Week 4
Descriptive Statistics
by
MUHAMAD KARIMI SULAIMAN
CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES
Levels of measurements and frequency distributions
Measures of central tendency and variability
Descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS
2
Level of Measurement
Frequency distribution & Graph
Descriptive
Measures of central tendency
Measures of variability
Sample vs Population
Probability
z-scores
Key Concepts
Statistics Normal distribution/curve
Hypothesis testing
Effect size & Statistical Power
one-sample
t-test two-sample
Inferential repeated-sample
Difference
one way
anova
two way
correlation
Relationship
regression
reliability
Psychometric
© PSYC 1322 | Semester II, 23/24
validity 3
Part
1
Levels of measurements
✅ ✅
✅ ✅
4
Part
1
Levels of measurements in IBM SPSS
• Identify and select the levels of measurements for each variable.
• Steps
• Variable View à See Measure Column
• Scale
• Ordinal
• Nominal
5
Part
1
Frequency distributions
• Pattern of frequencies
over various values
• Important aspect of
frequency distribution
that we need to know -
THE SHAPE
6
Part
1
Frequency distributions
• Pattern of frequencies
over various values
• Can be described using
a frequency table, bar
graph, pie chart,
histogram, or frequency
polygon
7
Part
1
Frequency distributions in IBM SPSS
• Steps
• Graphs à Legacy Dialogs
q The most used
Ø Bar
Ø Pie
Ø Histogram
8
Part
2
Measures of central tendency and variability
9
Part
2
Measures of central tendency
No formula
Measures of central tendency are
summary statistics that represent the
centre point or typical value of a dataset
10
Part
2
Measures of central tendency
MEAN MEDIAN MODE
Should be applied to Usually applied of an Can be used for skewed
continuous data if normally ordered sample of numerical data or
distributed numerical values categorical data
Find the mean for ANXIETY Find the median for Find the mode for AGE
SCORE HOUSEHOLD INCOME
when
to
use
11
Part
2
Measures of variability
• Refers to the spread of the scores within a distribution.
• Along with the central tendency, it helps in understanding the data set as
a whole
• Three major measures of variability
RANGE VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION
12
Part
2
Measures of variability
RANGE INTERQUARTILE RANGE
Difference between the highest and Difference between the 75th and 25th
lowest score percentile
13
Part
2
Measures of variability
VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION
The degree of spread within the A measure of how the average score
distribution deviates or spread away from the
The larger the spread, the larger the mean
variance Defined as the square root of the
variance
14
Part
2
Measures of variability
Which one is better?
a) Normal distributed data b) Comparison large and small SD
15
Part
3
Descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS
VARIABLE
Frequencies CATEGORICAL
Descriptive
Analyze
Statistics
Descriptives CONTINUOUS
16
Part
3
Descriptive statistics in IBM SPSS
VARIABLE
Frequencies CATEGORICAL
Descriptive
Analyze
Statistics
Descriptives CONTINUOUS
STEPS:
1. Open your Class Exercise SPSS data file
2. Run for Option 1 – Categorical variable
3. Run for Option 2 – Continuous variable
17
End of lesson….
Levels of measurements and
frequency distributions Next class
Measures of central tendency
and variability Key Concepts
in Inferential
Descriptive statistics in IBM Statistics I
SPSS
18