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HKDSE Chemistry: Acids and Bases Solutions

The document covers various chemistry problems related to the concentration of solutions, including calculations for molarity, dilution, and the effects of evaporation. It includes structured questions and answers on topics such as the preparation of solutions, the composition of milk, and the handling of acids. The content is aimed at students preparing for the HKDSE Chemistry examination.

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159 views9 pages

HKDSE Chemistry: Acids and Bases Solutions

The document covers various chemistry problems related to the concentration of solutions, including calculations for molarity, dilution, and the effects of evaporation. It includes structured questions and answers on topics such as the preparation of solutions, the composition of milk, and the handling of acids. The content is aimed at students preparing for the HKDSE Chemistry examination.

Uploaded by

1 sky
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part IV Acids and bases

Chemistry: Chapter 15 Concentration of solutions


Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 15 Concentration of solutions

Structured questions

Sections 15.1−15.2
|!|CMELF0041500001|!| |!|CSELF0041500001|!|
A student prepared 150 cm3 of 1 M MgSO4 solution. She left the flask unstoppered
and noticed that there was a weight loss in the flask. The weight of the flask changed
as follows:

after two days

(a) What was the cause of the weight loss? (1 mark)

(b) Would the resultant solution become concentrated or diluted after two days?
Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(c) What was the molarity of the solution after two days?
(Density of water = 1 g cm−3) (3 marks)

##
(a) It was due to the evaporation of water. 1
(b) The solution would become concentrated 1

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

as the amount of MgSO4 remained the same but there was less water
(solvent). 1
(c) Let X be the new molarity,
(158.3 − 135.4) g
Volume of water evaporated = −3
= 22.9 cm3 1
1.0 g cm
Since the number of moles of MgSO4 remained the same before and after
evaporation of water,
150 (150 − 22.9)
1 mol dm−3 × dm3 = X mol dm−3 × dm3 1
1000 1000
X = 1.18 M 1
___
6
##

|!|CMELF0041500002|!| |!|CSELF0041500002|!|
The compositions of two brands of Hi-Ca milk are listed below:

Brand Volume of milk per box Mass of CaCl2 Mass of Ca3(PO4)2


X 0.88 L 1.32 g 0.30 g
Y 1L 1.86 g 0.08 g

(1 L = 1 dm3)

(a) What is the molarity of calcium ion in milk X? (3 marks)


(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, P = 31.0, Cl = 35.5, Ca = 41.0)

(b) What is the molarity of calcium ion in milk Y? (3 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

(c) For one standard box of milk, which brand is richer in calcium? (1 mark)

##
(a) Number of moles of Ca2+ in 1.32 g of CaCl2
1.32 g
= = 0.0119 mol 1
(40.1 + 35.5  2) g mol −1
Number of moles of Ca2+ in 0.30 g of Ca3(PO4)2
0.30 g
= × 3 = 0.0029 mol 1
[40.1  3 + 2  (31.0 + 16.0  4)] g mol −1
(0.0119 + 0.0029) mol
Concentration of Ca2+ in milk X = = 0.0168 M 1
0.88 dm 3
(b) Number of moles of Ca2+ in 1.86 g of CaCl2
1.86 g
= = 0.0167 mol 1
(40.1 + 35.5  2) g mol −1
Number of moles of Ca2+ in 0.30 g of Ca3(PO4)2
0.08 g
= × 3 = 7.74 × 10−4 mol 1
[40.1  3 + 2  (31.0 + 16.0  4)] g mol −1
(0.0167 + 7.74  10 − 4 ) mol
Concentration of Ca2+ in milk Y = = 0.0174 M 1
1 dm 3
(c) Milk Y 1
___
7
##

|!|CMELF0041500003|!| |!|CSELF0041500003|!|
Potassium permanganate can be used to clean wounds. 1 M potassium permanganate
solution should be diluted by 1:99 (volume: volume) with water before use.

(a) What is the colour of potassium permanganate solution? (1 mark)

(b) What would be observed during the dilution process? (1 mark)

(c) (i) In preparing a potassium permanganate solution for cleaning wound, what is
the volume of 1.0 M potassium permanganate that should be added to 1000
cm3 of water? (2 marks)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

(ii) What is the molarity of the solution? (2 marks)

##
(a) Purple 1
(b) The purple solution becomes paler. 1
1
(c) (i) Volume of KMnO4 added = 1000 cm3 × 1
99 + 1
= 10 cm3 1
(ii) Let M be the molarity of the diluted solution.
10
1 mol dm−3 × dm3 = M mol dm−3 × 1 dm3 1
1000
M = 0.01 M 1
___
6
##

|!|CMELH0041500004|!| |!|CSELH0041500004|!|
A student helps his father to prepare a fertilizer solution for a large potted plant. He is
given a bottle of 0.5 M NH4NO3 and a bottle of 0.5 M KCl. His father asks him to
prepare a fertilizer solution with the following composition:

Amount needed
Nitrogen 2g
Potassium 1g
Volume of solution 250 cm3

The student plans to mix X cm3 of 0.5 M NH4NO3, Y cm3 of 0.5 M KCl and Z cm3 of
water to make up the fertilizer solution.

