10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR 1OTH GRADE THIRD TERM

NAME OF STUDENT: _____________________________

CLASS:_________________________________________

BY CHIBUA S.O.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

SCHEME OF WORK FOR PHYSICS

THIRD TERM – 10TH GRADE
WEEKS TOPICS CONTENTS

1 Kick off test Kick-off test and compound cleaning

2 Gravitational Field 1. Explain acceleration due to gravity

2. Shape and dimension of earth
3 Electric Field 1. Electric lines off force
2. Potential difference and electric current
3. Production of electric current
4 Electric Field continued 1. Electric current
2. Electric conduction through materials
3. Ohm’s law and its use to solve simple problems
5 Particulate Nature of matter 1. Explain structure of matter
2. Evidence of particulate nature of matter
3. Simple atomic structure
4. Molecules: their nature and size
6 Particulate Nature of matter 1. Crystal structure of matter
continued 2. States of matter- solid, liquid and gaseous
3. Photon- particle nature of photon
7 Elasticity 1. Definition, Hooke’s law
2. Young Modulus
3. Energy stored in springs
8 Unit of measurement in Unit of measurement in Industry:
industry
1. Temperature – degree, Fahrenheit
2. Power – Horse power
3. Oil – Barrels, Land – Acres
9 Electrical Continuity Testing Continuity faults in electric circuits – ( provide materials for
constructing an electric tester)

10 Solar Collector 1. Solar energy

2. Solar panel for energy supply
11 Experiment 1. Verification of Hooke’s law and determination of the
force constant of a spring
2. Verification of Ohm’s law and determination of the
resistance of a resistor using Voltmeter/Ammeter
method
12 Revision

13 Examination

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al. 2011.
2. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W. 2010
3. Comprehensive Certificate Physics by Olumuyiwa Awe and Okunola, O.O. 2009.
4. Science Teachers Association of Nigeria Physics for Senior Secondary School, Book 1. New
Edition; 2012.
5. Melrose Physics for Senior Secondary School, Book 1 by Akano, O and Onanuga, O.O. 2012.

WEEK 1

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
TOPIC: REVISION OF SECOND TERM’S WORK.

CONTENT:
The educator should make a good revision of the last term’s work especially on areas the
students are having problems.

GENERAL EVALUATION:
Educator should construct questions based on previous term’s work to ascertain the level of
recalling.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
Educator should give the students questions based on the previous term’s work and also prepare
the students’ mind for week 2.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’Description and Properties of Field’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

WEEK 2:

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
TOPIC: GRAVITATIONAL FIELD
CONTENT:
1. Gravitational field
2. Gravitational Field Lines
3. Acceleration Due to Gravity
4. Shape of the Earth

SUB-TOPIC 1: GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

Gravitational field is a region of space or a force field surrounding a body that has the
property of mass.

In this region, any object that has mass will experience a force of attraction, called gravitational
force.
Gravitational force is responsible for the fact that any object thrown up must definitely fall back.
This force of gravity pulls every object towards the centre of the earth. That is to say,
gravitational force causes a body which is not in contact with the earth to fall to the ground. This
therefore means that the earth exerts an attractive force on every object either on it or near it.
Similarly, two objects of different masses exert equal and opposite forces of attraction on each
other.

The radial field near a planet (e.g, earth) is shown below:

planet

Gravitational Field Lines

- The lines of force are directed towards the centre of the planet; hence, it is a radial field.
- The gravitational force field (field strength) ‘g’ at a point is the force per unit mass placed
at that point.
𝑭
𝒊. 𝒆, 𝒈 = 𝒊𝒏 𝑵/𝒌𝒈 𝒃𝒖𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝑰 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒊𝒔 𝒎/𝒔𝟐
𝒎

- Any force acting on a body falling towards the centre of the earth is given by 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
- Gravitational field is a vector quantity.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

Sub-Topic 2: ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY

When an object is dropped from the top of a hill or even a tree, the body moves and increases in
velocity until it touches the ground with a velocity of finite value. Such movement is influenced
by the earth’s gravitational field. The increase in velocity is therefore due to acceleration due to
gravity which is usually represented by ‘g’. The motion of such body under gravity is always
described as motion under free fall.

However, when two bodies of different masses are released from a height above the ground
level, they do hit the ground at the same time. This is because acceleration due to gravity at a
location is the same for all bodies irrespective of their masses and thus reach the ground at the
same time.
This constant acceleration is called acceleration due to gravity and has a value of 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 or
10𝑚/𝑠 2 .
When a body is released from a height so that it falls towards the centre of the earth, ‘g’ is
positive; but when a body is thrown upward, it goes against ‘g’ thereby decreasing in velocity
until it momentarily comes to rest at the maximum height. For upward movement, ‘g’ is
negative.

The equations connecting acceleration due to gravity, ‘g’ are as follows:

1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
When a body is released from rest at a certain height so that it falls towards the centre of the
earth,

1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 2
2
Since, 𝑢 = 0, 2𝑠 = 𝑔𝑡 2
2𝑠
∴ 𝑡2 = 𝑔
2𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 This equation shows that the time to reach the ground does not depend on the
mass of the object.

