M.

Sc Nursing
CLINICAL SPECIALITY: Obstetrics &
Gynecological Nursing
INSTRUMENT BOOK EVALUATION FORMAT

Name of the student: Komal

Name of the evaluator: Mrs. Geeta Bhardwaj
Date of submission:
Date of evaluation:
[Link]. CRITERIA MAX. MARKS OBTAINED
MARKS
1. Describes the structure of the 10
instrument (diagram with 10
proper labeling)
2. Describes the utilization of 10
the instrument
3. Describes the advantage and 10
disadvantages of the
instrument
4. Describes the process of 10
sterilization and any special
care if needed
5. Promptness, neatness and 5
originality
6. References 5
TOTAL

REMARKS

1
SIGNATURE OF STUDENT SIGNATURE OF EVALUATOR

SUBJECT :- OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGICAL NURSING

INSTRUMENTS BOOK

SUBMITTED TO:- SUBMITTED BY:-

Mrs. Geeta bhardwaj Himani
Assistant Professor [Link]. Nursing 1st year
Department:- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department:- Obstetrics and
Nursing Gynaecology Nursing
Nursing College, AIIMS Nursing College, AIIMS
Bhopal Bhopal

2
[Link]. INSTRUMENTS PAGE NO
1. Simple rubber catheter 5
2. Foley’s catheter 7
3. Sim’s double bladed posterior vaginal speculum 9
4. Cusco’s bivalve self-retaining vaginal speculum 11
5. Multiple toothed vulsellum 13
6. Allis tissue forceps 15
7. Long straight haemostatic forceps 17
8. Long straight scissors 19
9. Uterine sound 21
10. Cervical dilators
i. Hawkin Ambier 23
ii. Das or Hegar 24
11. Flushing curette 26
12. Doyen’s retractor 28
13. Sponge holding forceps 30
14. Ovum forceps 32
15. Uterine curette 34
16. Uterine dressing forceps 36
17. Laminaria tent and tent introducing forceps with 38
laminaria tent
18. Manual vaccum aspiration syringe 40
19. Plastic suction cannula (karman’s type) 42
20. Long curved obstetrics forceps 44
21. Short curved obstetrics forceps (wrigley’s forcep) 46
22. Kielland’s forceps 48
23. Forceps axis traction 50
24. Episiotomy scisssors 52
25. Ventoure cup with traction device 54
26. Green armytage haemostatic forceps 56
27. Mucus sucker 58
28. Pinard’s stethoscope 60
29. Perforator (oldham’s) 62
30. Giant vulsellum 64
31. Suture cutting scissors 66
32. Needle holder 68
33. Cord cutting scissors 70
34. Anterior vaginal wall retractor 72
35. Cord clamp 74
36. Kocher’s Hemostatic forceps 76
37. Uterine Dressing forceps 78
38. Kelly’s long forceps 80
39. Hodge-smith pessary 82
40. Ring pessary 84
41. Punch Biopsy forceps 85
42. Babcock’s forceps 87
43. Barkelay Bonney forceps 89
44. Landon’s retractor 91

3
45. Hysterosalpingography cannula 93
46. Bonney’s myomectomy clamp 95
47. Cervical occlusion Clamp 97
48. Uterus Holding Forceps 99
49. Auvard’s self retaining posterior vaginal 101
speculum
50. Tenaculum 103
51. IUCD removing hook 105
52. Shirodkar’s encirclage needle 107

4
1. SIMPLE RUBBER CATHETER

Design
 Made of natural rubber or synthetic rubber-like material
 Tube-like structure with a rounded tip
 Available in various sizes (French sizes) to accommodate different age groups and
medical conditions
 May have a balloon or wing near the tip to facilitate retention in the bladder

Uses
 Urinary Catheterization: To drain urine from the bladder when a patient is unable to
urinate naturally
 Post-Surgical Care: To manage urinary retention or incontinence after surgery
 Medical Conditions: To manage urinary retention or incontinence associated with
medical conditions such as spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, or benign prostatic
hyperplasia (BPH)

Advantages
 Ease of Insertion: Simple design makes it easy to insert and remove
 Cost-Effective: Less expensive compared to other types of catheters
 Wide Availability: Widely available in medical supply stores and online
 Suitable for Short-Term Use: Suitable for short-term use, such as post-surgical care
or acute urinary retention

5
Disadvantages
 Risk of Infection: May increase the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) if not
properly sterilized or maintained
 Discomfort: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or removal
 Limited Durability: May become brittle or develop cracks with repeated use or
sterilization
 Not Suitable for Long-Term Use: Not suitable for long-term use, as it may cause
bladder irritation or damage

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

6
2. FOLEY’S CATHETER

Design
Components
 Balloon (Inflatable): A balloon is attached near the tip of the catheter. This balloon is
inflated with sterile water to keep the catheter in place.
 Drainage Tube (Lumen): The tube allows urine to flow out of the bladder and into a
collection bag.
 External Fixation Tube: This tube helps to secure the catheter in place, preventing it
from shifting or becoming dislodged.
Materials
 Latex or Silicone: Foley catheters can be made from either latex or silicone materials.
Silicone catheters are more flexible and less likely to cause irritation.

Uses
Medical Conditions
 Urinary Retention: Foley catheters are used to treat urinary retention, which is the
inability to empty the bladder.
 Incontinence: They are also used to manage incontinence in patients who are unable
to control their bladder function.
 Surgery: Foley catheters are often used during surgery to monitor urine output and
prevent bladder distension.
Diagnostic Procedures
 Monitoring Urine Output: Foley catheters can be used to monitor urine output in
critically ill patients.
 Collecting Urine Samples: They can also be used to collect urine samples for
diagnostic testing.

7
Advantages
Benefits
 Relieves Urinary Retention: Foley catheters can provide immediate relief for
patients experiencing urinary retention.
 Convenient: They can be used to manage incontinence in patients who are unable to
control their bladder function.
 Accurate Monitoring: Foley catheters allow for accurate monitoring of urine output,
which is essential in critically ill patients.
 Reduces Risk of Skin Breakdown: By managing incontinence, Foley catheters can
reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pressure ulcers.
 Reduces Risk of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Proper use and maintenance of
Foley catheters can reduce the risk of UTIs.

Disadvantages
 Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Foley catheters can increase the risk of UTIs if not
properly maintained.
 Bladder Damage: Long-term use of Foley catheters can cause bladder damage and
lead to chronic urinary retention.
 Catheter Blockage: The catheter can become blocked, leading to urinary retention
and discomfort.
 Discomfort: Foley catheters can cause discomfort and pain, especially during
insertion and removal.
 Embarrassment: Patients may feel embarrassed or humiliated by the use of a Foley
catheter.

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Foley catheters can be sterilized using autoclaving, which involves
high-pressure steam.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: This method involves exposing the catheter to
ethylene oxide gas.
 Gamma Radiation: Foley catheters can also be sterilized using gamma radiation.