(a) How many moles of nitrogen are needed in the fertilizer solution? (1 mark)
(Relative atomic mass: N = 14.0)

(b) How many moles of potassium are needed in the fertilizer solution? (1 mark)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

(Relative atomic mass: K = 39.1)

(c) Determine the values of X, Y and Z. (5 marks)

##
2g
(a) Number of moles of nitrogen needed = mol = 0.143 mol 1
14 g mol −1
1g
(b) Number of moles of potassium needed = mol = 0.0256 mol 1
39.1 g mol −1
(c) Number of moles of nitrogen needed = number of moles of nitrogen in X
cm3 of 0.5 M NH4NO3
X
dm3 × 0.5 mol dm−3 × 2 = 0.143 mol 1
1000
X = 143 1
Number of moles of potassium needed = number of moles of potassium
in Y cm3 of 0.5 M KCl
Y
dm3 × 0.5 mol dm−3 = 0.0256 mol 1
1000
Y = 51.2 1
Since X + Y + Z = 250
Z = 55.8 1
___
7
##

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

|!|CMELF0041500005|!| |!|CSELF0041500005|!|
A student tried to prepare dilute sulphuric acid from a bottle of concentrated sulphuric
acid.

(a) Suggest a hazard label on a bottle of concentrated sulphuric acid. (1 mark)

(b) Briefly describe how to dilute concentrated sulphuric acid. Explain your answer.
(2 marks)

(c) Calculate the volume of water that should be added to dilute 10.0 cm3 of 16.0 M
H2SO4 to 0.2 M. (2 marks)

(d) What would happen when a beaker of concentrated sulphuric acid is left
unattended in the school laboratory? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

##
(a) Corrosive / oxidizing 1
(b) Concentrated sulphuric acid should be added slowly to a large amount of
water with stirring. 1
This is because a lot of heat is given out during the dilution process. 1
(c) Number of moles of H2SO4 in 10.0 cm3 of 16.0 M H2SO4
10.0
= 16.0 mol dm−3 × dm3 = 0.16 mol 1
1000
0.16 mol
Volume of 0.2 M H2SO4 after dilution = −3
= 0.8 dm3 = 800 cm3
0.2 mol dm

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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

Volume of water has to be added = 800 cm3 − 10.0 cm3 = 790 cm3 1
(d) The volume of sulphuric acid increases 1
as concentrated sulphuric acid absorbs water vapour from air. 1
___
7
##

|!|CMELH0041500006|!| |!|CSELH0041500006|!|
A sample of concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 35% by mass of HCl in the
solution. The density of the acid is 1.19 g cm−3.

(a) What is the mass of HCl in 1500 cm3 of the above concentrated hydrochloric
acid? (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the molarity of hydrochloric acid. (2 marks)


(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, Cl = 35.5)

(c) When a flask containing concentrated hydrochloric acid is opened, white fume
comes out. Suggest what the fume is. (1 mark)

(d) In order to make 50.0 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid from the above concentrated
hydrochloric acid, what is the volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid and
water required? (3 marks)

##
(a) Mass of HCl in 1500 cm3 of the acid
= 1.19 g cm−3 × 1500 cm3 × 35% = 625 g 1

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

625 g
(b) Number of moles of HCl = = 17.1 mol 1
(1.0 + 35.5) g mol −1
17.1 mol
Molarity of hydrochloric acid = = 11.4 mol dm−3 1
1500
dm 3
1000
(c) Hydrogen chloride 1
50.0
(d) Number of moles of HCl = 1 mol dm−3 × dm3 = 0.050 mol 1
1000
Volume of concentrated hydrochloric acid required
0.050 mol
= −3
= 0.00439 dm3 = 4.39 cm3 1
11.4 mol dm
Volume of water required = (50.0 − 4.39) cm3 = 45.6 cm3 1
___
7
##

|!|CMELF0041500007|!| |!|CSELF0041500007|!|
Chlorine bleach is a common domestic cleaner. The active ingredient in chlorine
bleach is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl).