Determination of Acceleration Due to Gravity

The value of ‘g’ could be determined using:
1. Formula method: A body is released from a height ‘s’ and the time t is taken; then use
1
𝑠 = 2 𝑔𝑡 2 to get the value of ‘g’.
2. Simple Pendulum Experiment method: The value of ‘g’ could also be determined using
this experiment.
The period T for the oscillation is given by:

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
𝑙
𝐵𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎, 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑇 2 = 4𝜋 2 (𝑔)
4𝜋 2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑇 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑇 2 = 𝑙
𝑔
4𝜋 2
A. Hence, the slope for such graph is 𝑔
𝑔
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑇 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑙 = 4𝜋2 𝑇 2
2
𝑔
And the slope for such graph is 4𝜋2
In any case, from the slope, you get the value of ‘g’.
(NB: Educator should carry out the two experiments with the students).

Evaluation:
1. What is the value of acceleration due to gravity?
2. What is the mathematical relationship between the period of oscillation T and the length of the
string used l in a simple pendulum experiment?

Sub-Topic 3: SHAPE AND DIMENSION OF THE EARTH.

Greenwich
meridian 0°
N-pole

N-hemisphere

Equator line 0°

S-hemisphere

S-pole

The earth is one of the nine planets in the solar system. It is spherical is shape. It is also divided
into two hemispheres – the Northern and Southern hemispheres. There are two major types of
lines that run through the earth. They include:
- The latitude lines and
- The longitude lines
The latitude lines are imaginary lines running from the east to the west, north or south of the
equator. This means that they increase towards the North or South. Examples are:
A. Tropic of cancer
B. Tropic of capricon

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

C. Artic circle
D. Antartic circle.
E. The equator line on zero degree 0°
The longitude lines are imaginary lines running from the North pole to the South pole, east or
west of the Greenwich meridian. They increase towards the east or west. E.g, the Greenwich
meridian on zero degree 0° running through Ghana and London.

However, the earth has a radius of approximately 6400km.

Evaluation:
1. State two differences between latitude lines and longitude lines.
2. Mention two examples of the lines of latitude.
3. What is the approximate radius of the earth?

WEEK 3

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: ELECTRIC FIELD

CONTENT:

1. Electric Field
2. Electric Field Lines
3. Electric Current, Potential Difference, Electromotive Force
4. Electric Current Circuit
5. Sources of Electric Current

SUB-TOPIC 1: Electric Field

An electric field is a region around an electric charge where it exerts force on other charges. It
is a field where an electric influence is felt.

The patterns of the electric lines of force are shown below:

1. Isolated positive and negative charge field lines:

-
+

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

2. Attraction between unlike charges:

+ -

3. Repulsion between like charges:

+ NP + - NP -

NP means Neutral Point. In this point, no electrical influence is felt.

SUB -TOPIC 2: Electric Field Lines

- Electric lines of force originate from a positive charge and terminate in a negative charge.
- Electric lines of force never cross each other.
- They repel each other side ways.
- They are in a state of tension which tends to shorten them.
- The electric field ∈ at a point is defined as the force per unit charge placed at that point.

𝒊. 𝒆, ∈ = 𝑭/𝒒 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝑵𝒆𝒘𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃 𝑵/𝑪

SUB – TOPIC 3: Electric current, potential difference, Electromotive force

Electric current (I):

Electric Current is defined as the time rate of flow of electric charge along a conductor.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

𝑸
𝑰=
𝒕

Q is the quantity of charge measured in Coulomb, ‘t’ is the time in second . I is the current in
Ampre (A).There are submultiples of Ampre

1mA = 10-3A
1μA = 10-6A
Ammeter is an instrument used for measuring current. The electric symbol for ammeter is

Milliameter measure smaller current.

Galvanometer are used to detect very small current.

Electric circuit

An electric circuit is the path provided for the flow of electric current.

An electric circuit is a system that consists of the source of electricity, the key or switch and the
connecting wires, ammeter to measure the current, voltmeter to measure the potential difference,
Resistor or load and a rheostat to adjust the flow of current.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Resistor Rheostat

A Ammeter

key
Battery/cell

Closed Circuit: It is a circuit in which there is no gap (key closed) along the conducting path.

Load
Key closed

cell
Open circuit: It is a circuit in which there is a gap (key open) along the conducting path.

Load
key

Dry cell

Short Circuit: A short circuit is a closed circuit without a load. The terminals of the cell are
connected together.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

Key closed

cell
Potential difference ( V):

The potential difference between any two points in an electric field is defined as the work done
in moving a positive charge of 1 coulomb from one point in the electric field to another.

Potential difference is measured in volts.

Voltmeter is used to measure potential difference.

𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑽 = 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆

Electromotive force: Electromotive force is defined as the total work done in driving one
coulomb of electricity round a closed circuit or the total energy per coulomb obtained from a cell
or battery.
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌
𝑬. 𝒎. 𝒇 =
𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆
Electromotive force can also be defined as the potential difference across the terminal of a cell
when it not delivering current to an external circuit or the potential difference across the terminal
of a cell when it is in an open circuit.

Resistance: This can be defined as the opposition to the flow of charges (electrons) or current. Its
S.I unit is Ohm. It is measured using Ohmmeter.