8
3. SIM’S DOUBLE BLADED POSTERIOR VAGINAL SPECULUM

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Double-bladed design with a curved or angled shape to facilitate examination and
access to the posterior vaginal wall
 Handles are typically long and curved to provide leverage and control
 May have a locking mechanism to secure the blades in place

Uses
 Gynecological Examinations: To facilitate examination of the posterior vaginal wall,
cervix, and surrounding tissues
 Colposcopy: To assist in colposcopic examinations of the cervix and vagina
 Biopsy Procedures: To provide access for biopsy procedures of the posterior vaginal
wall or cervix
 Surgical Procedures: To assist in surgical procedures, such as repairs of vaginal
lacerations or cystocele

Advantages
 Excellent Visualization: Provides excellent visualization of the posterior vaginal wall
and cervix
 Easy to Use: Double-bladed design makes it easy to insert and maneuver
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Cost-Effective: Less expensive compared to other types of vaginal speculums

9
Disadvantages
 Discomfort: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or examination
 Risk of Injury: May cause injury to the vaginal walls or cervix if not used carefully
 Limited Access: May not provide adequate access for examination or procedures in
women with narrow vaginal canals
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

10
4. CUSCO’S BIVALVE SELF RETAINING VAGINAL SPECULUM

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Bivalve design with two hinged blades that open and close like a duckbill
 Self-retaining mechanism allows the blades to remain open, providing a clear view of
the vaginal canal
 Handles are typically long and curved to provide leverage and control
 May have a locking mechanism to secure the blades in place

Uses
 Gynecological Examinations: To facilitate examination of the vaginal canal, cervix,
and surrounding tissues
 Colposcopy: To assist in colposcopic examinations of the cervix and vagina
 Biopsy Procedures: To provide access for biopsy procedures of the vaginal canal or
cervix
 Surgical Procedures: To assist in surgical procedures, such as repairs of vaginal
lacerations or cystocele

Advantages
 Excellent Visualization: Provides excellent visualization of the vaginal canal and
cervix
 Easy to Use: Self-retaining mechanism makes it easy to insert and maneuver
 Adjustable: Blades can be adjusted to accommodate different vaginal canal sizes
 Reduces Fatigue: Self-retaining mechanism reduces fatigue and strain on the
healthcare provider

Disadvantages

11
  Discomfort: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or examination
 Risk of Injury: May cause injury to the vaginal walls or cervix if not used carefully
 Limited Access: May not provide adequate access for examination or procedures in
women with narrow vaginal canals
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

12
5. MULTIPLE TOOTHED VULSELLUM

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a grasping end
 Multiple toothed grasping end, typically 3-5 teeth, designed to securely grasp the
cervix or vaginal tissue
 Teeth are typically sharp and angled to provide a secure grip

Uses
 Gynecological Procedures: To grasp and stabilize the cervix or vaginal tissue during
procedures such as biopsies, colposcopy, or IUD insertions
 Cervical Biopsy: To grasp the cervix and stabilize it during biopsy procedures
 IUD Insertion: To grasp the cervix and stabilize it during IUD insertion procedures
 Vaginal Surgery: To grasp and retract vaginal tissue during surgical procedures

Advantages
 Secure Grasp: Multiple toothed design provides a secure grasp of the cervix or
vaginal tissue
 Easy to Use: Long handle provides leverage and control, making it easy to maneuver
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

13
  Cost-Effective: Less expensive compared to other types of vulsellums
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: Sharp teeth may cause tissue damage or bleeding if not used
carefully
 Discomfort: May cause discomfort or pain during procedures
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions, such as cervical stenosis

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

14
6. ALLIS TISSUE FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a grasping end
 Grasping end has interlocking teeth that provide a secure grip on tissue
 Tip of the forceps is typically rounded or blunt to prevent tissue damage

Uses
 Tissue Grasping and Retraction: To grasp and retract tissue during surgical
procedures
 Skin Closure: To grasp and approximate skin edges during closure
 Tissue Dissection: To dissect and separate tissue planes during surgical procedures
 Gynecological Procedures: To grasp and retract vaginal or cervical tissue during
gynecological procedures

Advantages
 Secure Grip: Interlocking teeth provide a secure grip on tissue, reducing the risk of
tissue slippage
 Easy to Use: Long handle provides leverage and control, making it easy to maneuver
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of surgical procedures and tissue types

15
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for Delicate Tissue: May not be suitable for delicate tissue or
procedures that require precise tissue handling
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

16
7. LONG STRAIGHT HEMOSTATIC FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, straight handle with a grasping end
 Grasping end has interlocking teeth that provide a secure grip on tissue or vessels
 Tip of the forceps is typically rounded or blunt to prevent tissue damage
 Ratcheted handle allows for secure locking of the forceps in place

Uses
 Hemostasis: To grasp and compress blood vessels or tissue to control bleeding
 Tissue Grasping and Retraction: To grasp and retract tissue during surgical
procedures
 Suturing: To grasp and hold sutures in place during surgical procedures
 General Surgery: To grasp and retract tissue, or to control bleeding during general
surgical procedures

Advantages
 Secure Grip: Interlocking teeth provide a secure grip on tissue or vessels
 Easy to Use: Long handle provides leverage and control, making it easy to maneuver
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of surgical procedures and tissue types

Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully

17
  Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for Delicate Tissue: May not be suitable for delicate tissue or
procedures that require precise tissue handling
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

18
8. LONG STRAIGHT SCISSORS

Design
 Made of high-quality stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, straight blades with a sharp cutting edge
 Comfortable, ergonomic handles designed for precise control and grip
 Finger rings or thumb rings provide secure grip and control

Uses
 General Surgery: To cut tissue, sutures, or other materials during surgical procedures
 Dissection: To dissect tissue planes during surgical procedures
 Suturing: To cut sutures during surgical procedures
 Orthopedic Procedures: To cut tissue, sutures, or other materials during orthopedic
procedures

Advantages
 Precise Cutting: Long, straight blades provide precise cutting and control
 Easy to Use: Comfortable, ergonomic handles make it easy to maneuver and control
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of surgical procedures and tissue types

Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully

19
  Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for Delicate Tissue: May not be suitable for delicate tissue or
procedures that require precise tissue handling
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

20
9. UTERINE SOUND

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, thin, and curved or angled shaft with a rounded or tapered tip
 Gradations or markings on the shaft to measure the depth of insertion
 Handle or grip at the proximal end for control and maneuverability
Uses
 Measuring Uterine Depth: To measure the depth of the uterus and determine the
correct placement of intrauterine devices (IUDs)
 Diagnosing Uterine Abnormalities: To diagnose uterine abnormalities, such as
uterine fibroids or polyps
 Locating the Uterine Cavity: To locate the uterine cavity and guide instruments
during surgical procedures
 Gynecological Exams: To perform gynecological exams and assess the uterus and
surrounding tissues
Advantages
 Accurate Measurements: Gradations or markings on the shaft provide accurate
measurements of uterine depth
 Easy to Use: Handle or grip provides control and maneuverability, making it easy to
insert and navigate
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of gynecological procedures and exams

21
Disadvantages
 Risk of Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if not used carefully or if
the uterus is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or manipulation
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions, such as a history of uterine surgery or anomalies
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

