REFERENCE

1. Adhikary, S., 2012. Vermicompost, the story of organic gold: A review.

2. Vuković, A., Velki, M., Ečimović, S., Vuković, R., Štolfa Čamagajevac, I. and
Lončarić, Z., 2021. Vermicomposting—facts, benefits and knowledge gaps.
Agronomy, 11(10), p.1952.
3. Abad, Q. and Shafiqi, S., 2024. Vermicompost: Significance and Benefits for
Agriculture. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(2),
pp.202-207.
4. Lim, S.L., Wu, T.Y., Lim, P.N. and Shak, K.P.Y., 2015. The use of vermicompost in
organic farming: overview, effects on soil and economics. Journal of the Science of
Food and Agriculture, 95(6), pp.1143-1156.
5. Blouin, M., Barrere, J., Meyer, N., Lartigue, S., Barot, S. and Mathieu, J., 2019.
Vermicompost significantly affects plant growth. A meta-analysis. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development, 39, pp.1-15.
6. Pereira, M.D.G., Cardoso de Souza Neta, L., Fontes, M.P.F., Souza, A.N., Carvalho
Matos, T., de Lima Sachdev, R., dos Santos, A.V., Oliveira da Guarda Souza, M., de
Andrade, M.V.A.S., Marinho Maciel Paulo, G. and Ribeiro, J.N., 2014. An overview
of the environmental applicability of vermicompost: from wastewater treatment to
the development of sensitive analytical methods. The Scientific World Journal,
2014(1), p.917348.
7. Ghorbani, M. and Sabour, M.R., 2021. Global trends and characteristics of
vermicompost research over the past 24 years. Environmental Science and Pollution
Research, 28, pp.94-102.
8. Shetinina, E., Shetinina, A. and Potashova, I., 2019. Efficiency of vermicompost
production and use in agriculture. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 91, p. 06006).
EDP Sciences.
9. Atiyeh, R.M., Subler, S., Edwards, C.A., Bachman, G., Metzger, J.D. and Shuster,
W., 2000. Effects of vermicomposts and composts on plant growth in horticultural
container media and soil. Pedobiologia, 44(5), pp.579-590.
10. Bidabadi, S.S., 2018. Waste management using vermicompost derived liquids in
sustainable horticulture. Trends in Horticulture, 1(1).
11. Abul-Soud, M.A., Emam, M.S.A., Abdrabbo, M.A.A., Hashem, F.A. and Shaimaa,
H., 2014. Sustainable urban horticulture of sweet pepper via vermicomposting in
summer season. Journal: Journal Of Advances In Agriculture, 3(1).
12. Mendoza-Hernández, D., Fornes, F. and Belda, R.M., 2014. Compost and
vermicompost of horticultural waste as substrates for cutting rooting and growth of
rosemary. Scientia Horticulturae, 178, pp.192-202.
13. Ahirwar, C.S. and Hussain, A., 2015. Effect of vermicompost on growth, yield and
quality of vegetable crops. International Journal of Applied and Pure Science and
Agriculture, 1(8), pp.49-56.
14. Lazcano, C. and Domínguez, J., 2011. The use of vermicompost in sustainable
agriculture: impact on plant growth and soil fertility. Soil nutrients, 10(1-23), p.187.
15. Kiyasudeen S, K., Ibrahim, M.H., Quaik, S., Ahmed Ismail, S., Ibrahim, M.H.,
Quaik, S. and Ismail, S.A., 2016. Vermicompost, its applications and derivatives.
Prospects of organic waste management and the significance of earthworms, pp.201-
230.
16. Arancon, N.Q. and Edwards, C.A., 2005, November. Effects of vermicomposts on
plant growth. In International Symposium Workshop on Vermitechnology.
Philippines (pp. 16-18).
17. combination of organic sources to improve growth and yield of blackgram [Vigna
mungo (L.) Hepper] for organic agriculture. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research,
57(5), pp.630-634.
18. Singh, T., Kapila, R. and Kumar, M., 2024. A minireview on vermicompost and
vermiwash as green pesticide for sustainable crop production: Approaches,
applications, and advancements. JSFA Reports, 4(1), pp.4-10.
19. Rehman, S.U., Aprile, A., De Castro, F., Negro, C., Migoni, D., Benedetti, M.,
Sabella, E. and Fanizzi, F.P., 2024. Assessing Ceritoğlu, M., Şahin, S. and Erman, M.,
2018. Effects of vermicompost on plant growth and soil structure. Selcuk Journal of
Agriculture and Food Sciences, 32(3), pp.607-615.