Types of Resistors:
i. Fixed/standard resistor: They have fixed resistance. The electrical symbol is
OR
ii. Variable resistor: They are those resistors whose resistance can be varied such as
Resistance box and Rheostat. The electrical symbols are

EVALUATION:
1. Define the following terms
i. Resistor
ii. Electromotive force

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

iii. Current.
iv. Lines of force
v. Potential difference

Sub- Topic 3: SOURCES OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

Electric current can be generated from the following sources.

1. Chemical energy: Electrical cells store chemical energy. There are two types of electrical
cell. The primary cell and the secondary cell. The primary cell cannot be recharged while
the secondary cell can be recharged.

2. Heat Energy: Electricity can be generated by thermoelectric effect using a thermocouple,

which consists of two different metallic wires joined and dipped in hot water while the
other end is connected to a sensitive galvanometer.

3. Mechanical Energy: Current can be obtained from the generator. The generator converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy by the principle of electromagnetic induction.

4. Solar Energy: Electricity can be generated from solar energy using the solar cell. In the
solar cell solar energy is converted to electrical energy.

GENERAL EVALUATION
Explain at least three sources of generating electricity.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
1. Which of the following is not part of a circuit?
A. cell B. Key C. load D. film
2. Which of the following types of energy is stored by a dry Leclanche cell ?
A. Chemical energy B. Nuclear energy
C. Solar energy D. Heat energy.
3. Electrical resistance is the property of a conductor that enables electrical energy to be converted to
A. Heat energy B. Chemical energy C. Mechanical energy D. Solar energy
4. Which of the following statements is not correct about an electric field?
A. It is a force field. B. It is a scalar quantity
C. Its strength may be expressed in volts per meter.
D. Its intensity at a point obeys the inverse square law.
5. In a domestic circuit, electrical appliances and lamps are arranged in parallel across the mains soas
to enable the
A. same current to flow through the electrical appliances and the lamps.
B. maximum energy to be consumed at least cost.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

C. same fuse to be used for the electrical appliances and the lamps.
D. voltage across the appliances not to be affected when the lamps are switched on and
off.

1. (a) Define electric field.

(b) Draw the electric field pattern around two unlike charges.

2. (a) Define the electromotive force and terminal potential difference of a battery.

(b) Explain why the electromotive force of a cell is not always the same as the

potential difference between its terminals.

PRE-READING ASSIGNMENT

Read Ohm’s law in your physics Text book

WEEKEND ACTIVITY: State Ohm’s law.

WEEK 4

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: ELECTRIC FIELD

CONTENT
1. Arrangement of resistors and Ohm’s law
2. Calculations using Ohm’s law
3. Electrical energy and power
4. Continuity faults in electric circuit, Fuse and circuit breaker.

Sub- Topic 1: Arrangement of resistors and Ohm’s law

Resistors can arranged in series and in parallel

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

When resistors are arranged in series in a circuit, the same current flows but, they have
different potential differences.

When they are connected in parallel, they have the same potential difference but different
current.

OHM’S LAW
The electric current passing through a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference applied between its end provided temperature and other physical property of the
conductor remains constant.

Potential difference
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
Reistance

V = IR

R is a constant of proportionality and depends on the nature of the material. The unit of
resistance is ohm.

CALCULATIONS
1. A potential difference of 240V is applied to a lamp of 60 ohms resistance. What amount of current
will flow in the circuit?

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

SOLUTION

Potential differencr
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = Eesistance

240
𝐼= = 4A
60

2. Calculate the effective resistance in the diagram

shown below.
2Ω
4Ω

2Ω

b. Calculate the current flowing in the circuit above

SOLUTION:
Solve the parallel first,
1 1 1
= +
𝑅𝑃 𝑅1 𝑅2
1 1 1 1 2
𝑅𝑃 = 2 + 2 𝑅𝑃 = 2 = 1, 𝑅𝑃 =1Ω
R = 𝑅𝑃 + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5Ω

b. Total resistance = 5Ω.

From Ohm’s law,

Potential difference
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = Eesistance

20
𝐼= = 4A
5
3. A current of 3A flows in a circuit when a p.d of 24V is applied to it. The resistance across the
circuit is
Solution:
𝐼 = 3𝐴
𝑉 = 24 𝑉
𝑅 =?
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅
24 = 3 × 𝑅
24
𝑅= =8Ω
3

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EVALUATION

1. A cell of e.m.f 1.5V and internal resistance of 2.5 is connected in series with an ammeter of
resistance 0.5 and a resistor of resistance 7.0. Calculate current in the circuit.
A. 0.15A B. 0.20A C. 0.60A D. 3.00A
2. Calculate the terminal potential difference across a 20 resistor connected to a battery of e.m.f
15V and internal resistance 5.
A. 60.0V B. 15.0 C. 12.0V D. 6.3V

Sub- Topic 2: Electrical energy and power

Electrical Energy: If Q coulombs of electricity flows between two points whose potential
difference is V volts, then the work done (W) is given by

W = QV

JOULES = COULOMB X VOLTS

But Q = It
Substituting Q = It;

𝑊 = (𝐼𝑡)𝑉

𝑊 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡

𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂ℎ𝑚 𝑙𝑎𝑤

𝑊 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡

𝑉
𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼 =
𝑅

𝑉2
𝑊= 𝑡
𝑅

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

𝐸 = 𝐼𝑉𝑡

𝐸 = 𝐼 2 𝑅𝑡

𝑉2
𝐸= 𝑡
𝑅

Electrical Power (P): Power is defined as the time rate of doing work.