22
10. CERVICAL DILATORS
a) Hawkin Ambier

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Set of graduated dilators with increasing diameters
 Each dilator has a rounded or tapered tip and a handle or grip at the proximal end
 Dilators are designed for sequential insertion to gradually dilate the cervix
Uses
 Cervical Dilatation: To dilate the cervix for various gynecological procedures, such
as:
o Endometrial biopsies
o IUD insertions
o Hysteroscopies
o Abortions
 Preparation for Surgery: To prepare the cervix for surgical procedures, such as
cesarean sections or hysterectomies
Advantages
 Gradual Dilatation: Sequential insertion of dilators allows for gradual and controlled
dilatation of the cervix
 Reduced Risk of Complications: Gradual dilatation reduces the risk of
complications, such as cervical tears or uterine perforation
 Easy to Use: Handles or grips on each dilator provide control and maneuverability,
making it easy to insert and navigate
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

23
Disadvantages
 Risk of Cervical Trauma: May cause cervical trauma or bleeding if not used
carefully or if the cervix is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or manipulation
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions, such as a history of cervical surgery or anomalies
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

b) Das or Hegar

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Set of graduated dilators with increasing diameters
 Each dilator has a rounded or tapered tip and a handle or grip at the proximal end
 Dilators are designed for sequential insertion to gradually dilate the cervix
Uses
 Cervical Dilatation: To dilate the cervix for various gynecological procedures, such
as:

24
 o Endometrial biopsies
o IUD insertions
o Hysteroscopies
o Abortions
 Preparation for Surgery: To prepare the cervix for surgical procedures, such as
cesarean sections or hysterectomies
Advantages
 Gradual Dilatation: Sequential insertion of dilators allows for gradual and controlled
dilatation of the cervix
 Reduced Risk of Complications: Gradual dilatation reduces the risk of
complications, such as cervical tears or uterine perforation
 Easy to Use: Handles or grips on each dilator provide control and maneuverability,
making it easy to insert and navigate
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
Disadvantages
 Risk of Cervical Trauma: May cause cervical trauma or bleeding if not used
carefully or if the cervix is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or manipulation
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions, such as a history of cervical surgery or anomalies
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Note: Hegar dilators are similar to Das dilators but have a more tapered tip and are
often used for more gradual dilatation.

25
11. FLUSHING CURETTE

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a hollow, tube-like curette at the distal end
 Curette has a series of small holes or openings along its length
 Handle may have a bulb or reservoir for flushing fluid
Uses
 Endometrial Sampling: To collect tissue samples from the endometrium for
histopathological examination
 Uterine Lavage: To perform uterine lavage for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
 Removal of Debris: To remove debris, such as blood clots or tissue fragments, from
the uterus
 Gynecological Procedures: To perform various gynecological procedures, such as
dilation and curettage (D&C)
Advantages
 Effective Sampling: Allows for effective sampling of endometrial tissue
 Minimally Invasive: Minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of complications
 Easy to Use: Handle and curette design make it easy to maneuver and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
Disadvantages
 Risk of Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if not used carefully or if
the uterus is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during the procedure

26
  Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions, such as a history of uterine surgery or anomalies
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

27
12. DOYEN’S RETRACTOR

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a flat, broad blade at the distal end
 Blade has a smooth, rounded edge to prevent tissue damage
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the blade in place

Uses
 Retraction of Tissue: To retract tissue and expose the operative site during surgical
procedures
 Exposure of the Uterus: To expose the uterus and surrounding tissues during
gynecological procedures
 Abdominal Surgery: To retract tissue and expose the operative site during abdominal
surgery
 General Surgery: To retract tissue and expose the operative site during general
surgical procedures

Advantages
 Excellent Exposure: Provides excellent exposure of the operative site
 Easy to Use: Handle and blade design make it easy to maneuver and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of surgical procedures and tissue types

28
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for Delicate Tissue: May not be suitable for delicate tissue or
procedures that require precise tissue handling
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

29
13. SPONGE HOLDING FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a grasping end
 Grasping end has interlocking teeth or a serrated surface to securely hold a sponge
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the sponge in place
Uses
 Surgical Procedures: To hold a sponge in place during surgical procedures, such as:
o Absorbing blood or fluid
o Applying pressure to a bleeding site
o Supporting tissue or organs
 Gynecological Procedures: To hold a sponge in place during gynecological
procedures, such as:
o Dilation and curettage (D&C)
o Hysteroscopy
o Endometrial ablation
 General Surgery: To hold a sponge in place during general surgical procedures, such
as:
o Abdominal surgery
o Orthopedic surgery
o Cardiothoracic surgery

Advantages
 Securely Holds Sponge: Interlocking teeth or serrated surface securely holds the
sponge in place
 Easy to Use: Handle and grasping end design make it easy to maneuver and use

30
  Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of surgical procedures and tissue types

Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for Delicate Tissue: May not be suitable for delicate tissue or
procedures that require precise tissue handling
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness.

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

31
14. OVUM FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a delicate, tapered grasping end
 Grasping end has smooth, rounded tips to prevent damage to the ovum or surrounding
tissue
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the ovum in place.
Uses
 Ovum Retrieval: To retrieve ova (eggs) during assisted reproductive procedures,
such as:
o In vitro fertilization (IVF)
o Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
o Egg donation
 Embryo Transfer: To transfer embryos during assisted reproductive procedures
 Gynecological Procedures: To manipulate or retrieve tissue during gynecological
procedures.

Advantages
 Delicate Handling: Smooth, rounded tips provide delicate handling of the ovum or
surrounding tissue
 Precise Control: Handle and grasping end design provide precise control and
maneuverability
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

32
  Versatile: Can be used for a variety of assisted reproductive and gynecological
procedures
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

33
15. UTERINE CURETTE

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a hollow, tube-like curette at the distal end
 Curette has a sharp, rounded, or angled edge for scraping and removing tissue
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the curette in place

Uses
 Endometrial Sampling: To collect tissue samples from the endometrium for
histopathological examination
 Dilation and Curettage (D&C): To dilate the cervix and remove tissue from the
uterus
 Abortion Procedures: To remove tissue during abortion procedures
 Gynecological Procedures: To remove tissue or perform biopsies during
gynecological procedures

Advantages
 Effective Tissue Removal: Sharp edge provides effective removal of tissue
 Precise Control: Handle and curette design provide precise control and
maneuverability
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

34
  Versatile: Can be used for a variety of gynecological procedures

Disadvantages
 Risk of Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if not used carefully or if
the uterus is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during the procedure
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations.