20. Theunissen, J., Ndakidemi, P.A. and Laubscher, C.P., 2010. Potential of
vermicompost produced from plant waste on the growth and nutrient status in
vegetable production. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5(13), pp.1964-
1973.
21. Kováčik, P., Renčo, M., Šimanský, V., Hanáčková, E. and Wiśniowska-Kielian, B.,
2015. Impact of vermicompost extract application into soil and on plant leaves on
maize phytomass formation. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 16(4), pp.143-153.
22. Ievinsh, G., 2020. Review on physiological effects of vermicomposts on plants.
Biology of composts, pp.63-86.
23. Chanda, G.K., Bhunia, G. and Chakraborty, S.K., 2011. The effect of vermicompost
and other fertilizers on cultivation of tomato plants. Journal of Horticulture and
Forestry, 3(2), pp.42-45.
24. Rehman, S.U., De Castro, F., Aprile, A., Benedetti, M. and Fanizzi, F.P., 2023.
Vermicompost: Enhancing plant growth and combating abiotic and biotic stress.
Agronomy, 13(4), p.1134.
25. Nayak, H., Rai, S., Mahto, R., Rani, P., Yadav, S., Prasad, S.K. and Singh, R.K.,
2019. Vermiwash: A potential tool for sustainable agriculture. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(5S), pp.308-312.
26. Bhagat, A., Singh, S., Gudeta, K., Bhardwaj, S. and Bhat, S.A., 2022. Beneficial
Functions of Vermiwash and Vermicompost for Sustainable Agriculture. In
Environmental Management Technologies (pp. 229-241). CRC Press.
27. Gudeta, K., Julka, J.M., Kumar, A., Bhagat, A. and Kumari, A., 2021. Vermiwash: An
agent of disease and pest control in soil, a review. Heliyon, 7(3).
28. Nahar, K., Ashrafi, R. and Haque, M.A., 2024. Vermiwash: An effective nutritive
blessing to crops. Bangladesh Journal of Nuclear Agriculture, 38(1), pp.21-40.
29. Kumar, D., Massey, J.X., Sharma, S.K., Mundra, S.L. and Yadav, S.K., 2023.
Vermiwash prepared from different the Effectiveness of Vermi-Liquids as a
Sustainable Alternative to Inorganic Nutrient Solutions in Hydroponic Agriculture: A
Study on Diplotaxis muralis. Agronomy, 14(6), p.1310.
30. Arosha, K.P.L. and Sarvananda, L., 2022. Vermicomposting tea a potential liquid
biofertilizer. Frontiers in Life Science Research, 1(1), pp.1-5.
31. Gomez-Brandon, M., Vela, M.A.R.Í.A., Martínez-Toledo, M.V., Insam, H. and
Domínguez, J., 2015. Effects of compost and vermicompost teas as organic
fertilizers.
32. Ekanayake, E.M.U.I., Sandika, A.L. and Jayamanne, V.S., 2020. Effect of organic
and inorganic liquid fertilizers on growth and yield of Centella asiatica (L.) and
Capsicum annuum (L.) var. annuum
33. Aslam, Z., Ahmad, A., Bellitürk, K., Kanwal, H., Asif, M. and Ullah, E., 2023.
Integrated use of simple compost, vermicompost, vermi-tea and chemical fertilizers
NP on the morpho-physiological, yield and yield related traits of tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum L.). J. Innov. Sci, 9(1), pp.1-12.
34. Zarei, M., Jahandideh Mahjen Abadi, V.A. and Moridi, A., 2018. Comparison of
vermiwash and vermicompost tea properties produced from different organic beds
under greenhouse conditions. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in
Agriculture, 7, pp.25-32.
35. Fritz, J.I., Franke-Whittle, I.H., Haindl, S., Insam, H. and Braun, R., 2012.
Microbiological community analysis of vermicompost tea and its influence on the
growth of vegetables and cereals. Canadian journal of microbiology, 58(7), pp.836-
847.
36. Yatoo, A.M., Ali, M.N., Baba, Z.A. and Hassan, B., 2021. Sustainable management
of diseases and pests in crops by vermicompost and vermicompost tea. A review.
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41(1), p.7.
