1. What are gametes?
[1]
2. What is an egg an example of? [1]
3. What is fertilisation? [1]
4. Name an animal that uses external fertilisation. [1]
5. Explain the adaptations of a sperm cell that allows it to swim? [3]
6. What organ makes sperm cells? [1]
7. Where are eggs made in females? [1]
8. How does an egg cell travel to the uterus? [2]
9. What holds the testes? [1]
10. What part of the egg cell has a store of energy? [1]
11. When does a female stop producing egg cells? [1]
12. What tube carries both urine and sperm cells and is thus part of the urinary system
and the reproductive system? [1]
13. Inside what organ does a baby develop? [1]
14. What is the function of the glands in the males? [1]
15. When sperm cells are released, what do they travel through? [1]
16. What is semen? [1]
17. What is the cervix in females? And what is it made of? [3]
18. Please label: [5]
19. Please label: [7]
20. What is amniotic fluid? [1]
21. What is the difference between amniotic fluid and an amnion? [1]
22. What is the placenta? [4]
23. What is the umbilical cord? [2]
24. Do the mothers blood ever mix with the baby’s blood? Why? [2]
25. Describe and explain the process of IVF (in vivo fertilisation)? [6]
26. What is the gestation period and how long does it last in humans? [2]
27. What is a foetus? [1]
28. Why do pregnant women go for ultrasound scans? [3]
29. Explain how smoking is dangerous for a foetus, and what is the outcome of the
foetus. [3]
30. Describe and explain the main stages of labour. [4]
31. What is puberty? [1]
32. How long does it take to complete one full menstrual cycle? [1]
33. What happens at day 14 of the menstrual cycle? [1]
34. What happens in the menstrual cycle if an egg has NOT been fertilised? [2]
35. Explain why the lining of the uterus must become thick [1]
36. What is a life cycle? [1]
37. Why is the position of the scrontum important ?
Mark scheme:
1. Specialised sex cells
2. Gametes
3. sperm cell enters egg cell and the 2 nuclei fuse together. a single fertilised egg cell is
formed which can grow into a new organism
4. fish (animals in the water)
5. long spiral shaped mitochondria release lots of energy for the tail, long tail for
swimming, streamlined shape to push it along
6. testes
7. ovaries
8. egg cell moves along the oviduct/ fallopian tubes (lined with cilia) cilia/ hairs sweep
the egg towards the uterus
9. scrotum
10. cytoplasm
11. menopause
12. urethra
13. uterus
14. add fluids which provide a source of energy
15. sperm duct
16. mixture of sperm cells and fluids from the glands
17. it is made of a ring of muscle, it holds the baby in place, cervix opens into vagina
18.
19.
20. Watery fluid surrounding the embryo, protecting it from physical shocks.
21. Amniotic fluid is contained in a bag called the amnion
22. Organ attached to uterus lining. Inside oxygen, water, food from mother's blood go
into embryo blood. waste like carbon dioxide from embryo blood into mothers
blood.
23. carries embryo blood to and from the placenta/ carries blood between embryo and
placenta.
24. No. mothers blood pumped around mother body with high pressure, this would
damage the embryo.
25. The process of egg cells being fertilised in a dish outside the body [1]. egg cells
collected [2] after giving a female medicine to produce many egg cells at once [3].
same done to males [4]. gametes are fused together in a dish [5] and fertilised egg
cells are implanted in female's uterus and babies born [6].
26. Time from fertilisation until birth. Lasts 9 months in humans
27. When an embryo has developed full set of organs
28. Produce images of the foetus. Doctor uses the scan to work out stage of baby and
check for problems.
29. A smoker carries less oxygen than a normal/ non-smoker. Foetus does not get
enough oxygen. Results in a foetus being premature (born early and small).
30. Contractions start and become more powerful and more frequent. [1] The cervix
muscles relax which opens the cervix. [2] Strong contractions of uterus push the
baby out.[3] Afterbirth/ placenta detaches and passes out.[4]
31. When physical changes happen in the body – hair growth, gametes start being
released, sex organs enlarge
32. 28 days/ 1 month
33. Ovulation/ egg released
34. uterus lining breaks apart, cycle restarts
35. if a female becomes pregnant, the menstrual cycle stops. The uterus lining thus
continues to become thicker to ensure it can provide the placenta with a rich supply
of nutrients and oxygen in the blood. (some students may also mention that it helps
to support and protect an embryo)
36. changes in an organism from birth until it can have offspring.