Structural Modelling of

Modular Building Structure

By

Ka Ming WU

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) in

Civil and Structural Engineering

Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

City University of Hong Kong

March 2018
 DECLARATION

I declare that this thesis represents my own work, except where due acknowledgement

is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report

submitted to this University or any other institution for a degree, diploma or other

qualification.

Signed

Ka Ming WU
 ABSTRACT

Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) has been promoted by Hong Kong government

that MiC will be widely used in the future as announced in the 2017 Policy Address.

MiC refers to a construction that free-standing integrated module completed with

finishes, fixtures and fittings are manufactured in a pre-fabrication factory and then

transported to site for installation into a single building. This technology will be used

for private building developments in Hong Kong.

However, the development potential of modular building is not limited to regular

building shape of private housing. With the fully used of modular structure, the building

flexibility can significantly increase that an office can be transformed into housing and

small units of modules can be transformed into bigger one. An ionic building can also

be built instead of container house.

This paper is written to analysis different approaches of building structure for the

designed building and discuss the feasibility for increasing the flexibility of the building

by applying modular structure. 3 designs are made for the designated building and the

advantages of the 3 designs are analyzed in order to choose the optimal one.

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Raymond Y.Y. Lee

for his kindly help in providing me both valuable guidance and advices throughout the

whole process of study. Dr. Lee generously share his previous experiences on structural

modelling during the meeting that give me different point of views on my research

direction.

Furthermore, I wish to express my appreciation to my family and fellow classmates.

My parent always provides me support and encouragement while my classmates are

always willing to share useful information on operating the software that make me

easier to perform my research.

ii
 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ii
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... vi
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 1
1.1. Background Information .................................................................................... 1
1.2. Objectives .......................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Project Outline ................................................................................................... 3
2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................... 4
2.1. Review of Typical Building Structure ............................................................... 4
2.2. Introduction to Modular Structure ..................................................................... 7
2.3. Review of Two Modular Structure Buildings .................................................... 8
2.3.1. Nagakin Capsule Tower ................................................................................. 8
2.3.2. Sky Village in Rødovre / MVRDV .............................................................. 10
2.4. Review of Designed Building .......................................................................... 11
2.4.1. Bank of Georgia Headquarter ...................................................................... 11
3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................. 12
3.1. Structural Modelling ........................................................................................ 12
3.2. Review of Finite Element Analysis ................................................................. 12
3.3. Assumption in Structural Modelling ................................................................ 13
3.4. Auto Select Option ........................................................................................... 14
3.5. Stress/Capacity Check ..................................................................................... 14
3.6. Comparison between Different Structures ....................................................... 14
4. CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS CRITERIA ............................................................ 16
4.1. Design Loads ................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1. Dead Load .................................................................................................... 16
4.1.2. Imposed Load............................................................................................... 16
4.1.3. Wind Load ................................................................................................... 16
4.1.4. Load Combinations ...................................................................................... 20
[Link]. Code of Practice Requirements ................................................................ 20
[Link]. Load Combination Input .......................................................................... 21
4.2. Deflection Check ............................................................................................. 22
4.3. Maximum Allowable Stress ............................................................................. 23
5. CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS RESULTS & DISCUSSION ................................ 24
5.1. Beam Column Structure ................................................................................... 25
5.1.1. Design Introduction ..................................................................................... 25
iii
5.1.2. Inter-storey Drift .......................................................................................... 27
5.1.3. Maximum Storey Displacement .................................................................. 28
5.1.4. Materials Weight .......................................................................................... 29
5.1.5. Maximum Allowable Stress ......................................................................... 29
5.1.6. Floor Area .................................................................................................... 30
5.1.7. Bending Moment ......................................................................................... 31
5.2. Modular Structure - Braced Tube System ....................................................... 32
5.2.1. Design Introduction ..................................................................................... 32
5.2.2. Inter-storey Drift .......................................................................................... 34
5.2.3. Maximum Storey Displacement .................................................................. 35
5.2.4. Materials Weight .......................................................................................... 36
5.2.5. Floor Area .................................................................................................... 37
5.2.6. Bending Moment ......................................................................................... 38
5.2.7. Modules Design ........................................................................................... 39
5.3. Modular Structure - Shear Wall Frame System ............................................... 41
5.3.1. Design Introduction ..................................................................................... 41
5.3.2. Inter-storey Drift .......................................................................................... 43
5.3.3. Maximum Storey Displacement .................................................................. 44
5.3.4. Materials Weight .......................................................................................... 45
5.3.5. Floor Area .................................................................................................... 46
5.3.6. Bending Moment ......................................................................................... 47
5.3.7. Modules Design ........................................................................................... 49
5.3.8. Relocation of Modules ................................................................................. 51
5.3.9. Results after Relocation ............................................................................... 52
5.4. Discussion ........................................................................................................ 56
5.4.1. Comparison on Storey Displacement........................................................... 56
5.4.2. Comparison on Floor Area Ratio ................................................................. 58
5.4.3. Comparison on Material Weight .................................................................. 59
5.4.4. Comparison on Maximum Bending Moment .............................................. 60
5.4.5. Comparison on Building Flexibility ............................................................ 63
6. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION .......................................................................... 64
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 66
APPENDIX A: WIND LOAD CALCULATION .................................................... 67
APPENDIX B: MATERIAL LIST BY SECTION ................................................. 68
APPENDIX C: DRIFT AND LATERAL DISPLACEMENT ............................... 72
APPENDIX D: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT.............................................. 84