37. Pant, A., Radovich, T.J.K., Hue, N.V. and Arancon, N.Q., 2011. Effects of
vermicompost tea (aqueous extract) on pak choi yield, quality, and on soil biological
properties. Compost Science & Utilization, 19(4), pp.279-292.
38. Abdel-Haleem, E.S., FARRAG, H.M., Abeer, B.A.K.R. and Abdelrasheed, K.G.,
2022. Combined use of compost, compost tea, and vermicompost tea improves soil
properties, and growth, yield, and quality of (Allium cepa L.). Notulae Botanicae
Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 50(1), pp.12565-12565.
39. Abdel Salam, M.M. and Roshdy, N.M., 2022. The influence of different applications
of vermicompost tea on the quality of pomegranate fruits. SVU-International Journal
of Agricultural Sciences, 4(2), pp.107-118.
40. Campitelli, P. and Ceppi, S., 2008. Effects of composting technologies on the
chemical and physicochemical properties of humic acids. Geoderma, 144(1-2),
pp.325-333.
41. Chaichi, W., Djazouli, Z., Zebib, B. and Merah, O., 2018. Effect of vermicompost tea
on faba bean growth and yield. Compost Science & Utilization, 26(4), pp.279-28.
42. Pant, A., Radovich, T.J.K., Hue, N.V. and Arancon, N.Q., 2011. Effects of
vermicompost tea (aqueous extract) on pak choi yield, quality, and on soil biological
properties. Compost Science & Utilization, 19(4), pp.279-292.
43. Márquez-Quiroz, C., López-Espinosa, S.T., Sánchez-Chávez, E., García-Bañuelos,
M.L., la Cruz-Lázaro, D. and Reyes-Carrillo, J.L., 2014. Effect of vermicompost tea
on yield and nitrate reductase enzyme activity in saladette tomato. Journal of soil
science and plant nutrition, 14(1), pp.223-231.
44. Azim, K., Soudi, B., Boukhari, S., Perissol, C., Roussos, S. and Thami Alami, I., 2018.
Composting parameters and compost quality: a literature review. Organic agriculture, 8,
pp.141-158.
45. Bernal, M.P., Sommer, S.G., Chadwick, D., Qing, C., Guoxue, L. and Michel Jr, F.C.,
2017. Current approaches and future trends in compost quality criteria for agronomic,
environmental, and human health benefits. Advances in agronomy, 144, pp.143-233.
46. Cerda, A., Artola, A., Font, X., Barrena, R., Gea, T. and Sánchez, A., 2018.
Composting of food wastes: Status and challenges. Bioresource technology, 248,
pp.57-67.
47. Insam, H. and De Bertoldi, M., 2007. Microbiology of the composting process. In
Waste management series (Vol. 8, pp. 25-48). Elsevier.
48. Miller, F.C., 2020. Composting of municipal solid waste and its components. In
Microbiology of solid waste (pp. 115-154). CRC Press.
49. Slater, R.A. and Frederickson, J., 2001. Composting municipal waste in the UK:
some lessons from Europe. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 32(3-4), pp.359-
374.
50. Jurado, M., López, M.J., Suárez-Estrella, F., Vargas-García, M.C., López-González,
J.A. and Moreno, J., 2014. Exploiting composting biodiversity: study of the
persistent and biotechnologically relevant microorganisms from lignocellulose-based
composting. Bioresource technology, 162, pp.283-293.
51. Hait, S. and Tare, V., 2012. Transformation and availability of nutrients and heavy
metals during integrated composting–vermicomposting of sewage sludges.
Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 79, pp.214-224.
52. Gajalakshmi, S., Ramasamy, E.V. and Abbasi, S.A., 2002. High-rate composting–
vermicomposting of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes, Mart. Solms). Bioresource
technology, 83(3), pp.235-239.
53. Lim, S.L., Lee, L.H. and Wu, T.Y., 2016. Sustainability of using composting and
vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: recent
overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis. Journal of cleaner
production, 111, pp.262-278.
54. Tognetti, C., Laos, F., Mazzarino, M.J. and Hernandez, M.T., 2005. Composting vs.
vermicomposting: a comparison of end product quality. Compost Science &
Utilization, 13(1), pp.6-13.
55. Ndegwa, P.M. and Thompson, S.A., 2001. Integrating composting and
vermicomposting in the treatment and bioconversion of biosolids. Bioresource
technology, 76(2), pp.107-112.
56. Belda, R.M., Mendoza‐Hernández, D. and Fornes, F., 2013. Nutrient‐rich compost
versus nutrient‐poor vermicompost as growth media for ornamental‐plant production.