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Energy
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
time
VIt
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
t
𝑃 = 𝐼𝑉

𝑃 = 𝐼2𝑅

𝑉2
𝑃=
𝑅
𝐸
𝑃=
𝑡
ELECTRIC METER READING AND BILLING

To measure or read electricity consumed in order to bill the consumer accordingly, the standard unit
commonly used is the kilowatt/hour.

1 unit of the electric power is the watt

1 watt= 1 volts x 1 ampere

Hence, the electrical meter is a device used for recording the number of units of electrical energy
consumed in a house over a period of time.

1KWh = 1000 x 60 x60J

= 3.6 X 106 Joules of energy

The actual cost per unit to electrical energy varies with the nature of the use to which the energy is put.

The PHCN also charges a fixed charge and meter maintenance charge every month. This also varies
according to the tariff rate of the consumer.

Example: 1. the tariff rate of a consumer is N4. 00 per unit. The present meter reading is 3760 units
while the reading was 3648 units.

a. What is the consumption of the household after one month?

b. If the fixed charge is N30 and the meter maintenance charge is N100. What is the current charge
of the consumer?
SOLUTION: i. the consumption of the household is the difference between the present reading and the
previous reading.

3760 – 3648 = 112units.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

a. The energy charge of the consumer = 112 x 4. 00 = N448. 00k

Fixed charges = N30

b. Meter maintenance charge = N100

Current charges =N(448 + 30 + 100) = N578 . 00

EVALUATION

1. A1600 Watts electric oven is used for 9 hours. Calculate the cost of using the N3. 00 per unit of
energy. (Energy Consumed = power x time).What are the functions of the ammeter and voltmeter?

Sub- Topic 3: Fuse and circuit breaker, Continuity faults in electric circuit.

FUSE AND CIRCUIT BREAKER

fuse is a safety device containing a short length of thin conducting wire, which melts and breaks the
circuit, if the current exceeds a certain safe value or maximum operating limit.

Circuit Breaker on the other hand works in the same way as the fuse. It is usually placed beside the
electric meter such that the current enters it first before going into the meter.

Continuity Tester: To detect faults in a circuit, we use a continuity tester. It is used to test whether a
circuit is continuous or broken at a certain point.

Connecting
wire

Cell
Electric bulb

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. A car fuse is marked 15A and operates normally on a 12V battery. Calculate the resistance of the
fuse wire.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Calculate the terminal potential difference across a 20 resistor connected to a battery of e.m.f 15V
and internal resistance 5.
A. 60.0V B. 15.0 V C. 12.0 V D. 6.3V

2. Two identical cells each of emf 2V and internal resistance 1.0 are connected in parallel. The
combination is connected to an external load of 1.5. Calculate the current in the circuit.
A. 0.57A B. 1.00A C. 1.14A D. 2.00A

3. A car fuse marked 3A operates optimally on a 12V battery, calculate the resistance of the fuse.
A. 36.0 B. 15.0 C. 9.0 D. 4.0
4. A lamp is marked 220V, 60W. Calculate the energy it would consume when connected to a
220V source for 1 hour.
A. 216000J B. 13200J C. 3600J C. 864J

5. Three identical lamps each of power 100W, are connected in parallel across a potential difference of
250V. Calculate the current in the circuit.
A. 7.5A B. 2.5A C. 1.2A D. 0.8A

ESSAY

1. A television 65W, a refrigerator 12kW, an electric kettle 650W and 10 lamps 40W each are connected
in series in a house. How much will it cost the housekeeper to switch on all the appliances for 24 hours,
if the cost of electricity is 15 kobo per KWh?

2. An electric heater is rated 1000W, 250V.

a. Calculate the resistance of the heating element when in use.
b. If electricity is charged at N2 per kilowatt hour and the heater is used for 30min each day, calculate
the cost per month for 30days.

REFERENCE TEXTS:
1. New School Physics for senior secondary schools by M.W. Anyakoha
2. Senior secondary physics by P.N Okeke, F.N Okeke, S.F. Akande

WEEK 5:

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

TOPIC: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER:

CONTENT:
1. Structure of matter - Evidence of particle nature of matter
2. Simple atomic structure
3. Molecules -Their nature & Size.

Sub-Topic 1: STRUCTURE OF MATTER

Matter can be defined as anything that has mass and occupies space. All substances are made up
of matter and are all acted upon by gravitational force towards the centre of the earth.
When a matter such as a piece of yam is cut into smaller and smaller bits, one would eventually
find the smallest particle which could not be divided further. Such particles are called molecules.
Matter can exist in the following states:
- Solid state
- Liquid state and
- Gaseous state.

Evidence of Particle Nature of Matter

The fact that matter is made up of particles is evident from the phenomena of diffusion and
Brownian motion.
The random motion of particles such as smoke as a result of being bombarded by invisible air
molecules is known as Brownian motion.

