GIS APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL

MANAGEMENT

▪ Moncef Bouaziz
1 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Outline
• Introduction – What is GIS?
• Software options
• Applications
• Understanding Maps & Data
1. Data Layers
2. Spatial Data Types
3. Characteristics of Spatial Data
4. Metadata
• Making Great Maps – Data Visualization Principles
• Artificial intelligence in GIS

2 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 • Introduction – What is GIS?

3 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 INTRODUCTION

GIS stands for Geographic Information

Systems and is a computer-based tool that
examines spatial relationships, patterns,
and trends in geography.

4 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Geographic Information System
“A system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analyzing and
displaying spatial data” 4
5 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Process of GIS from Input to maps

Input: spatial data

GIS/Mapping Software: analysis and data

visualization

Output: new data and maps

6 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
GIS mapping produces visualizations of geospatial information.
The 4 main ideas of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are:
•Create geographic data.
•Manage it in a database.
•Analyze and find patterns.
•Display it on a map.

Because viewing and analyzing data on maps impacts our understanding of data,
we can make better decisions using GIS.
7 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
The history of GIS
[Link] Developments (1960s - 1970s):
1. The roots of GIS can be traced back to the 1960s when computer technology started emerging.
Early developments focused on creating digital maps and using computers to store and analyze
geographic data.
2. Harvard University's Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis, led by Howard
Fisher, is often credited as one of the earliest centers for GIS research.
[Link] Use Planning (1970s - 1980s):
1. In the 1970s and 1980s, GIS technology began to be used in land use planning, environmental
management, and urban planning.
2. The development of software like SYMAP and GRID, along with advancements in computer
hardware, made it possible to perform spatial analysis and create thematic maps.
[Link] Adoption (1980s - 1990s):
1. In the 1980s, GIS technology became more widely accessible with the introduction of commercial
GIS software, such as Arc/INFO (later ArcGIS) by Esri and GRASS GIS.
2. The adoption of GIS extended to various sectors, including government, forestry, agriculture, and
utilities.

8 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 4. Integration of Remote Sensing (1980s - 1990s):
4. Remote sensing technology, which involves collecting data from satellites and aircraft,
became integrated with GIS, allowing for the incorporation of imagery and spatial data.
5. This integration expanded the capabilities of GIS and made it possible to monitor
changes in the Earth's surface.
5. Global Positioning System (GPS) Integration (1990s):
4. The widespread availability of GPS technology in the 1990s revolutionized GIS
mapping. GPS allowed for precise geolocation of objects and data collection in the field.
5. GPS technology is now an integral part of GIS applications for navigation, asset
management, and more.
6. Internet and Web Mapping (Late 1990s - 2000s):
4. The rise of the internet and web technologies led to the development of web-based GIS
applications. This made it possible to access and share maps and geographic data
online.
5. Services like Google Maps and open-source platforms like OpenLayers and Leaflet
emerged, democratizing access to GIS.

9 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
7. Advancements in Data Collection and Analysis (2000s - Present):
7. The 21st century has seen significant advancements in data collection techniques,
including LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and high-resolution satellite imagery.
8. GIS has expanded into diverse fields, including emergency management, epidemiology,
transportation planning, and environmental conservation.
8. Cloud-Based GIS (2010s - Present):
7. Cloud-based GIS platforms, such as ArcGIS Online and Mapbox, have become
increasingly popular. These platforms offer scalability, collaboration, and data storage in
the cloud.
9. Emerging Technologies (Present and Future):
10. The field of GIS continues to evolve with the incorporation of emerging technologies like
artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and augmented reality (AR) for more advanced
spatial analysis and visualization.
10 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
What are the Use Cases of GIS?

Every day, GIS powers millions of decisions around the world. It makes a big
impact on our lives and you might not even realize it. For example, we use GIS
for:
•Pinpointing new store locations
•Reporting power outages
•Analyzing crime patterns
•Routing in-car navigation
•Forecasting and predicting weather

11 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Here are some use cases of GIS in waste management:

• Waste Collection Route Optimization: GIS can optimize waste collection routes
by considering factors like the location of waste bins, traffic conditions, and pick-up
schedules. This helps reduce fuel consumption, minimize collection time, and lower operational costs.
• Landfill Site Selection: GIS can be used to identify suitable locations for new landfill sites. It takes into
account factors such as proximity to population centers, environmental regulations, and geological suitability to
ensure responsible waste disposal.
• Recycling Program Planning: GIS helps plan recycling programs by identifying areas with high recycling
potential. It can map the locations of recycling centers, drop-off points, and track recycling rates over time to
assess program effectiveness.
• Illegal Dumping Detection: GIS can be used to monitor and detect illegal dumping sites. It combines data
from satellite imagery, field surveys, and reports to identify areas where unauthorized dumping is occurring.
12 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
• Waste Composition Analysis: GIS can assist in analyzing the composition of waste generated in different
areas. By understanding what types of waste are prevalent in specific regions, municipalities can tailor their
waste management strategies accordingly.
• Environmental Impact Assessment: GIS is instrumental in assessing the environmental impact of waste
management activities. It helps visualize potential risks, such as groundwater contamination or air quality
issues, and aids in developing mitigation strategies.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: GIS can be used to target public awareness campaigns about waste
reduction and recycling. By mapping areas with low recycling rates, municipalities can focus their educational
efforts where they are needed most.

13 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
• Regulatory Compliance: GIS helps waste management facilities track and maintain compliance with local, state,
and federal regulations. It ensures that facilities are situated in appropriate zones and adhere to safety and
environmental standards.
• Emergency Response Planning: GIS is invaluable during emergencies like hazardous material spills or natural
disasters. It helps identify affected areas, plan evacuation routes, and coordinate clean-up efforts efficiently.
• Waste Flow Analysis: GIS can track the flow of waste from generation to disposal, allowing for the monitoring of
waste transport and helping to identify bottlenecks or inefficiencies in the waste management process.

Map showing solid waste dumping site

suitability analysis using GIS and
remote sensing

14 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Theoretical Overview

• GIS recreates real world spatial data

• As digitized themed data “layers”

(e.g. locations, boundaries, infrastructure,
socioeconomic hydrology, land use/cover)

• Assembled in any combination and

• overlaid for analysis

15 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 • Software options

16 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Types of GIS & Mapping
Type Analysis Power Examples
Geobrowser Weak (mainly only to display Google Maps, Google Earth,
data)

Web-based Medium Carto, ArcGIS Online,

(able to upload additional Mapbox, Google MyMaps,
data, customize display, and etc.
perform basic analyses)

Desktop Strong ArcGIS Pro QGIS

(installed locally, provides full
control of map creation, and
perform advanced analyses)

17 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Which desktop software should you use today?

key features:
• ArcGIS by Esri:
• Why: ArcGIS is one of the most widely used GIS platforms globally. It offers a comprehensive suite of
tools for mapping, spatial analysis, data management, and visualization. It is known for its reliability
and extensive support.
• Use Cases: Ideal for a wide range of applications, including environmental management, urban
planning, and business intelligence.
• QGIS (Quantum GIS):
• Why: QGIS is open-source, which means it's free to use and has a strong community of developers.
It offers many plugins and supports various data formats.
• Use Cases: Suitable for small to medium-sized projects, especially if you have budget constraints.
• GRASS GIS:
• Why: Another open-source option, GRASS GIS, is known for its powerful spatial analysis capabilities.
It's particularly useful for research and advanced analysis.
• Use Cases: Often used in academic and research settings for environmental modeling and analysis.

18 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 • SAGA GIS:
• Why: SAGA GIS is open-source and specializes in terrain analysis. It's a good choice for
projects related to geoscientific research.
• Use Cases: Best suited for geology, hydrology, and terrain analysis.
• Google Earth Pro:
• Why: Google Earth Pro provides access to high-quality satellite imagery and is user-friendly.
It's a great choice for visualizing geospatial data.
• Use Cases: Often used for educational purposes, real estate, and basic geographic analysis.
• AutoCAD Map 3D:
• Why: AutoCAD Map 3D is part of the AutoCAD suite and is suitable for industries like civil
engineering and utilities. It combines CAD and GIS capabilities.
• Use Cases: Ideal for infrastructure design and management.
• MapInfo Pro:
• Why: MapInfo Pro is known for its ease of use and is popular in industries like retail, real
estate, and telecommunications. It offers mapping and data visualization capabilities.
• Use Cases: Ideal for businesses that need location-based analytics and decision-making

19 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Which desktop software should you use today?