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

35
16. UTERINE DRESSING FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a slender, tapered tip at the distal end
 Tip has a series of small, interlocking teeth or a serrated surface to grasp and hold
dressing materials
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the dressing in place

Uses
 Uterine Packing: To insert and remove packing materials, such as gauze or sponges,
from the uterus
 Uterine Dressing: To apply and remove dressings, such as iodine or antibiotic-soaked
gauze, to the uterus
 Postpartum Hemorrhage: To help control postpartum hemorrhage by inserting
packing materials or dressings into the uterus
 Gynecological Procedures: To assist with various gynecological procedures, such as
dilation and curettage (D&C) or hysteroscopy

Advantages
 Precise Control: Slender, tapered tip provides precise control and maneuverability
 Secure Grasp: Interlocking teeth or serrated surface ensures a secure grasp on
dressing materials
 Easy to Use: Handle design makes it easy to maneuver and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

36
Disadvantages
 Risk of Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if not used carefully or if
the uterus is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during the procedure
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

37
17. LAMINARIA TENT AND TENT INTRODUCING FORCEPS WITH LAMINARIA
TENT

Laminaria Tent
 Made from the dried seaweed Laminaria digitata or Laminaria japonica
 Sterile, cylindrical or tapered tube-like structure
 Expands when exposed to moisture, providing gentle dilation of the cervix
Uses
 Cervical Dilation: To dilate the cervix for various gynecological procedures, such as:
o Induction of labor
o Dilation and curettage (D&C)
o Hysteroscopy
o Endometrial sampling
 Pre-Operative Preparation: To prepare the cervix for surgical procedures
Advantages
 Gradual Dilation: Provides gradual and gentle dilation of the cervix
 Minimally Invasive: Minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of complications
 Easy to Use: Simple to insert and remove
 Natural and Biocompatible: Made from natural seaweed, reducing the risk of
adverse reactions
Disadvantages
 Risk of Infection: May cause infection if not used sterilely
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or removal

38
  Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations

Tent Introducing Forceps

 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved or angled handle with a grasping end
 Grasping end has interlocking teeth or a serrated surface to securely hold the
laminaria tent

Uses
 Insertion of Laminaria Tent: To insert the laminaria tent into the cervix
 Removal of Laminaria Tent: To remove the laminaria tent after cervical dilation

Advantages
 Secure Grasp: Interlocking teeth or serrated surface ensures a secure grasp on the
laminaria tent
 Precise Control: Handle design provides precise control and maneuverability
 Easy to Use: Simple to use and maneuver
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during insertion or removal
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

39
18. MANUAL VACCUM ASPIRATION SYRINGE

Design
 Made of stainless steel, plastic, or other medical-grade materials
 Syringe-like device with a cylindrical or tapered barrel
 Plunger or piston with a vacuum-sealing mechanism
 Attachments for connecting to a cannula or other aspiration devices
Uses
 Abortion Procedures: To aspirate the uterus during abortion procedures, up to 12-14
weeks of gestation
 Miscarriage Management: To manage miscarriage by aspirating the uterus
 Endometrial Sampling: To collect tissue samples from the endometrium for
histopathological examination
 Gynecological Procedures: To aspirate fluid or tissue during various gynecological
procedures
Advantages
 Portable and Easy to Use: Manual operation makes it portable and easy to use in
various clinical settings
 Cost-Effective: Less expensive than electric vacuum aspiration devices
 Quick and Effective: Provides quick and effective aspiration of the uterus
 Minimally Invasive: Minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of complications

Disadvantages
 Limited Suction Power: Manual operation may limit suction power, making it less
effective for more complex procedures
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 Risk of Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if not used carefully or if
the uterus is fragile

40
  Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during the procedure

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

41
19. PLASTIC SUCTION CANNULA (KARMAN'S TYPE)

Design
 Made of flexible, transparent plastic material
 Long, curved or angled cannula with a rounded or tapered tip
 Multiple holes or openings along the length of the cannula for suction
 Attachments for connecting to a suction device or manual vacuum aspirator
Uses
 Abortion Procedures: To aspirate the uterus during abortion procedures, up to 12-14
weeks of gestation
 Miscarriage Management: To manage miscarriage by aspirating the uterus
 Endometrial Sampling: To collect tissue samples from the endometrium for
histopathological examination
 Gynecological Procedures: To aspirate fluid or tissue during various gynecological
procedures
Advantages
 Flexible and Maneuverable: Flexible material allows for easy maneuverability and
navigation through the cervix and uterus
 Transparent Material: Allows for visualization of aspirated tissue or fluid
 Multiple Holes for Suction: Provides effective suction and aspiration of tissue or
fluid
 Disposable: Reduces the risk of infection and eliminates the need for sterilization
Disadvantages
 Risk of Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if not used carefully or if
the uterus is fragile
 Discomfort or Pain: May cause discomfort or pain during the procedure

42
  Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
Sterilization
1. Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Suitable
for heat-sensitive materials.
2. Gamma Radiation Sterilization: Effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
3. Chemical Sterilization: Using disinfectant solutions such as glutaraldehyde or ortho-
phthalaldehyde (OPA). Follow manufacturer's instructions.

43
20. LONG CURVED OBSTETRICS FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved handle with a curved or angled blade at the distal end
 Blade has a smooth, rounded edge to prevent tissue damage
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the forceps in place

Uses
 Obstetric Procedures: To assist with various obstetric procedures, such as:
o Deliveries
o Episiotomies
o Repair of perineal tears
 Prenatal Care: To perform prenatal exams and procedures
 Gynecological Procedures: To assist with various gynecological procedures

Advantages
 Long Reach: Long, curved handle provides a long reach, making it easier to access
the birth canal
 Curved Blade: Curved blade allows for smooth, gentle manipulation of tissue
 Secure Grasp: Ratchet or locking mechanism ensures a secure grasp on tissue
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

44
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

45
21. SHORT CURVED OBSTETRICS FORCEPS (WRIGLEY'S FORCEP)

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Short, curved handle with a curved or angled blade at the distal end
 Blade has a smooth, rounded edge to prevent tissue damage
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the forceps in place

Uses
 Obstetric Procedures: To assist with various obstetric procedures, such as:
o Deliveries
o Episiotomies
o Repair of perineal tears
 Prenatal Care: To perform prenatal exams and procedures
 Gynecological Procedures: To assist with various gynecological procedures

Advantages
 Short Length: Short length provides better control and maneuverability in tight
spaces
 Curved Blade: Curved blade allows for smooth, gentle manipulation of tissue
 Secure Grasp: Ratchet or locking mechanism ensures a secure grasp on tissue
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

46
Disadvantages
 Limited Reach: Short length may limit reach in some obstetric procedures
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or trauma if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations

Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

47
22. KIELLAND’S FORCEPS

Design
 Made of stainless steel or other medical-grade materials
 Long, curved handle with a curved or angled blade at the distal end
 Blade has a unique, curved shape with a “lip” or “beak” at the tip
 Handle may have a ratchet or locking mechanism to secure the forceps in place
Uses
 Obstetric Procedures: To assist with difficult deliveries, such as:
o Rotational deliveries
o Persistent occiput posterior position
o Shoulder dystocia
 Fetal Extraction: To extract the fetus during a difficult delivery
Advantages
 Unique Blade Design: Curved shape with a “lip” or “beak” at the tip allows for
gentle, controlled rotation of the fetal head
 Secure Grasp: Ratchet or locking mechanism ensures a secure grasp on the fetal head
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Effective in Difficult Deliveries: Designed specifically for difficult deliveries,
making it an effective tool in these situations
Disadvantages
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use effectively and
safely

48
  Risk of Fetal Injury: May cause fetal injury if not used carefully or if excessive force
is applied
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

49
23. FORCEPS AXIS TRACTION

Design

 Handle: Ergonomic design, made of high-quality stainless steel or titanium

 Blades: Curved or angled shape, smooth rounded edge, made of high-quality stainless
steel or titanium
 Locking Mechanism: Ratchet or screw-type locking mechanism to secure the forceps
in place
 Finger Rests: Small protrusions on the handle for a secure grip
 Traction Ridge: Small ridges on the blades for traction during use