Diffusion is the process by which substances mix thoroughly, together and intimately with one
another as a result of the random motion of their molecules.

The direction of the molecules is in such a way that they flow from the region of higher
concentration to the region of lower concentration. Diffusion is fastest in gaseous state and least
in solid state.

The rate of diffusion is affected by the following factors:

- Mass of the molecules
- Temperature
- Density
- Pressure
- Concentration gradient
Other evidences of the particulate nature of matter are osmosis (the movement of molecules from
a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration across a thin permeable
membrane), and law of definite proportion.

Evaluation:
1. On what condition will a body be considered a matter?

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

2. In what state of matter is diffusion a) fastest b) slowest?

3. What is the direction of flow of molecules during diffusion?

Sub-Topic 2: SIMPLE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Nucleus
Proton
Neutron

Electron
Outermost shell

- An atom is defined as the smallest unit of matter that can take part in a chemical reaction
and is not capable of independent existence.
- Every atom of a substance is believed to have a nucleus of about 10-15m in diameter. The
nucleus of an atom contains neutron and proton, called the nucleons.
- A nuclide is a particular species of atom, one whose nucleus contains a specified number
of protons and neutrons.
- The atomic number Z (when an element 𝐴𝑍𝑋 is considered), is the number of protons
contained in the nucleus. This is equal to the number of electrons in a neutral atom of the
element.
- The mass number A is the number nucleons (protons plus neutrons) in the nucleus.
- Isotopes are nuclides having the same atomic number but different mass number. E.g,
35 37
17𝐶𝑙, 17𝐶𝑙
- Isobars are nuclides having the same mass number but different atomic number. E.g
40 40
18𝐴𝑟, 20𝐶𝑎

The below table summarizes the properties of the elementary particles in the atom of an
element.

S/N Elementary Charge(Coulomb) Mass(kg) Location in

Particles the atom

1. Proton Positively charged (+1.6 × 1.67 × 10−27 Nucleus

10−19 )

2. Neutron Neutral 1.67 × 10−27 Nucleus

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

3. Electron Negatively charged (−1.6 × 9.1 × 10−31 Outermost

10−19 ) shell or orbit

Particle Charge Mass (kg) Relative Mass

(amu)

Proton +1 1.6727 x 10-27 1.007316

Neutron 0 1.6750 x 10-27 1.008701

Electron -1 9.110 x 10-31 1

0.000549 (1836)

The important points to keep in mind are as follows:

 Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass, while the electron is approximately
2000 times lighter.
 Protons and electrons carry charges of equal magnitude, but opposite charge. Neutrons
carry no charge (they are neutral).

Evaluation

1. What are the elementary particles contained in the nucleus of an atom?

2. Write down their masses and charges.

3. Which particle is located in the outermost shell?

Sub-Topic 3: MOLECULES -THEIR NATURE & SIZE

All matter is made up of tiny particles called molecules. These molecules themselves are
made up of tinier particles called atoms. Both molecules and atom are too tiny to be seen
with the naked eyes.
One mole of every substance is believed to contain about 6.02 × 1023 molecules. One
molecule of a substance could be found from the combination of two or more elements of
that substance.

Hence, we define a molecule as ‘’ the smallest unit of matter that is capable of

independent existence’’.

This means that a molecule of a substance could exist alone.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

An atom is defined as the smallest unit of matter that can take part in a chemical
reaction and is not capable of independent existence.

An element is any substance in which everything could be built up. It is a substance

which consists of only one kind of matter and cannot be broken down into anything
simpler by any chemical means.

Evaluation:
Define the following terms.
i. Molecule
ii. An atom
iii. An element.
iv. Which of the above is capable of dependent existence?
v. Which of them is capable of independent existence?

GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Differentiate an atom from a molecule.
2. Highlight the states of matter.
3. Enumerate the factors capable of influencing diffusion rate.
4. What were the evidences to prove the particulate nature of matter?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT:
1. The following are elementary particle, except ---
A. Electron
B. Nucleus
C. Neutron
D. Proton
2. In a neutral atom of an element,
A. The quantity of electron at the orbit outnumber that of the proton in the nucleus.
1
B. The electron has no charge but has a relative mass of 1840 .
C. The number of proton in the nucleus equals that of the electron in the outermost shell.
D. The charge on the proton equals that of the neutron in the nucleus.
3. Which of the following is the correct mass value for an electron?
A. 9.110 x 10-31g
B. 9.110 x 10-30 kg
C. 6.110 x 10-31 kg

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

D. 9.110 x 10-31 kg
4. One of the below is capable of independent existence.
A. Atom
B. Element
C. Molecule
D. Compound
5. Considering the element, 𝑄𝑃𝑅 , ‘P’ represents ---
A. Atomic number.
B. Mass number.
C. Number of proton
D. Non of the above.
Essay
1. Briefly discuss the atomic structure.
2. Make a distinction between an isotope and an isobar.
READING ASSIGNMENT
Read up the topic: ‘’Crystal Structure of Matter’’ in the following text books.
i. Senior Secondary School Physics by P.N. Okeke et al.
ii. New School Physics for Senior Secondary Schools by Anyakoha, M.W.