ArcGIS Pro (by ESRI) QGIS

• Commercial software (expensiveto • Free, open-source tool
purchase) • Runs on any operating system
• Only runs on Windows • Smaller program that will not affect
• Larger program – can run slowly on performance of your computer
some computers • Many available tools, but lacking some
• Full set of GIS functions and tools for specific functions, such as network
• Integration with ArcGIS Online analysis (i.e. routing) and spatial
• Fully developed training statistics
program(online modules, • Basic tutorials by QGIS developers and
writtentutorials, MOOCs) users
• Comprehensive support (directsupport • Tools can be developed by anyone so
from ESRI, documentation for every performance and documentation is
tool) inconsistent.
• Support via forums

20 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 QGIS (Quantum GIS) is considered very useful for several reasons:

• Open-Source and Free: QGIS is open-source software, which means it's freely available for anyone to
download and use. This makes it accessible to a wide range of users, including those with limited budgets,
students, and small organizations.
• Community and Support: QGIS has a strong and active user community and developer community. This
means you can find a wealth of online resources, tutorials, and forums where you can seek help, ask
questions, and share knowledge. The community also contributes to the development of plugins and
extensions, enhancing the software's functionality.

21 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
• Cross-Platform Compatibility: QGIS is available for multiple operating systems, including
Windows, macOS, and various Linux distributions. This cross-platform compatibility allows users to
work on their preferred operating system.
• User-Friendly Interface: QGIS has an intuitive and user-friendly interface that makes it accessible
to both beginners and experienced GIS professionals. Its design prioritizes ease of use and
efficiency.
• Extensive Format Support: QGIS supports a wide range of data formats, including vector and
raster data. This flexibility allows users to work with data from various sources without the need for
extensive data conversion.
• Powerful Geospatial Analysis: QGIS offers a comprehensive set of geospatial analysis tools and
functions. Users can perform tasks such as spatial querying, geoprocessing, spatial analysis, and
cartographic design.

22 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
• Customization: QGIS allows users to customize the software( modify Configuration) to meet
their specific needs. This can be done through the use of plugins, scripting with Python, and
customizing the user interface.
• Interoperability: QGIS supports interoperability with other GIS software and tools. It can import
and export data in common GIS formats, making it easy to collaborate with users of different GIS
systems.
• Continuous Development: QGIS is under active development, with regular updates and
improvements. This ensures that the software stays current with the latest developments in GIS
technology.
• Scalability: While QGIS is suitable for small to medium-sized projects, it can also handle larger
and more complex projects with the right configuration and setup.
23 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Why QGIS?

In summary, QGIS is very useful due to its accessibility, community support, user-friendly interface,
extensive format support, geospatial analysis capabilities, customization options, and continuous
development. These factors make it a popular choice for a wide range of users and applications in the
field of geographic information systems.

24 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 • Understanding Maps & Data
1. Data Layers

25 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Understanding data ‘layers’
What individual data layers were used to create this map?

26 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Google maps is
Individual data layers used to create this map a ‘Geobrowser’

T stops with label

Points of of
Points interest
interest

Street network
Parks and other open space

Bodies of water

27 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 MAPS & DATA:

SPATIAL DATA TYPES

28 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 UNDERSTANDING MAPS & DATA

Geospatial Data Types

Geospatial or coordinate data can be

represented in two different data
formats:
• Vector:
e.g. points, lines, and polygons

• Raster:
e.g. row and column matrix

29 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector versus Raster
Vectors are composed of coordinates Raster's are composed of pixels

30 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector examples
Vector data is a fundamental data type in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) that represents geographic
features using points, lines, and polygons, along with associated attributes.

Points Lines Polygons (Combined)

31 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Type: Vector

32 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector mapping

Vectors have a frontend geometry

• In this example the geometry represents state

polygons

33 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector mapping

Vectors have a backend database,

normally called an ‘attribute table’

• rows represent unique geometries (e.g. state
polygons)
• columns represent a number of variables
(theoretically infinite)

34 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector file formats

Vector data in Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) can be stored in various file formats. Each
format has its own advantages and is compatible
with different GIS software

Shapefile (.shp): Shapefiles are one of the most widely used vector data formats. They consist of a
set of files with different extensions (.shp, .shx, .dbf, etc.) that store geometric and attribute data.
Shapefiles are versatile and are supported by most GIS software.

35 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector file formats

• GeoJSON (.geojson): GeoJSON is a lightweight, human-readable format based on JSON (JavaScript Object
Notation). It is commonly used for web mapping and is supported by many web-based mapping libraries and
applications.
• KML (.kml/.kmz): Keyhole Markup Language (KML) is commonly used for geospatial data visualization in Google
Earth and Google Maps. KML files can store points, lines, polygons, and their associated attributes.
• GML (.gml): Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML-based format developed by the Open Geospatial
Consortium (OGC). It is used for encoding and transporting geographic data, especially in web services and
interoperable GIS applications.
• File Geodatabase (.gdb): The File Geodatabase is a proprietary format developed by Esri for storing and
managing vector data. It is commonly used in ArcGIS software and provides advanced data management
capabilities.