Uses

 Assisted Vaginal Delivery: To assist with difficult vaginal deliveries

 Fetal Head Rotation: To rotate the fetal head to the correct position for delivery
 Fetal Head Extraction: To extract the fetal head during delivery
 Training and Simulation: For training and simulation purposes in medical education

Advantages

Clinical Benefits

50
  Reduced Risk of Fetal Injury: Gentle traction along the axis of the birth canal
reduces the risk of fetal injury
 Improved Control: Forceps provide improved control over the fetal head during
delivery
 Reduced Risk of Maternal Injury: Gentle traction reduces the risk of maternal
injury or trauma during delivery

Practical Benefits

 Easy to Use: Ergonomic design and smooth operation make it easy to use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Easy to Clean: Smooth surface and simple design make it easy to clean and sterilize

Disadvantages

 Risk of Fetal Injury: May cause fetal injury if excessive force is applied or if the
forceps are not applied correctly
 Risk of Maternal Injury: May cause maternal injury or trauma during delivery if not
used carefully
 Uterine Perforation: May cause uterine perforation if the forceps are not applied
correctly
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Requires Proper Maintenance: Requires proper cleaning, disinfection, and storage
to prevent damage and maintain effectiveness

Sterilization

 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to

kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

51
24. EPISIOTOMY SCISSORS

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Curved or angled shape to facilitate easy access and cutting
 Length: Approximately 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) in length
 Blade: Sharp, curved or angled blade for precise cutting
Uses
 Episiotomy: To perform episiotomies, a surgical incision made in the perineum to
enlarge the vaginal opening and assist with childbirth
 Perineal Repair: To repair perineal tears or episiotomies after childbirth
Advantages
 Precise Cutting: Sharp, curved or angled blade allows for precise cutting and
minimal tissue damage
 Easy to Use: Ergonomic design and curved shape make it easy to maneuver and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or bleeding if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
Sterilization
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms

52
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

53
25. VENTOURE CUP WITH TRACTION DEVICE

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade silicone or stainless steel.
 Shape: Soft, flexible cup with a curved or angled shape to fit the fetal head.
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different fetal head sizes and shapes.
 Traction Device: Attached to the cup, allowing for gentle traction to be applied to the
fetal head.
Uses
 Assisted Vaginal Delivery: To assist with difficult vaginal deliveries, providing
gentle traction to the fetal head
 Fetal Head Rotation: To rotate the fetal head to the correct position for delivery
 Fetal Head Extraction: To extract the fetal head during delivery
 Training and Simulation: For training and simulation purposes in medical education
Advantages
 Minimally Invasive: Soft, flexible cup reduces the risk of fetal injury or trauma
 Easy to Use: Simple design and easy-to-use traction device make it easy to maneuver
and use
 Effective: Provides gentle, controlled traction to the fetal head, making it an effective
tool for assisted vaginal delivery
 Reduced Risk of Maternal Injury: Soft, flexible cup reduces the risk of maternal
injury or trauma during delivery
Disadvantages
 Risk of Fetal Injury: May cause fetal injury if excessive force is applied or if the cup
is not applied correctly

54
  Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Risk of Cup Detachment: May detach from the fetal head during use, requiring
reapplication

Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

55
26. GREEN ARMYTAGE HEMOSTATIC FORCEPS

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Curved or angled shape with a locking mechanism to facilitate hemostasis
 Length: Approximately 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) in length
 Jaw: Interlocking jaw with a series of small teeth to grasp and hold tissue
Uses
 Hemostasis: To control bleeding during surgical procedures
 Tissue Grasping: To grasp and hold tissue in place during surgical procedures
 Ligation: To assist with ligation of blood vessels or other tissues
 Dissection: To assist with dissection of tissues during surgical procedures
Advantages
 Effective Hemostasis: Interlocking jaw with small teeth provides effective
hemostasis
 Easy to Use: Curved or angled shape and locking mechanism make it easy to
maneuver and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used for a variety of surgical procedures and applications
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations

56
  Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

57
27. MUCUS SUCKER

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade plastic or stainless steel
 Shape: Long, curved or angled tube with a suction end and a handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different age groups and applications
 Suction Control: Equipped with a suction control valve to regulate suction pressure

Uses
 Respiratory Care: To remove mucus, saliva, and other secretions from the airways
 Neonatal Care: To clear the airways of newborns
 Intensive Care: To manage respiratory secretions in critically ill patients
 Emergency Medicine: To clear airways in emergency situations

Advantages
 Effective: Quickly and easily removes mucus and other secretions from the airways
 Easy to Use: Simple design and suction control valve make it easy to operate
 Portable: Lightweight and compact design makes it easy to transport
 Affordable: Cost-effective compared to other respiratory care devices
Disadvantages
 Risk of Trauma: May cause trauma to the airways or surrounding tissues if not used
carefully
 Risk of Infection: May spread infection if not properly sterilized or used with
contaminated suction tubes
 Limited Suction Power: May not be effective for thick or stubborn secretions

58
  Noise: May be noisy during operation, potentially disturbing patients or others nearby
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

59
28. PINARD'S STETHOSCOPE

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade wood, metal or plastic
 Shape: Hollow, trumpet-shaped device with a flat diaphragm at one end and a funnel-
shaped earpiece at the other
 Size: Approximately 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) in length
 Weight: Lightweight, easy to handle

Uses
 Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring: To listen to and monitor fetal heart sounds during
pregnancy
 Prenatal Care: To assess fetal well-being and detect potential complications
 Labor and Delivery: To monitor fetal heart rate during labor and delivery
 Medical Training: For teaching and training medical students and healthcare
professionals

Advantages
 Non-Invasive: Does not require any invasive procedures or equipment
 Easy to Use: Simple design and lightweight construction make it easy to handle and
use
 Cost-Effective: Inexpensive compared to electronic fetal monitoring devices
 Portable: Easy to transport and use in various clinical settings
Disadvantages

60
  Limited Sensitivity: May not detect faint or abnormal fetal heart sounds
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
interpret fetal heart sounds
 Noise Interference: May be affected by background noise or other sounds
 Limited Use: Primarily used for fetal heart rate monitoring, limiting its versatility
Sterilization Techniques
 Disinfectant Wipes: Can be sterilized using disinfectant wipes, following the
manufacturer's instructions
 Soaking in Disinfectant: Can be sterilized by soaking in a disinfectant solution, such
as bleach or hydrogen peroxide
 Ultraviolet (UV) Light: Can be sterilized using UV light, which kills bacteria and
other microorganisms
 Autoclaving (for metal parts): Metal parts can be sterilized using an autoclave,
which uses high-pressure steam to kill bacteria and other microorganisms.