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 176(6), pp.827-835.
57. Hanc, A. and Dreslova, M., 2016. Effect of composting and vermicomposting on
properties of particle size fractions. Bioresource technology, 217, pp.186-189.
58. Chattopadhyay, A., 2015. Effect of vermiwash of Eisenia foetida produced by
different methods on seed germination of green mung, Vigna radiate. International
Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 4, pp.233-237.
59. Makkar, C., Singh, J. and Parkash, C., 2017. Vermicompost and vermiwash as
supplement to improve seedling, plant growth and yield in Linum usitassimum L. for
organic agriculture. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in
Agriculture, 6, pp.203-218.
60. Javed, A., Tahir, M. and Idrees, M., 2020. Role of Gibberellic Acid and Vermiwash
on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat and Mustard. Pakistan Journal
of Life & Social Sciences, 18(2).
61. Rajan, M.R. and Murugesan, P., 2012. Influence of vermiwash on germination and
growth of cow pea Vigna ungiculata and rice Oryza sativa. IOSR Journal of
pharmacy, 2(6), pp.31-34.
62. Josephine, C.M., Prasad, R., Lismond, D.S., Wanniang, P. and Lalrempui, E., 2024.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF BENEFICIAL MICROFLORA FROM
COMMERCIAL VERMIWASH AND ITS EFFICACY ON SEED GERMINATION
OF Vigna radiata L. Agricultural Research Journal, 61(2).
63. Negi, A.J.R., Sharma, A., Singh, M. and Singh, S., 2023. Effect of Vermiwash on
Plant Growth Characteristics and Yield in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Int. J. Plant
Soil Sci, 42(26), pp.425-433.
64. Nath, G. and Singh, K., 2012. Effect of vermiwash of different vermicomposts on the
kharif crops. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 13(2), pp.0-0.
65. Jagtap, D.K., Gaikwad, R.B., Thakare, U.G. and Jakhi, P.S., 2013. Effect of
vermiwash and gibberellic acid on seed germination in fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-
graecum L.). Int. J. Biotech Biosci, 3(4), pp.230-234.
66. Abesekara, C.P., Mohotti, K.M. and Sangakkara, U.R., 2007. A Comparative analysis
of the impact of vermiwash on the growth of selected crops (Doctoral dissertation, B.
Sc. Dissertation, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka).
67. Elumalai, D., Hemavathi, M., Fathima, M. and Kaleena, P.K., 2015. Effect of
Vermiwash and Plant Growth Regulators on Anatomical Changes of Abelmoschus
esculentus(Linn) Moench. African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 7(2), pp.91-
100.
68. Muthukannan, rani, J., Mohan, B. and Prabha, D., 2024. Comparative growth
analysis of Raphanus sativus L.(Radish): effects of vermiwash and vermicompost
applications on plant development. Discover Food, 4(1), p.64.
69. Olle, M., 2019. Vermicompost, its importance and benefit in agriculture.
70. Kiyasudeen S, K., Ibrahim, M.H., Quaik, S., Ahmed Ismail, S., S, K.K., Ibrahim,
M.H., Quaik, S. and Ismail, S.A., 2016. Vermicompost, its applications and
derivatives. Prospects of organic waste management and the significance of
earthworms, pp.201-230.
71. Rostami, R., 2011. Vermicomposting. In Integrated Waste Management-Volume II.
72. InteManyuchi, M.M., Phiri, A. and Muredzi, P., 2013. Effect of vermicompost,
vermiwash and application time on soil micronutrients composition. International
Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), 2(5), [Link]
73. Rahmatpour, S., Alikhani, H.A. and Mohammadi, L., Comparing the Effect of Extractor Types
and Substrate on Vermiwash Quality.
74. Javed, A., Tahir, M. and Idrees, M., 2020. Role of Gibberellic Acid and Vermiwash on Seed
Germination and Seedling Growth of Wheat and Mustard. Pakistan Journal of Life & Social
Sciences, 18(2).
75. Tahaseen, S.V., Bhandaru, S. and Beebi, S.K., 2025, February. Harnessing the Growth-
Promoting Potential of Vermiwash for Sustainable Agriculture: A Meta-Analysis on Seed
Germination Rate, Early Growth Parameters, and Optimal Dilution Ratios. In International
Conference on Bio-Based Environment for Sustainable Territory (ICBEST 2024) (pp. 139-
154). Atlantis Press.