36 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector file formats
• MapInfo Tab (.tab): MapInfo TAB format is used by MapInfo Pro GIS software. It stores both geometric and
attribute data and is commonly used in industries like retail and telecommunications.
• DXF (Drawing Exchange Format) (.dxf): DXF is an Autodesk file format primarily used for 2D and 3D drawings.
It is often used for exchanging vector data between CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and GIS software.
• PostGIS (.sql/.[Link]): PostGIS is an extension for PostgreSQL databases that allows the storage and analysis
of vector data in a relational database. It is commonly used in open-source GIS systems.
• SHPXML (.[Link]): SHPXML is an XML-based format that can be used to store metadata and symbology
information for shapefiles.
• CSV (Comma-Separated Values) (.csv): While not a dedicated vector format, CSV files can be used to store
tabular data with latitude and longitude coordinates. They are often used for point data import/export.
• TopoJSON (.topojson): TopoJSON is a format that encodes topology in geographic data. It is designed to
reduce file size and is used for web mapping applications.
• SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) (.svg): SVG is a vector graphics format used for web-based vector image
37 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
display.
Titel derWhile not a traditional GIS format, it can be used for simple map visualizations.
Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Vector file formats

The choice of vector file format depends on factors such as the

GIS software being used, the intended use case, and
compatibility with other tools and systems. It's important to
choose the format that best suits your project's needs and
objectives.

When adding files to ArcGIS Pro, you will only see one file, not
every extension.

Make sure to keep all files together when moving.

38 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
Data Type: Ratser

39 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Type: Ratser

In Geographic Information Systems (GIS), raster

format is a data structure that represents
geographic information as a grid or matrix of cells,
where each cell contains a single value or
attribute. This grid of cells is organized into rows
and columns, and it covers a specific geographic
area. Raster data is used to represent continuous
phenomena, such as elevation, temperature, land
cover, and satellite imagery.

40 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
Some key characteristics of raster data in GIS:
[Link] Structure: Raster data is structured as a regular
grid, where each cell, also known as a pixel, is assigned a
value. The size and shape of the grid cells can vary
depending on the dataset's resolution, with finer
resolutions representing smaller geographic areas with
greater detail.
[Link] Data: Raster data is particularly suitable for
representing continuous geographic phenomena, where
values change gradually across space. For example,
elevation data in a raster format can show the gradual
changes in terrain height across a landscape.
41 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
[Link] of Raster Data:
1. Elevation Models: Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
are commonly represented as raster data, providing
elevation values for each cell.
2. Satellite Imagery: Remote sensing data from
satellites or aerial surveys are often stored in raster
formats, representing various bands or channels of
data, such as visible light, infrared, or thermal imagery.
3. Temperature Maps: Raster data can represent
temperature values across a region, showing
temperature variations at different locations.

42 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Some key characteristics of raster data in GIS:

• Attribute Values: Each cell in a raster dataset contains an attribute

value, which represents a specific characteristic or measurement at
that location. For example, in a land cover raster, each cell may
indicate whether the land cover is forest, water, urban, or agricultural.
• Spatial Resolution: The spatial resolution of a raster dataset defines
the size of the grid cells and the level of detail in the data. High-
resolution raster data provides more detailed information but may result
in larger file sizes.
• Interpolation: Raster data often involves interpolation, where values
are estimated for grid cells between sampled data points. This is
common in elevation models, where elevation values are calculated for
non-sampled locations based on nearby measurements.
• Analysis and Modeling: Raster data is used for various spatial
analysis and modeling tasks, including terrain analysis, suitability
modeling, image classification, and change detection.