(a) What is the molarity of hypochlorite ions if the bleach contains 4.2% by mass of
sodium hypochlorite? Assume the density of bleach solution is 1.0 g cm−3.
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Na = 23.0, Cl = 35.5) (3 marks)

(b) If 50 cm3 of bleach is diluted to 250 cm3, what is concentration of hypochlorite


ions in the diluted solution (in g dm−3)? (3 marks)

(c) State ONE precaution when using chlorine bleach solution. (1 mark)

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)
Part IV Acids and bases

##
(a) Assume that the volume of bleach solution is 1 dm3.
Mass of NaOCl in the solution = 1.0 g cm−3 × 1000 cm3 × 4.2% = 42.0 g 1
42.0 g
Number of moles of NaOCl = = 0.564 mol 1
(23.0 + 16.0 + 35.5) g mol −1
0.564 mol
Molarity of NaOCl = molarity of OCl− = 3
= 0.564 mol dm−3 1
1 dm
(b) Number of moles of NaOCl in 50 cm3 of bleach solution
50
= 0.564 mol dm−3 × dm3 = 0.0282 mol 1
1000
Mass of NaOCl in 250 cm3 of diluted solution
= 0.0282 mol × (23.0 + 16.0 + 35.5) g mol−1 = 2.10 g 1
2.10 g
Concentration of OCl− of 250 cm3 of solution = = 8.40 g dm−3 1
250
dm 3
1000
(c) Do not mix the bleach with other cleaners / acids. 1
(Accept other reasonable answers)
___
7
##

© Aristo Educational Press Ltd 2014 Chapter 15


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Common questions

Powered by AI

Molar mass is crucial for converting between mass and moles, directly affecting solution molarity calculations and stoichiometry in reactions. Accurate determination of components, as in the MgSO4 evaporation case where moles don't change despite weight loss, depends on precise molar mass knowledge for achieving intended chemical outcomes .

The weight loss in the flask is due to the evaporation of water. As the solvent, water evaporates, the concentration of the solution increases because the solute (e.g., MgSO4) amount remains constant while the volume of the solvent decreases, leading to a more concentrated solution .

For milk brand X, the molarity of Ca2+ is 0.0168 M, calculated from the masses of CaCl2 and Ca3(PO4)2 used, resulting in 0.0119 mol and 0.0029 mol of Ca2+ respectively. For brand Y, the molarity of Ca2+ is 0.0174 M, derived from the 1.86 g CaCl2 (0.0167 mol) and 0.30 g Ca3(PO4)2 (7.74 × 10^-4 mol). Despite the smaller volume, brand Y is richer in calcium .

Stronger solute-solvent interactions lower vapor pressure and increase boiling points due to decreased solvent evaporation. This colligative property is evidenced by solutions like MgSO4, where solute presence reinforces intermolecular forces, reducing volatile evaporation and necessitating careful concentration adjustment as seen in practical preparations .

Solubility generally increases with temperature as higher kinetic energy allows for greater interaction between solute and solvent. This principle impacts solution preparation, as seen with crystalline solutes like MgSO4, facilitating dissolution in warm conditions and requiring corrections for evaporation in cooling scenarios. It affects concentrations post-solvent evaporation, influencing precise preparations in laboratory settings .

Maintaining precise molarity poses challenges due to evaporation altering solvent volume or chemical decomposition. Solutions like concentrated H2SO4 absorb moisture, skewing concentration unless stored airtight. Regular validation through titrations or refractometry ensures concentration integrity, vital for consistent experimental results .

To determine the concentration, consider the percentage by mass and density of the solution. For example, sodium hypochlorite in bleach, when at 4.2% mass in a solvent with a density of 1.0 g/cm^3, results in a molarity of 0.564 mol/dm^3. To adjust, dilute by calculated ratios; e.g., diluting 50 cm^3 to 250 cm^3 changes concentration to 8.40 g/dm^3 .

The white fume results from hydrogen chloride gas reacting with moisture in the air, forming tiny droplets of hydrochloric acid mist. This indicates the volatility and potential hazards of concentrated acids, as the resulting aerosol can cause irritation and damage if inhaled or contacted .

To safely dilute concentrated sulfuric acid, add the acid slowly to a larger volume of water with constant stirring. This is crucial because the reaction releases significant heat, and adding acid to water dissipates this heat more efficiently than vice versa, reducing the risk of splattering .

One method involves titration with a standard solution of known concentration, comparing endpoint stoichiometry with the theoretical content. Alternatively, use gravimetric analysis by evaporating the solvent, weighing the residue, and calculating back the percentage using known sample mass and density, aligning with situations analyzing HCl in solutions .

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