61
29. PERFORATOR (OLDHAM’S)

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Long, slender instrument with a sharp, pointed tip and a handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different procedures and applications
 Ergonomic Handle: Designed for comfortable grip and control
Uses
 Surgical Procedures: To create small holes or perforations in tissues or organs during
surgical procedures
 Drainage: To create drainage holes for abscesses or fluid collections
 Biopsy: To obtain tissue samples for biopsy
 Orthopedic Procedures: To create holes for screws or other orthopedic hardware
Advantages
 Precise: Allows for precise creation of small holes or perforations
 Minimally Invasive: Reduces tissue trauma and promotes faster healing
 Easy to Use: Ergonomic handle and sharp tip make it easy to maneuver and control
 Versatile: Can be used in various surgical specialties and procedures
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause unintended tissue damage or injury if not used
carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 Limited Depth Control: May be difficult to control the depth of perforation
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
Sterilization Techniques

62
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

63
30. GIANT VULSELLUM

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Long, curved or angled instrument with a pair of grasping jaws and a handle
 Size: Larger than a standard vulsellum, with a longer shaft and larger jaws
 Jaw Tip: Rounded or flat jaw tip to minimize tissue trauma
Uses
 Gynecological Procedures: To grasp and hold cervical or uterine tissue during
gynecological procedures
 Obstetric Procedures: To assist with delivery or to grasp and hold fetal tissue during
obstetric procedures
 Surgical Procedures: To grasp and hold tissue during surgical procedures, such as
hysterectomies or cesarean sections
 Training and Simulation: For training and simulation purposes in medical education
Advantages
 Effective Tissue Grasping: Larger jaws provide effective grasping and holding of
tissue
 Easy to Use: Ergonomic handle and curved or angled shaft make it easy to maneuver
and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used in various gynecological, obstetric, and surgical procedures
Disadvantages
 Risk of Tissue Trauma: May cause tissue trauma or injury if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly

64
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

65
31. SUTURE CUTTING SCISSORS

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Curved or straight blades with a sharp, pointed tip and a comfortable handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different suture materials and
procedures
 Blade Angle: Angled blades allow for precise cutting and easy access to sutures

Uses
 Suture Cutting: To cut sutures during surgical procedures, wound closure, or suture
removal
 Tissue Dissection: To dissect tissue during surgical procedures
 Suture Removal: To remove sutures after wound healing
 Emergency Medicine: To quickly cut sutures or other materials in emergency
situations

Advantages
 Precise Cutting: Sharp, angled blades allow for precise cutting of sutures
 Easy to Use: Comfortable handle and curved or straight blades make it easy to
maneuver and use
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used in various surgical specialties and procedures

Disadvantages

66
  Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or injury if not used carefully
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Sutures: May not be suitable for cutting certain types
of sutures or materials
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly

Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

67
32. NEEDLE HOLDER

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel, titanium, or ratcheting
handle material
 Shape: Long, slender instrument with a jaw or clamp at the tip and a handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different needle sizes and procedures
 Jaw Type: May have a locking jaw or a ratcheting mechanism to secure the needle in
place
Uses
 Suturing: To hold and manipulate needles during suturing procedures
 Surgical Procedures: To hold and manipulate needles during various surgical
procedures
 Wound Closure: To hold and manipulate needles during wound closure procedures
 Emergency Medicine: To quickly and easily hold and manipulate needles in
emergency situations
Advantages
 Precise Control: Allows for precise control and manipulation of needles
 Easy to Use: Ergonomic handle and jaw or clamp design make it easy to use and
maneuver
 Reduces Needlestick Injuries: Reduces the risk of needlestick injuries by providing
a secure grip on the needle
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
Disadvantages
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely

68
  May Not Be Suitable for All Needles: May not be suitable for holding and
manipulating certain types of needles
 Risk of Needle Damage: May cause damage to the needle if not used carefully
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

69
33. CORD CUTTING SCISSORS

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Curved or angled blades with a sharp, pointed tip and a comfortable handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different umbilical cord sizes and
procedures
 Blade Angle: Angled blades allow for precise cutting and easy access to the umbilical
cord

Uses
 Umbilical Cord Cutting: To cut the umbilical cord during delivery or postpartum
care
 Neonatal Care: To care for newborns and cut the umbilical cord as needed
 Obstetric Procedures: To assist with umbilical cord cutting during obstetric
procedures
 Emergency Medicine: To quickly and safely cut the umbilical cord in emergency
situations

Advantages
 Precise Cutting: Sharp, angled blades allow for precise cutting of the umbilical cord
 Easy to Use: Comfortable handle and curved or angled blades make it easy to
maneuver and use
 Reduces Risk of Infection: Designed to minimize the risk of infection during
umbilical cord cutting
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting

70
Disadvantages
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Not Be Suitable for All Umbilical Cords: May not be suitable for cutting
certain types of umbilical cords or in certain situations
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
 Risk of Umbilical Cord Damage: May cause damage to the umbilical cord if not
used carefully
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

71
34. ANTERIOR VAGINAL WALL RETRACTOR

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Curved or angled blade with a flat or rounded edge and a handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different patient anatomy and
procedures
 Blade Type: May have a fixed or adjustable blade to accommodate different tissue
thicknesses
Uses
 Gynecological Procedures: To retract the anterior vaginal wall during gynecological
procedures, such as hysterectomies or cystectomies
 Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair: To retract the anterior vaginal wall during pelvic
organ prolapse repair procedures
 Vaginal Surgery: To retract the anterior vaginal wall during various vaginal surgeries
 Training and Simulation: For training and simulation purposes in medical education
Advantages
 Effective Retraction: Curved or angled blade provides effective retraction of the
anterior vaginal wall
 Easy to Use: Comfortable handle and flat or rounded edge make it easy to maneuver
and use
 Minimizes Tissue Trauma: Designed to minimize tissue trauma and promote healing
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
Disadvantages
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely

72
  May Not Be Suitable for All Patients: May not be suitable for patients with certain
medical conditions or anatomical variations
 Risk of Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or injury if not used carefully
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

73
35. CORD CLAMP

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade plastic, metal, or a combination of
both
 Shape: Small, clip-like device with a spring-loaded mechanism and a comfortable
handle
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different umbilical cord sizes and
procedures
 Locking Mechanism: Designed with a secure locking mechanism to prevent
accidental release
Uses
 Umbilical Cord Clamping: To clamp the umbilical cord during delivery or
postpartum care
 Neonatal Care: To care for newborns and clamp the umbilical cord as needed
 Obstetric Procedures: To assist with umbilical cord clamping during obstetric
procedures
 Emergency Medicine: To quickly and safely clamp the umbilical cord in emergency
situations
Advantages
 Easy to Use: Simple design and spring-loaded mechanism make it easy to use and
apply
 Secure Clamping: Locking mechanism provides secure clamping of the umbilical
cord
 Reduces Risk of Hemorrhage: Helps reduce the risk of hemorrhage by securely
clamping the umbilical cord
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
Disadvantages

74
  May Cause Cord Damage: May cause damage to the umbilical cord if not applied
correctly
 Requires Proper Training: Requires proper training and technique to apply correctly
 May Not Be Suitable for All Cords: May not be suitable for clamping certain types
of umbilical cords or in certain situations
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

75
36. KOCHER’S HEMOSTATIC FORCEPS

Design
 Material: Made of high-quality, medical-grade stainless steel or titanium
 Shape: Curved or angled tips with a ratcheted handle and a locking mechanism
 Size: Available in various sizes to accommodate different procedures and tissue
thicknesses
 Tip Type: May have a smooth or toothed tip to accommodate different tissue types
and procedures

