation.
b. a frame shift mutation.
c.a nonsense mutation.
d.a silent mutation.
8. This is a mutation that causes a section of the chromosome to be broken out
and reinserted backwards. This is known as
a. deletion.
b. insertion.
c. inversion.
d. translocation.
9. Persons with Down syndrome usually have ______ copies of chromosome 21.
a. no
b. one
c. two
d. three
10. If a segment of a chromosome is present several times more than normal due to
unequal crossing-over, it is called ________.
a. a deletion
b. duplication
c. an inversion
d. a translocation
11. What type of mutation is being shown below:

Normal: ABCDEFGH
Mutated gene: ABCBCDEFGH
a. an insertion
b. an inversion
c. a deletion
d. a duplication

12. What type of mutation is being shown below:

Normal gene: ABCDEFGH Mutated gene: ABCDCEFGH
a. an insertion
b. an inversion
c. a deletion
d. a duplication
13. Children with cystic fibrosis have a thick and viscous fluid in the lungs and
digestive tract.
a. False
b. True
14. Sickle-cell anemia is a type of anemia caused by a recessive disorder through a
single substitution mutation in the gene that is responsible for hemoglobin
production.
a. False
b. True

20 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

15. Albinism is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the formation of melanin
is reduced or absent in skin, hair, and eyes due to the lack of activity of
tyrosinase.
a. False
b. True

Answer Key on Page 19

21 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

References
Department of Education. “K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science (Grade 3 to 10)”.
Accessed October 2019.
[Link]
tagged-sciequipment_revised.pdf.

Herma D. Acosta et al, Science – Grade 10 Learner’s Material (Pasig City, Philippines:
Rex Bookstore, Inc. and Department of Education, 2015), 281291.

Herma D. Acosta et al, Science – Grade 10 Teacher’s Guide (Pasig City, Philippines: Rex
Bookstore, Inc. and Department of Education, 2015), 210-216.
LRMDS Portal. Science Modules, December 29, 2014. Accessed October 13, 2019.
[Link]
 20 CO_Q3_Science 10_ M odule 5

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