iv
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 4.1.3 A DESIGN WIND PRESSURE ...................................................................................... 19
TABLE [Link] A LOAD COMBINATIONS ........................................................................................ 21
TABLE 5.1.4 A MATERIAL LIST OF DESIGN 1 ............................................................................... 29
TABLE 5.1.6 A GFA/UFA CALCULATION OF DESIGN 1 .............................................................. 30
TABLE 5.2.4 A MATERIAL LIST OF DESIGN 2 ............................................................................... 36
TABLE 5.2.5 A GFA/UFA CALCULATION OF DESIGN 2 .............................................................. 37
TABLE 5.3.4 A MATERIAL LIST OF DESIGN 3 ............................................................................... 45
TABLE 5.3.5 A GFA/UFA CALCULATION OF DESIGN 3 .............................................................. 46
TABLE 6 A ANALYSIS SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 65

v
 LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.3.1 A NAGAKIN CAPSULE TOWER ................................................................................. 9
FIGURE 2.3.1 B FRAMING PLAN OF NAGAKIN CAPSULE TOWER ............................................. 9
FIGURE 2.3.2 A SKY VILLAGE IN RØ DOVRE / MVRDV .............................................................. 10
FIGURE 2.3.2 B ORGANIZATION OF SKY VILLAGE..................................................................... 10
FIGURE 2.4.1 A BANK OF GEORGIA HEADQUARTER ................................................................. 11
FIGURE 4.1.3 A SIMPLY SKETCH OF WIND CASES...................................................................... 17
FIGURE 4.1.3 B DESIGN WIND PRESSURE ..................................................................................... 18
FIGURE [Link] A LOAD COMBINATION UNDER ULS ................................................................. 20
FIGURE [Link] A LOAD CASE IN ETABS ........................................................................................ 21
FIGURE 4.2 A ALLOWABLE DEFLECTION FOR STEEL ............................................................... 22
FIGURE 4.3 A SHORT-TERM DESIGN STRESS-STRAIN CURVE FOR NORMAL WEIGHT
CONCRETE ................................................................................................................................. 23
FIGURE 5.1.1 A FRAMING PLAN OF DESIGN 1 ............................................................................. 26
FIGURE 5.1.1 B 3D VIEW OF DESIGN 1 ........................................................................................... 26
FIGURE 5.1.2 B INTER-STOREY DRIFT UNDER WIND LOAD Y OF DESIGN 1 ........................ 27
FIGURE 5.1.2 A INTER-STOREY DRIFT UNDER WIND LOAD X OF DESIGN 1 ........................ 27
FIGURE 5.1.3 B TOP DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND LOAD Y OF DESIGN 1 .......................... 28
FIGURE 5.1.3 A TOP DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND LOAD X OF DESIGN 1 .......................... 28
FIGURE 5.1.7 A COLUMN BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 1 .................................................. 31
FIGURE 5.1.7 B BEAM BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 1 ........................................................ 31
FIGURE 5.1.7 C BRACE BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 1 ...................................................... 31
FIGURE 5.2.1 A FRAMING PLAN OF DESIGN 2 ............................................................................. 33
FIGURE 5.2.1 B 3D VIEW OF DESIGN 2 ........................................................................................... 33
FIGURE 5.2.2 A INTER-STOREY DRIFT UNDER WIND LOAD X OF DESIGN 2 ........................ 34
FIGURE 5.2.2 B INTER-STOREY DRIFT UNDER WIND LOAD Y OF DESIGN 2 ........................ 34
FIGURE 5.2.3 A TOP DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND LOAD X OF DESIGN 2 .......................... 35
FIGURE 5.2.3 B TOP DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND LOAD Y OF DESIGN 2 .......................... 35
FIGURE 5.2.6 A COLUMN BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 2 .................................................. 38
FIGURE 5.2.6 B BEAM BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 2 ........................................................ 38
FIGURE 5.2.6 C BRACE BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 2 ...................................................... 38
FIGURE 5.2.7 A 3D VIEW OF MODULES FOR DESIGN 2 .............................................................. 39
FIGURE 5.2.7 B PLAN VIEW OF MODULES FOR DESIGN 2 ......................................................... 40
FIGURE 5.2.7 C ELEVATION VIEW OF MODULES FOR DESIGN 2 ............................................. 40
FIGURE 5.3.1 A FRAMING PLAN OF DESIGN 3 ............................................................................. 42
FIGURE 5.3.1 B 3D VIEW OF DESIGN 3 ........................................................................................... 42
FIGURE 5.3.2 B INTER-STOREY DRIFT UNDER WIND LOAD Y OF DESIGN 3 ........................ 43
FIGURE 5.3.2 A INTER-STOREY DRIFT UNDER WIND LOAD X OF DESIGN 3 ........................ 43
vi
FIGURE 5.3.3 A TOP DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND LOAD X OF DESIGN 3 .......................... 44
FIGURE 5.3.3 B TOP DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND LOAD Y OF DESIGN 3 .......................... 44
FIGURE 5.3.6 A COLUMN BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 3 .................................................. 47
FIGURE 5.3.6 B BEAM BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 3 ........................................................ 47
FIGURE 5.3.6 C BRACE BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 3 ...................................................... 48
FIGURE 5.3.6 D WALL BENDING MOMENT FOR DESIGN 3........................................................ 48
FIGURE 5.3.7 A 3D VIEW OF MODULES FOR DESIGN 3 .............................................................. 49
FIGURE 5.3.7 B PLAN VIEW OF MODULES FOR DESIGN 3 ......................................................... 50
FIGURE 5.3.7 C ELEVATION VIEW OF MODULES FOR DESIGN 3 ............................................. 50
FIGURE 5.3.8 A MODULES RELOCATION ...................................................................................... 51
FIGURE 5.3.8 B 3D VIEW OF RELOCATION 1 ................................................................................ 51
FIGURE 5.3.8 C 3D VIEW OF RELOCATION 2 ................................................................................ 51
FIGURE 5.3.9 A STRESS/CAPACITY CHECK AFTER RELOCATION .......................................... 52
FIGURE 5.3.9 B COMPARISON OF COLUMN BENDING MOMENT AFTER RELOCATION .... 53
FIGURE 5.3.9 C COMPARISON OF BEAM BENDING MOMENT AFTER RELOCATION .......... 54
FIGURE 5.3.9 D COMPARISON OF WALL BENDING MOMENT AFTER RELOCATION .......... 55
FIGURE 5.4.1 A COMPARISON OF STOREY DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND X ...................... 56
FIGURE 5.4.1 B COMPARISON OF STOREY DISPLACEMENT UNDER WIND Y ...................... 57
FIGURE 5.4.2 A FLOOR AREA RATIO OF 3 DESIGNS ................................................................... 58
FIGURE 5.4.3 A UFA/MATERIAL WEIGHT OF 3 DESIGNS ........................................................... 59
FIGURE 5.4.4 A COMPARISON ON MAXIMUM COLUMN BENDING MOMENT ...................... 60
FIGURE 5.4.4 B COMPARISON ON MAXIMUM BEAM BENDING MOMENT ............................ 61
FIGURE 5.4.4 C COMPARISON ON MAXIMUM BRACE BENDING MOMENT .......................... 62