43 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Raster data format
• GeoTIFF (.tif or .tiff): GeoTIFF is one of the most widely used raster
formats in GIS. It extends the TIFF file format to include
georeferencing information, allowing for precise geographic
positioning of raster data.
• GRID (Esri Grid): GRID is a proprietary raster format used in Esri's
ArcGIS software. It consists of a set of related files stored in a folder,
including binary grid files, header files, and metadata files.
• NetCDF (.nc): NetCDF (Network Common Data Form) is a self-
describing, machine-independent data format often used for storing
multidimensional scientific data, including raster datasets. It's
commonly used in environmental and climate science applications.
• HDF (Hierarchical Data Format): HDF is a versatile format for
storing and managing large datasets, including raster data. It's used
Titel & Name des Lehrenden
in44various scientific and remote sensing applications.
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Raster data format

• ERDAS Imagine (.img): ERDAS Imagine is a raster processing software that uses its
own raster format, .img, for storing and managing raster datasets. It's used in remote
sensing and geospatial analysis.
• ENVI (.hdr): ENVI is a remote sensing software package that uses its own raster
format, .hdr (Header), for storing hyperspectral and multispectral imagery.
• BIL, BIP, and BSQ: These are not file formats themselves but rather data
organization formats used for storing multi-band raster data. They represent how pixel
values are organized in memory or files. BIL (Band Interleaved by Line), BIP (Band
Interleaved by Pixel), and BSQ (Band Sequential) are used in some remote sensing
and image processing applications.
• JPEG (.jpg) and JPEG2000 (.jp2): These are commonly used formats for storing
compressed image data, including raster imagery. While they are lossy compression
formats, they are suitable for visualization and web applications.
45 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Raster data format

• ECW (Enhanced Compressed Wavelet): ECW is a proprietary format known for its
high compression ratios while maintaining image quality. It's used for efficient storage
and distribution of raster data.
• MrSID (Multi-resolution Seamless Image Database): MrSID is another format
known for its efficient compression of large raster datasets while preserving image
quality. It's used in GIS and remote sensing applications.
• TIFF (Tagged Image File Format): While GeoTIFF is an extension with
georeferencing information, TIFF files can also store raster data without geographic
information. TIFF is a widely supported image format in various software applications.
• PNG (Portable Network Graphics): While not a typical GIS raster format, PNG can
be used for storing raster images with transparency and is often used for web-based
mapping applications.

46 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Raster mapping

Raster data have a frontend cell matrix

• Where each cell has its own value
• A raster can only symbolize one variable
at a time

47 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Raster mapping

Raster data have a frontend cell matrix

Here each cell/pixel is being

symbolized by elevation value

48 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Raster mapping

Raster data have a backend database,

normally called an ‘attribute table’
• rows represent unique values
(1m, 2m, 3m, etc.)
• columns have specific variables
1) unique ‘ROW ID’
2)unique ‘VALUE’
3) ‘COUNT’ of pixels with that ‘VALUE

49 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
Data Types: Tabular
50 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Tabular

In Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the term

"Tabular Data" refers to data that is organized in a table
or spreadsheet format, typically consisting of rows and
columns. Each row in the table represents a record,
while each column represents a different attribute or
field associated with the records. Tabular data in GIS is
non-spatial data, meaning that it does not inherently
contain geographic coordinates or spatial information.

51 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Data Types: Tabular
Key characteristics of tabular data in GIS include:
• Attributes: Tabular data stores information about geographic features or entities as
attributes. These attributes can include names, descriptions, dates, numeric values,
categories, and more. For example, in a table representing cities, attributes might include
city names, populations, and elevation.
• Records: Each row in the table represents a separate record or feature. These records
correspond to individual geographic entities or objects, such as cities, properties, or
survey points.
• No Geometric Shapes: Unlike spatial data types (e.g., points, lines, polygons) in GIS,
tabular data does not inherently contain geometric shapes or geographic coordinates. It is
purely descriptive data.

52 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
• Data Sources: Tabular data can originate from various sources, including
surveys, databases, spreadsheets, and text files. It is often used to supplement
spatial data, providing additional information about geographic features.
• Attribute Tables: In GIS software, tabular data is commonly managed within an
attribute table associated with a spatial dataset. This table links attribute
information to spatial features, allowing for attribute-based queries, analysis, and
labeling.
• Joining and Relating: Tabular data can be joined or related to spatial data based
on a common attribute. This allows GIS users to integrate descriptive information
from tables with spatial features.
• Analysis: While tabular data itself is non-spatial, it is essential for performing
attribute-based spatial analysis. For example, it can be used to calculate
statistics, filter features, and make data-driven decisions.

53 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
 Examples of tabular data in GIS include:
• A table containing information about properties, including property IDs, owners' names, property sizes, and
zoning classifications.
• A spreadsheet listing weather data for specific dates, including temperature, precipitation, and wind speed.
• An attribute table associated with a vector dataset of land parcels, storing data such as parcel IDs, land
use codes, and tax values.

54 Titel & Name des Lehrenden

Titel der Lehrveranstaltung
55 Titel & Name des Lehrenden
Titel der Lehrveranstaltung