Scribd
Upload
4 views3 pages

Frequency Modulation Explained

Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique that encodes information by varying the frequency of a carrier signal while keeping its amplitude constant. Key concepts include frequency deviation, frequency swing, modulation index, and Carson's rule, which help in understanding the characteristics of FM signals. An example calculation demonstrates how to determine the bandwidth of a modulated signal using given parameters.

Uploaded by

danielchika1025
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views3 pages

Frequency Modulation Explained

Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique that encodes information by varying the frequency of a carrier signal while keeping its amplitude constant. Key concepts include frequency deviation, frequency swing, modulation index, and Carson's rule, which help in understanding the characteristics of FM signals. An example calculation demonstrates how to determine the bandwidth of a modulated signal using given parameters.

Uploaded by

danielchika1025
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Orji Francis Ebube

2020030193036
EEE 597
Picked number 10
FREQUENCY MODULATION
Frequency modulation is a method of encoding information in a carrier signal by
varying its frequency in accordance with the message or modulating signal. It is
the variation of the frequency of a carrier wave in accordance of the message or
information signal while the amplitude is constant. When the information signal is
positive, the carrier frequency is increased above its unmodulated value. The
increase in carrier frequency varies linearly with the instantaneous value of the
information reaching a maximum when the modulating signal reaches its peak
value. The reverse happens when the modulating signal is negative that is the
instantaneous carrier frequency being decreased in proportion to instantaneous
value of the modulating or informing signal.
SOME MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USED IN FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Frequency Deviation: It is defined as the peak difference between the
instantaneous frequency of a frequency modulated wave and the carrier frequency
in a cycle of modulation. The formula is given as
f max −f min
where, δ=¿ frequency deviation.
2
f max = maximum frequency and

f min is minimum frequency of the modulated waves.

Frequency Swing: This is difference between the instantaneous maximum and


minimum values of a frequency modulated wave. Given as f max−f min
Modulation Index: The modulating index is the ratio of the frequency deviation to
the frequency of the modulating signal. The modulation index, β ,is given by
δ
β= f
f m where, is the frequency deviation and m is the modulating frequency.
δ
Carson Rule: It can be seen as when the bandwidth is twice the sum of the
maximum frequency deviation and the modulating frequency.
The formular is given as; B = 2(δ + f m ) where,
δ = maximum frequency deviation

f m = modulating frequency
Example 10
If the carrier frequency of a broadcast signal is 175MHz and the
maximum frequency deviation is 95kHz, and if the highest audio
frequency modulating the carrier is 10kHz. Find the bandwidth of the
modulated signal.
Solution
fc = 175MHz
δ = 95kHz
fm¿ = 10kHz
FM bandwidth is given by
BW = 2[ δ + f m ¿]
BW = 2[ 95kHz +10 kHz]
BW = 210 kHz

You might also like