WEEK 6

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER (CONT’D)

CONTENTS

1. Crystal structure of matter

2. Crystalline and amorphous substances
3. The three state of matter ( solid, liquid and gaseous)
4. Photons (particle nature of photons)

Sub-Topic 1: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF MATTER

A crystal is a solid matter that has definite melting point and definite characteristic shape
irrespective of the size. In any crystal, the atoms, molecules or irons are arranged in definite
repetitive pattern or lattice. Substances which have the same crystalline shape are said to be
isomorphous. This implies that crystalline substances exist in different shapes. For example,

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

sodium chloride crystals have cubical shape. Other crystals shapes are; prismatic and octahedral
shapes. See diagrams below.

(a) Cubic crystal (b) Prismatic crystal (c) Octahedral

E. g Sodium Chloride e.g Copper II e.g alum
Tetraoxosulphate(VI)

The basic unit of a crystal is called unit cell. If these unit cells are packed up and down, side by
side, in all directions, a cubic lattice will emerged. The atoms or molecules or ions are placed at
the corners of the unit cells stacked side by side, up and down like building blocks. This is the
structure of sodium chloride (NaCl). In sodium chloride crystal structure, the atoms of (Na) and
(Cl) are arranged such that the atoms take alternate positions in the cube. Each atom within the
crystal has six immediate neighbours. The chloride ions (Cl-) are larger than the sodium ions
(Na+). Since their charges are opposite, they are held together by strong electrostatic forces

CL-

Na+

25
Sodium chloride (NaCl) cubic crystals
 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

Other types of unit cells are; face-centred cubic (FCC) and the body centred cubic (BCC)
crystals.

1. Face-centred cubic crystals:

These crystals have identical atoms at each of the corners and different atom or ion at the
centre of each of the faces as shown in Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) unit cell below.

Face-Centred Cubic
crystals

2. Body-Centred cubic crystals

Crystals that fall into this group are: Chromium, ion and platinum salts. In these crystals, the
unit cell has identical atoms or ions at each corner and one different atom or ion at the centre
of the unit cell as shown in the diagram below.

Body-Centred Cubic Crystals

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

Evaluation

1. What is a crystal?
2. What is meant by crystal lattice?
3. Differentiate between body-centred cubic crystals and face-centred cubic crystals

Sub-Topic 2: NON-CRYSTALLINE OR AMORPHOUS SUBSTANCES

Non-crystalline or amorphous substances do not have definite shape because their atoms are not
regularly arranged like that of crystalline substances. These substances behave more like liquids
than solids. Examples of non-crystalline substances include: glass, plastics, tar, e.t.c. the
molecules of these substances are long-chain and are inter twined in the liquid state as shown
below.

Chain-like molecules of amorphous substances

Note: Crystalline substances have high melting points because much heat is required to break
the strong intermolecular forces binding the molecules together.

Differences between amorphous and crystalline substances

s/n Crystalline substances Amorphous substances

1 They have definite shape No definite shape

2 They have definite and high melting They have no definite melting point
points

3 They are usually soluble They are not usually soluble

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

4 They are either hydrated or anhydrous All are anhydrous

5 Crystallization takes place when Crystallization never takes place

melted when melted

Sub topic 3: STATE OF MATTER

Matter exists in three states, these are; Solid state, liquid state and gaseous state. In the solid
state, the molecules are closely packed and held together by strong intermolecular forces. The
molecules do not move because of these strong intermolecular forces. They can only vibrate
about their mean positions. This accounts for why solids have definite shape and do not move
easily.

In the liquid state, the intermolecular distances are greater and the molecules are also held
together by forces which are not as strong as those holding the molecules of solids. For this
reason, the molecules have some degree of freedom to move. This is the reason why liquids
move and change shape easily.

In gaseous substances, intermolecular distances are the farthest and the intermolecular forces
between the molecules are so weak that the molecules move freely. The kinetic energies of these
molecules are greater than that of solids and liquids. That is why gases move fast and randomly.
The table below gives the characteristics of the three states of matter.

Solids Liquids Gases

Have definite shape Have no definite shape. They Have no definite shape
take the shape of their
container.

Have fixed size and volume Have fixed size and volume Have no fixed size and
volume but spread easily and
occupy the volume of their
container

They don’t move easily They can move easily They move faster than liquids

The molecules are closely Intermolecular distances are Intermolecular distances are
packed and held together by greater than that of solids but the farthest and
strong intermolecular forces intermolecular forces are intermolecular forces are
weaker than that of solids weak and negligible

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

They do not mix with other They may mix or not mix Mix easily with other gases
solids with other liquids

They are compressible They are incompressible They are compressible

Evaluation

1. Distinguish between crystalline and amorphous substances

2. Give 3 characteristics each of solids, liquids and gaseous substances
3. Draw the crystal structure of NaCl

WEEK 7

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: ELASTICITY

CONTENTS

1. Elastic Properties
2. Hooke’s law
3. Tensile stress and Tensile strain
4. Young’s Modulus
5. Work done in stretching an elastic material
SUB-TOPIC 1: ELASTIC PROPERTIES
When materials are subjected to force whose magnitude is high enough, the material deforms that is,
change shape. The deformation can take any of the following forms

i. Change in length. (here the force is called a tensile force)

ii. Change in surface area or volume. (here the force is called a bulk force)
iii. Change in shape. (here the force is called a shear force)

However, when the deforming force is removed, some materials will return to their original shape/size
while other materials will not.

