NAME : GOMATHI M. T.

REG. NO. : EC2532251010234

CLASS : I – MCA ‘A’ SEC

SUBJECT : OPERATING SYSTEM WEEK 5

TOPICS : System Admin Commands

1. User Management

• Add User

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sudo useradd username # Create a new user
sudo useradd -m username # Create a new user and create their home directory

• Set User Password

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sudo passwd username # Set or change a user's password

• Delete User

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sudo userdel username # Delete a user
sudo userdel -r username # Delete a user and their home directory

• Add User to Group

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sudo usermod -aG groupname username # Add user to a specific group

• List All Users

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cat /etc/passwd # Lists all users on the system

• Change User Info

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sudo usermod -c "New Name" username # Change the user's description
sudo usermod -l new_username old_username # Change a username
 • Group Management
o Add a new group:

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sudo groupadd groupname

o Delete a group:

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sudo groupdel groupname

o Add user to a group:

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sudo usermod -aG groupname username

2. System Monitoring

• Top (Real-time Process Monitoring)

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top # Displays real-time process activity

• htop (Interactive Process Viewer)

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htop # Requires installation (use 'sudo apt install htop' on
Debian-based systems)

• System Resource Usage

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free -h # Displays memory usage (RAM)
df -h # Displays disk space usage
du -sh /path/to/directory # Displays disk usage for a specific directory
 • Process Status

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ps aux # List all running processes

• System Uptime

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uptime # Displays system uptime, load, and the number of users

• Check System Logs

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tail -f /var/log/syslog # View system logs in real-time
journalctl -xe # View logs from `systemd`

3. Disk Management

• Check Disk Partitions

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fdisk -l # List all partitions

• Mount/Unmount a Filesystem

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sudo mount /dev/sdX /mnt # Mount a disk or partition to /mnt
sudo umount /mnt # Unmount a disk from /mnt

• Check Disk Space

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df -h # Check disk space usage in a human-readable format

• Format a Disk/Partition

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sudo mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdX # Format a partition with the ext4 filesystem
 • Check and Repair Filesystem

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sudo fsck /dev/sdX # Check and repair filesystem issues

• Resize Partition (with resize2fs)

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sudo resize2fs /dev/sdX # Resize an ext4 partition

4. Service Management (Using systemd)

• Start a Service

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sudo systemctl start service_name # Start a service

• Stop a Service

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sudo systemctl stop service_name # Stop a service

• Restart a Service

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sudo systemctl restart service_name # Restart a service

• Check the Status of a Service

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sudo systemctl status service_name # Get the current status of a service

• Enable a Service (Start Automatically at Boot)

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sudo systemctl enable service_name # Enable a service to start at boot
 • Disable a Service (Do Not Start at Boot)

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sudo systemctl disable service_name # Disable a service from starting at boot

• View Logs for a Service

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sudo journalctl -u service_name # View logs for a specific service

5. File Permissions and Ownership

• Change File Permissions

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sudo chmod 755 filename # Change file permissions (rwx for owner, rx
for group and others)
sudo chmod u+x filename # Add execute permission to the file for the
user

• Change File Owner

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sudo chown user:group filename # Change owner and group of the file

• Change File Group

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sudo chgrp groupname filename # Change the group of a file

6. Package Management (Depends on the Distribution)

For Debian/Ubuntu (apt):

• Update Package List

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sudo apt update # Update the local package database
 • Upgrade Packages

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sudo apt upgrade # Upgrade all installed packages

• Install a Package

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sudo apt install package_name # Install a package

• Remove a Package

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sudo apt remove package_name # Remove a package

• Search for a Package

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apt search package_name # Search for a package

For Red Hat/CentOS/Fedora (yum/dnf):

• Update Package List

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sudo yum update # Update the system (for older RHEL/CentOS)
sudo dnf update # Update the system (for newer Fedora/RHEL 8+)

• Install a Package

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sudo yum install package_name # Install a package
sudo dnf install package_name # For newer systems

• Remove a Package

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sudo yum remove package_name # Remove a package
sudo dnf remove package_name # For newer systems
7. Backup and Restore

• Create a Backup (Using tar)

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sudo tar -czvf [Link] /path/to/directory # Backup a directory into a
tarball

• Restore a Backup

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sudo tar -xzvf [Link] -C /path/to/restore # Restore a tarball backup

• Create a Backup (Using rsync)

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sudo rsync -avh /path/to/source/ /path/to/destination/ # Copy files/directories
with rsync

8. Network Management

• Check Network Status

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ifconfig # Display network interfaces
ip a # Display network interfaces (modern alternative to
ifconfig)

• Test Connectivity (Ping a Host)

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ping [Link] # Test network connectivity to a host

• View Active Network Connections

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sudo netstat -tuln # Display active network connections
 • Check Open Ports

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sudo lsof -i -P -n # List open network ports and connections

• Configure IP Address

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sudo ip addr add [Link]/24 dev eth0 # Assign IP address to network
interface

9. Cron Jobs (Scheduled Tasks)

• View Cron Jobs

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crontab -l # List the current user's cron jobs

• Edit Cron Jobs

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crontab -e # Edit the current user's cron jobs

• System-Wide Cron Jobs

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sudo nano /etc/crontab # System-wide cron jobs (root only)

10. Shutdown and Reboot

• Reboot the System

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sudo reboot # Reboot the system

• Shutdown the System

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sudo shutdown -h now # Shutdown the system immediately
sudo shutdown -r now # Reboot the system immediately