Uses
 Hemostasis: To control bleeding and achieve hemostasis during surgical procedures
 Tissue Grasping: To grasp and hold tissue during surgical procedures
 Suturing: To assist with suturing during surgical procedures
 Emergency Medicine: To quickly and effectively control bleeding in emergency
situations

Advantages
 Effective Hemostasis: Curved or angled tips and ratcheted handle provide effective
hemostasis and tissue control
 Easy to Use: Locking mechanism and comfortable handle make it easy to use and
maneuver
 Durable: Made of high-quality materials, making it durable and long-lasting
 Versatile: Can be used in various surgical specialties and procedures

76
Disadvantages
 Requires Skill and Experience: Requires skill and experience to use correctly and
safely
 May Cause Tissue Damage: May cause tissue damage or injury if not used carefully
 Risk of Instrument Breakage: May break if excessive force is applied or if the
instrument is not used correctly
 May Not Be Suitable for All Tissues: May not be suitable for grasping and holding
certain types of tissue

Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

77
[Link] DRESSING FORCEPS

DESIGN:
Material: Stainless steel (surgical grade).
Shape: Usually around 8–10 inches (20–25 cm) long most often confused with laminaria
tent introducing forceps.
Tip type: The jaws are blunt-tipped and often fenestrated (open slots) to hold gauze
securely without cutting or damaging tissues.
Handles: Ring-shaped handles, similar to scissors
Locking mechanism: with a ratchet lock to hold tissue dressing firmly.

USES:
 To apply or remove dressings inside the uterus or vaginal canal.
 To clean the uterine cavity after procedures like D&C (dilatation and curettage).
 To hold gauze or cotton swabs for antiseptic application.
 To assist in removing retained products after miscarriage or delivery.
 Used during procedures like IUCD insertion/removal.

Advantages:
 Blunt tips reduce the risk of injury to delicate uterine tissue.
 Fenestrated jaws provide a firm grip on gauze.
 Length allows access deep into the vaginal canal or uterus.
 Reusable and durable due to stainless steel material.
 Can be used for multiple gynaecological procedures.

78
 Disadvantages:
 Non-locking types may require constant pressure by hand.
 Can cause trauma if used improperly or with too much force.
 Limited use outside gynaecology and obstetrics.
 Blunt design may not be suitable for grasping firm tissues.

Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

79
38. Kelly’s Long Forceps

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel
Shape: Long, curved or straight haemostatic forceps with serrated jaws.
Size: length ~10 inches.
Tip type: the blades are slightly bent and fenestrated
Locking Mechanism: Ratcheted finger rings for locking.

Uses:
 Used to clamp and hold bleeding vessels during vaginal or pelvic surgeries.
 To hold swabs or gauze deep in cavities.
 Common in vaginal deliveries and caesarean sections for haemostasis.

Advantages:
 Provides firm grip on vessels or tissue.
 Long length helps reach deep pelvic structures.
 Multiple sizes available for various procedures.

Disadvantages:
 Improper use may damage tissue.
 Not suitable for grasping delicate structures.

Sterilization Techniques
 Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes

80
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
 Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a
combination of gas and energy to kill microorganisms.

81
[Link]-Smith Pessary

Design:
Material: Made from rubber, silicone, or plastic.
Shape: Semi-rigid or flexible flat curved device, shaped like a “U” or oval ring.

Uses:
 Non-surgical support for uterine prolapse, retroverted uterus, or stress urinary
incontinence.
 Inserted vaginally to provide mechanical support.

Advantages:
 Non-invasive alternative to surgery.
 Can be self-inserted and removed by the patient.
 Long-term management of prolapse.

Disadvantages:
 Requires regular cleaning and monitoring.
 May cause vaginal irritation, ulceration, or discharge if neglected.
 Not effective in all degrees of prolapse.

Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms

82
Sterilization:
Chemical-Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2% Glutaraldehyde solution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

83
[Link] Pessary

Design:
Material: Circular, flexible silicone or rubber ring.
Shape: Hollow center and smooth surface.
Uses:
 Used to support the uterus or vaginal wall in cases of mild to moderate uterine
prolapse or cystocele.
 Can also support after surgical repair.
Advantages:
 Easy to insert and remove.
 Comfortable for long-term use.
 Minimally invasive support.

Disadvantages:
 May slip out in severe prolapse.
 Risk of infection or erosion if left in place too long.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical-Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

84
[Link] Biopsy Forceps

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel.
Shape: Long, narrow instrument with scissor-like handles and a small circular or oval
cutting cup at the distal end.
Tip type: The tip has a sharp-edged cup for “punching” a tissue sample.
Uses:
 To obtain biopsy samples from the cervix, vagina, or endometrium.
 Commonly used during colposcopy to diagnose cervical dysplasia or malignancy.
Advantages:
 Allows for precise tissue sampling.
 Minimally invasive with quick results.
 Reduces need for more invasive diagnostic procedures.
Disadvantages:
 May cause minor bleeding or pain.
 Not suitable for large or deep tissue biopsies.
 Requires proper technique to avoid insufficient sample.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).

85
  Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

86
 [Link]’s Forceps

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel.
Shape: Long, straight instrument with ring-shaped, atraumatic fenestrated jaws.
Tip type: Blunt edges; no teeth.
Holding Mechanism: Ratchet lock at the handle for grip.
Uses:
 Used to gently hold soft, tubular structures like the fallopian tubes, ureters,
intestines, or ovaries.
 Common in gynaecologic and abdominal surgeries
Advantages:
 Non-crushing design protects delicate tissues.
 Firm grip without trauma.
 Versatile use in many types of surgery

Disadvantages:
 Not suitable for firm or fibrous tissue.
 May not hold slippery tissues tightly enough.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).

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  Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

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 [Link] Bonney Vaginal Clamp

Design:
Material: stainless steel
Size: Heavy, curved forceps with toothed blades.
Shape: Long and robust with a locking mechanism.
Tip: Often serrated blades to hold tissue firmly.

Uses:
 Used to clamp the vaginal walls or pedicles during surgeries like vaginal
hysterectomy.
 Helps control bleeding and maintain exposure.
Advantages:
 Provides firm hold even on thick tissue.
 Essential in procedures requiring strong retraction and haemostasis.
Disadvantages:
 Can be traumatic if used without care.
 Heavy and may be cumbersome for delicate procedures.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).

89
  Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

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 [Link]’s Retractor

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel.
Shape: Sturdy, flat-bladed retractor with a long handle.
Locking Mechanis,:Usually double-ended with one shallow and one deep blade.

Uses:
 Used for retracting the vaginal wall or perineum during pelvic surgeries.
 Provides exposure of the vaginal canal or cervix.
Advantages:
 Durable and reusable.
 Allows for hands-free exposure when held by an assistant.
 Simple, non-mechanical design.
Disadvantages:
 Requires an assistant to hold.
 can cause tissue pressure or fatigue if left in place too long.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to
kill bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry heat
sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.

91
  Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

92
 [Link] (HSG) Cannula

Design:
Material: Made from metal or plastic.
Shape: A narrow, tube-like cannula often with a bulb or flange to secure it at the cervical
OS.
Locking Mechanism: May have a lock system or an inflatable balloon for better seal.

