Week 7
Hypothesis Testing
by
MUHAMAD KARIMI SULAIMAN
CHAPTER LEARNING OUTCOMES
Hypothesis testing
The hypothesis-testing process
One-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis tests
Decision errors
2
Measure of central tendency
Descriptive Measure of variability
Frequency distribution & Graph
z-score
Normal distribution/curve
Key ingredients
sample vs population
Statistics Hypothesis testing
one-sample
t-test two-sample
repeated-sample
Difference
one way
Inferential anova
two way
correlation
Relationship
regression
reliability
Psychometric
factor analysis
Part
1
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypothesis testing is an
inferential procedure that uses
sample data to evaluate the
credibility of a hypothesis about
a population.
• In other words, we want to
be able to make claims
about populations based on
samples.
4
Part
1
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The null hypothesis (H0)
predicts that the independent variable (treatment) has no
effect/difference on the dependent variable for the
population.
The alternative hypothesis (H1)
predicts that the independent variable will have an(a)
effect/difference on the dependent variable for the population
5
Part
1
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Let’s look at this example:
• We might ask about the value of knowing about hypotheses and statistics.
• Suppose that we think that knowing about statistics helps people understand
a newspaper (i.e., The Star).
• So, we take a sample of students who have completed a statistics class,
and a sample of students from another class (none of whom have had a
statistics course).
• Each person is given a copy of the paper, asked to read it, and later tested for
their comprehension of the stories in the paper.
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Part
1
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
M= 69%
• What are the populations here?
• students who take stats
• students who don't take stats
• The question is, are these two populations different?
In other words, is there an effect of taking stats (on
comprehending the paper)?
• Results of comprehension test (fictional): M= 65%
• the mean for the stats class sample = 69%
• the mean for the NO stats class sample = 65%
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Part
1
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Problem: is this 4% difference "real" or is
it just due to sampling error.
• If it is "real" then we can conclude that
the two populations are different and that
there is support for our hypothesis that
statistics help with reading the paper.
• If the difference is due to sampling
error, then we should conclude that the
populations are (probably) the same, and
further that stats knowledge doesn't help
with understanding the paper.
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Part
2
THE HYPOTHESIS-TESTING PROCESS
9
Part
2
THE HYPOTHESIS-TESTING PROCESS
10
Part
2
THE HYPOTHESIS-TESTING PROCESS
11
Part
3
ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS TESTS
• One tailed test
• Based on a uni-directional hypothesis
• Reflects expected difference between
groups with a specific direction
• Two tailed test
• Based on a bi-directional hypothesis
• Reflects expected difference between
groups but does not specify the
direction
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Part
3
ONE-TAILED AND TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS TESTS
Practices…
• Scores on mathematics tests are lower after attending the extra classes
• The average sleep time for boys is similar to girls.
• It is hypothesized that having pets is better than not having pets in
improving the mental well-being of youths.
• Playing poker may reduce or increase stress.
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Part
4
DECISION ERRORS
• Two possible errors
• Type I error
• Reject a true Ho
• Ho is TRUE but we
reject it
• Type II error
• Not rejecting a
false H0
• Ho is FALSE but we
FAIL to reject it
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Part
4
DECISION ERRORS
Type I error – wish during not the birthday Type I error - sending an innocent person to jail
Type II error – not wish during the birthday Type II error - letting a guilty person go free
15
End of lesson….
Hypothesis testing
The hypothesis-testing process Next class
One-tailed and two-tailed hypothesis One Sample
tests z-test
Decision errors
16