Material that returns their original dimensions or shape after the deforming force has been removed are
called ELASTIC MATERIALS. The ability of a material to return to its original shape/size after been
distorted by an external force is called ELASTICITY.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

SUB-TOPIC 2: HOOKE’S LAW

Try to hold a spring at both end and pull in opposite direction gradually increasing the force, we will
notice that the more the force applied, the greater the increase in the length of the spring.

Hooke’s law state that ‘’the external force applied to an elastic material is directly proportional to the
extension produced provided the elastic limit of the material is not exceeded.’’

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒(𝐹)𝛼 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑒)

𝐹𝛼𝑒

𝐹 = 𝑘𝑒

Where k is the proportionality constant. Also called force constant or elasticity constant. It S.I unit is
N/m.

𝐹
𝑘=
𝑒
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝑒1 𝑒2

WORKED PROBLEM 1:

A force of 50 N extends a material by 0.05 m. calculate the force constant.

Solution:

𝐹 = 50 𝑁

𝑒 = 0.05 𝑚

𝐹
𝑘=
𝑒
50
𝑘=
0.05

𝑘 = 1000 𝑁/𝑚

WORKED PROBLEM 2:

The length of a spring is 16 cm when a load of 5 N is attached to it. When the load attached to the spring
is 20 N, the length is 19 cm. calculate the (i) force constant of the spring (II) the original length of the
spring.

Solution:

(ii)

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒 𝑙0

𝑒1 = 16 − 𝑙0

𝑒2 = 19 − 𝑙0

𝐹1 = 5 𝑁

𝐹2 = 20 𝑁

𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝑒1 𝑒2

5 20
=
16 − 𝑙0 19 − 𝑙0

95 − 5𝑙0 = 320 − 20𝑙0

20𝑙0 − 5𝑙0 = 320 − 95

15𝑙0 = 225

225
𝑙0 =
15

𝑙0 = 15 𝑐𝑚

(i)

𝐹
𝑘=
𝑒
5
𝑘=
16 − 𝑙0

5
𝑘=
16 − 15

𝑘 = 5 𝑁/𝑐𝑚

EXPPERIMENT TO VERIFY HOOKE’S LAW.

AIM: to verify Hooke’s Law

APPARATUS: Helical spring, set of standard mass, metre rule

Ruler

Helical spring

pointer

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

METHOD:

6. Set up your apparatus as shown in the diagram

7. Note and record the initial position of the pointer l0on the metre rule
8. Note the weight F of the mass provided and add it to the scale pan.
9. Record the new position l of the pointer to the metre rule
10. Evaluate e = l – l0. Repeat the procedure for other masses, in each case, record the weight Wi
and the corresponding l. also evaluate e.
11. Plot a graph of F on the vertical axis against e on the horizontal axis.

CONCLUSION: a straight-line graph through the origin is obtained. Hence F = ke.

The slope of this graph gives the force constant of the material.

ELASTIC LIMIT: this can be defined as the limit of force beyond which the deformed material does not
return to is original dimension when the force is removed. If the external force is increased beyond the
elastics limit, the force-extension graph obtained is:

Load F

p E B
Y

O extension (e)

OP – proportionality region

P – proportionality limit

OE - elastic region

E - elastic limit

Y - yielding point

EB - plastic region

B – Breaking point

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

Yield point: This can be defined as the point beyond the elastic limit in which the elastic material has
yielded all its elasticity permanently and has become plastic.

Breaking point: this can be define as the point corresponding to the maximum weight the elastic
material can withstand without breaking.

TENSILE STRESS: This can be defined as the ratio of the tensile force to the cross sectional area of the
material.

𝐹
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴

TENSILE STRAIN: this can be defined as the ratio of the extension produced to the original length of the
material.
𝑒
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑙0

YOUNG’S MODULUS: this can be define as the ratio of the tensile stress to the tensile strain.

𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝐹𝑙0
𝑌=
𝐴𝑒

𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒 = 𝑙 − 𝑙0

𝜋𝑑2
𝐴=
4

WORKED EXAMPLE 3:

A metal wire of length 1.2 m and cross-sectional area 2.0 x 10-7 m2 is stretched by a force of 50 N.
assuming the force constant of the metal is 6000 Nm-1. Calculate the (i) tensile stress (ii) tensile strain
(iii) the young modulus of the metal.

Solution:

(i)

𝐹
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
50
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
2.0 𝑥 10−7

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2.5 𝑥 108 𝑁𝑚−2

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

𝑒
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑙0

(ii)

𝐹
𝑘=
𝑒
50
6000 =
𝑒
50
𝑒=
6000

𝑒 = 0.0083 𝑚
𝑒
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
𝑙0

0.0083
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 =
1.2

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 0.006917

Note that, strain has no unit.

𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑌=
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

2.5 𝑥 108
𝑌=
0.006916

𝑌 = 3.614 𝑥 1010 𝑁𝑚−2

Sub-Topic 4: WORKDONE IN AN ELASTIC MATERIAL

If a graph of load against extension for an elastic material can be obtained, the area under the graph
defines the work done on the material. During the proportionality region, area under the graph is a
triangle.

1
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑒
2
1
𝑊 = 𝑘𝑒 2
2

1 𝐹2
𝑊=
2 𝑘

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

SOLVED PROBLEMS

1. Calculate the work done required to stretch a wire from E to F from the diagram below.
F (N)

0.2

0.1

E F
0.05 0.1 e (m)

Work done = area under the graph

= area of trapezium

1
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = (0.1 + 0.2)(0.1 − 0.05)
2
1
= × 0.3 × 0.05
2

𝑊 = 0.0075 𝐽

Solved problem: 2: a spring of force constant 1500 Nm-1 is acted upon be a constant force of 45 N.
calculate the potential energy stored in the spring.

Solution:

1 𝐹2
𝑊=
2 𝑘

1 452
𝑊=
2 1500

𝑊 = 0.675 𝐽

Exercise:

1. Young’s Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of stress to strain, provided the load does not exceed
the (a) breaking point (b) elastic limit (c) plastic limit (d) stress point
2. Use the following date to determine the length of a wire when a force of 30 N is applied
assuming Hooke’s aw is obeyed.
Force applied (N) 0 5 1030

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

Length of wire (mm) 500.0 500.5 501.0 L

(a) 3.0 mm (b) 3.5 mm (c) 503.0 mm (d) 503.5 mm € 506.0 mm

3. The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain is known as (a) modulus of rigidity (b) modulus of
elasticity (c) shear modulus (d) bulk modulus (e) Young’s Modulus
4. In an experiment to determine Young’s Modulus for a wire several loads are attached to the
wire and the corresponding extensions measured. The tensile stress in each case depends on
the (a) load and the extension (b) load and the radius of the wire (c) radius of the wire and the
extension (d) extension and the original length of the wire.
5. The spiral spring of a spring of a spring balance is 25.0 cm long when 5 N hangs on it and 30 cm
when the weight is 10 N. what is the length of the spring is the weight is 3 N assuming Hooke’s
law is obeyed (a) 15.0 cm (b) 17.0 cm (c) 20.0 cm (d) 23.0 cm

ESSAY

1. (a) define (i) Elasticity (ii) Young’s Modulus (iii) Force constant
(b) A force of 40 N applied at the end of a wire f length 4 m and diameter 2.00 mm produces an
extension of 0.24 mm. calculate the (i) stress on the wire (II) strain on the wire (𝜋 = 3.14)
2. (a) State the physical quantities one has to measure in order to determine the Young’s Modulus
of a wire
(c) A spiral spring loaded with a piece of metal, extends by 10.5 cm in air. When the metal is
fully submerged in water, the spring extends by 6.5 cm. calculate the relative density of the
metal assuming Hooke’s law
3. A spiral spring of natural length 20.00 cm has a scale hanging freely in its lower end. When an
object of mass 40 g is placed in the pan, its length becomes 21.8 cm. when another object of
mass 60 g is placed in the pan, the length becomes 22.05 cm. calculate the mass of the scale
pan.

WEEK 8

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: UNITS OF MRASUREMENT IN INDUSTRIES (FIELD TRIP)

WEEK 9

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: ELECTRICAL CONTINUITY TESTING (PRACTICE)

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

WEEK 10

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: SOLAR COLLECTOR

CONTENT:
1. Role Of The Sun In Energy Production
2. Solar Cell
3. Solar Collector
4. Construction o f A Solar Panel.

Sub- Topic 1: Role of the sun in energy production.

The sun is a spherical central body of the solar system that radiates light and heat. It has a
diameter of 1,384,000km and lies at an average distance of 148,800,000 km from the earth. It is
liquid internally and gaseous outwards. The sun produces an enormous output of energy through
nuclear fusion. The temperature of the sun is estimated to be about 6000k.

Importance of solar energy:

1. Plants need energy from the sun for photosynthesis’
2. Direct heating warms our body, early morning sun is a source of vitamin D.
3. It can be used to dry our cloth, food items, preservation of food.
4. It can be used to generate electricity as in solar panel.
5. It can be used to heat water as in solar water heater.
6. it can be used for cooking as in solar furnace

Solar Cell:

This is a device used for the purpose of producing electric power. It consists of semi-conductor
like silicon, copper, copper (1) oxide. It converts solar energy to electricity by the use of photo
voltaic effect.

sunlight anode
Metal cathode
Evacuated glass tube
Beam of
electron

Galvanometer

cell

Solar panel: The essence of solar panel is to trap sunlight to generate electricity. It consists of
millions of solar cells joined together to generate electricity of high voltage.

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 10TH GRADE PHYSICS E-NOTE FOR THIRD TERM BY CHIBUA S.O.

EVALUATION:

1. State at least five uses of solar energy?

2. Mention materials used in the construction of a solar panel and state the reasons why those
materials are being used.

WEEK 11

SUBJECT: PHYSICS

TOPIC: EXPERIMENT

WEEK 12: REVISION

WEEK 13: EXAMINATION.

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