Uses:
 Introduces contrast media into the uterus and fallopian tubes during HSG
procedures to evaluate tubal patency and uterine shape.
Advantages:
 Provides precise delivery of contrast dye.
 Secure seal prevents backflow.
 Can be reused (metal types) or disposable (plastic).
Disadvantages:
 May cause pain or cramping during insertion.
 Risk of infection or perforation if not properly handled.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).

93
  Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

94
 46. Bonney’s Myomectomy Clamp

Design:
Material: Heavy-duty instrument made of stainless steel
Shape & tip :Large, strong clamp with long jaws and toothed inner surfaces.
Uses:
 Used to clamp uterine muscle and vessels during myomectomy (fibroid removal)
to reduce blood loss.
 Temporarily occludes uterine blood flow.

Advantages:
 Very effective in controlling haemorrhage during fibroid surgery.
 Can temporarily reduce uterine blood supply, aiding in bloodless dissection.
Disadvantages:
 Heavy and potentially traumatic if improperly used.
 Not suitable for delicate tissue.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.

95
  Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

96
 47. Cervical Occlusion Clamp

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel.
Shape: Small, curved or straight clamp with serrated or toothed jaws.
Locking Mechanism: Shorter than regular forceps, with ring handles and locking ratchet.

Uses:
 Used to occlude or grasp the cervix during surgical procedures like D&C, suction
evacuation, or hysteroscopy.
 Helps stabilize the cervix during instrument insertion.
Advantages:
 Provides firm cervical grip.
 Helps in precise manipulation of the uterus or cervix.
 Simple and reusable.
Disadvantages:
 Can cause pain or bleeding if used roughly.
 Risk of cervical injury if clamped too tightly
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).

97
  Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

98
 [Link] Holding Forceps
(Also known as Vulsellum forceps or Leech-Wilkinson forceps, depending on type)

Design:
Material: Stainless steel body.
Shape & Size: Long forceps with sharp or blunt hooks or teeth at the end to grasp the
uterus.
Locking Mechanism: Scissor-like handles with a locking ratchet.
Uses:
 Used to grasp and manipulate the uterus during procedures like IUCD insertion,
D&C, hysteroscopy, or suction evacuation.
 Provides firm hold on the cervical lips or uterine fundus.
Advantages:
 Offers excellent control and visibility.
 Firm grip, especially in retroverted or mobile uterus.
Disadvantages:
 Toothed versions can cause trauma or bleeding.
 May be uncomfortable for conscious patients.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.

99
  Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

100
 49. Auvard’s Self-Retaining Posterior Vaginal Wall Speculum

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel.
Shape &size: Weighted metal speculum with a curved blade and a handle.
Locking Mechanism: Designed to rest against the perineum and retract the posterior
vaginal wall using gravity.
Uses:
 Used in vaginal surgeries, Pap smears, and procedures needing posterior wall
exposure.
 Keeps the posterior vaginal wall retracted without the need for an assistant.
Advantages:
 Self-retaining—no need for extra hands.
 Excellent exposure for gynaecological procedures
 Durable and reusable.
Disadvantages:
 Heavy; can be uncomfortable if used too long.
 Risk of pressure injury to the vaginal wall.
 Not suitable for outpatient use without anaesthesia.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).

101
  Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

102
 [Link]

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel.
Tip: Long, slender instrument with a sharp pointed hook at the end.
Shape: Usually single-toothed, curved or straight.
Locking Mechanism: Scissor-like handles with a ratchet lock.
Uses:
 Used to grasp the cervix during gynaecological procedures like IUCD insertion,
D&C, or hysteroscopy.
 Helps in stabilizing and pulling the cervix or uterus into position.

Advantages:
 Provides firm grip on the cervix.
 Allows for precise control during uterine manipulation.
Disadvantages:
 Can cause bleeding or trauma due to sharp tips.
 Painful if used without proper anaesthesia.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.

103
  Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

104
51. IUCD Removing Hook

Design:
Shape: A long, slender instrument with a small hook or loop at the distal end.
Material: May be made of stainless steel or plastic.
Locking Mechanism: Handle may be straight or slightly angled for access.
Uses:
 Used to retrieve intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) when strings are not
visible or have retracted.
 Common in outpatient or minor gynaecologic procedures.
Advantages:
 Minimally invasive retrieval method.
 Simple, fast, and cost-effective.
 Can prevent need for surgical removal.
Disadvantages:
 May fail if IUCD is embedded or migrated.
 Risk of uterine injury or perforation if inserted forcefully.
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi

105
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

106
52. Shirodkar's Encirclage Needle

Design:
Material: Made of stainless steel
Shape & Size: Long, curved needle with an eye or hole near the tip for passing suture
material.
Tip: Specifically designed for cervical cerclage procedures.

Uses:
 Used in Shirodkar's cerclage, a surgical procedure to prevent preterm labour in
cases of cervical incompetence.
 Helps pass a suture around the internal OS of the cervix.

Advantages:
 Precise design for deep cervical suturing.
 Durable and reusable.

Disadvantages:
 Requires surgical skill to use.
 Risk of bleeding or injury if not placed accurately.

107
Sterilization Techniques
Autoclaving: Can be sterilized using an autoclave, which uses high-pressure steam to kill
bacteria and other microorganisms autoclaving (Preferred):
Some silicone models are autoclavable.
 Temp: 121°C to 134°C
 Pressure: 15–30 psi
 Time: 15–30 minutes (not autoclaved if made of plastic/rubber).
 Dry Heat Sterilization: Can be sterilized using dry heat, such as an oven or a dry
heat sterilizer. Less commonly used due to longer duration (160–180°C for 2 hours).
 Ensure the instrument is cleaned and dried before sterilization.
 Ethylene Oxide Sterilization: Can be sterilized using ethylene oxide gas, which is
effective against bacteria, viruses, and fungi
Plasma Sterilization: Can be sterilized using plasma sterilization, which uses a combination
of gas and energy to kill microorganisms
Sterilization:
Chemical- Put the instrument into the Cidex or 2%Glutaraldehydesolution for 30 min.
Usually cleaned with soap and water.

108
REFERENCES :-
1) Dutta DC. Textbook of Gynecology. 9th ed. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers; 2021.
2) Shaw RW, Soutter WP, Stanton SL. Gynaecology. 4th ed. Edinburgh:
Churchill Livingstone; 2017.
3) Ghai A, Gupta S. Manual of Obstetric Instruments and Procedures. New
DelShi: CBS Publishers & Distributors; 2020.
4) Arulkumaran S. Manual of Obstetrics. 4th ed. Hyderabad: Universities
Press; 2018.
5) Baskett TF. Munro Kerr’s Operative Obstetrics. 13th ed. Philadelphia:
Elsevier; 2020.
6) Rock JA, Jones HW. Te Linde’s Operative Gynecology. 12th ed.
Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2019.
7) Pillitteri A. Maternal and Child Health Nursing: Care of the Childbearing
and Childrearing Family. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2018.
8) Fraser DM, Cooper MA. Myles Textbook for Midwives. 17th ed.
Edinburgh: Elsevier; 2020.
9) Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey
BM, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 26th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill
Education; 2022.

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