vii
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Information

The major criteria for designing the building structure is to satisfy the functional

requirement for different types of building use, make a good use of spacing and

easy to construct. As a result, the resultant building shape is typically rectangular

and uniform that the construction time can be reduced.

However, aesthetic become a more important requirement for both commercial

and residential building. Therefore, more number of irregular buildings have been

designed and constructed in order to make a deep impression to people. The

uniqueness of the shape helps the building to be iconic for a place.

The unusual shape of the building will greatly affect the structure design since the

arrangement of the structural element is restrained by the architectural design. The

ununiform building structure also influence the load distribution to the structural

system. Therefore, structural analysis of unusual shaped building become vitally

important for facilitate the development of building industry.

1
1.2. Objectives

The major objective of the project is to compare the three designed structures for

the chosen building to identify the most beneficial structure for Bank of Georgia

Headquarter. Other objectives are listed below:

- To perform the structural design for high-rise building

- To perform structural analysis for designated building through structural modelling

- To identify different possible structures for building with modular shape

- To find out the flexibility of Modular Structure Design

2
1.3. Project Outline

ETABS is used for structural modelling to evaluate different structural designs for

the building and figure out the corresponding moments, axial and shear forces. The

thesis consists of six chapters and are listed below:

Chapter 1: Introduction to highlight the background information including the

objectives and outline of the project.

Chapter 2: Literature review to provide the overview on the researches and studies

related to the structure of high rise building.

Chapter 3: Research methodology to describe the method used for the thesis and

state the assumption made for structural modelling and briefly introduce the basic

theory for ETABS.

Chapter 4: Analysis criteria to mention components being used for the modelling

structure including the material and the applied load.

Chapter 5: Analysis result and discussion to display the results taken from the

models for different designed structures including the storey displacement, usable

floor area and materials of structural elements. Comments are made for different

designs.

Chapter 6: Conclusion to summarize the analysis results and accomplish the

discussion.

3
2. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Review of Typical Building Structure

 Columns and Beams Structure

Common form of structure which contain a network of columns and beams

form a skeleton structure of a building. It is typically constructed on a

foundation and is used to support the above building elements.

Beams are the horizontal load-bearing members that main beams transfer the

floor and secondary beam loads to the columns and secondary beams transfer

floor loads to the main beams. Columns are the vertical members that transfer

the beam loads to the foundations.

Concrete and structural steel are the typical type of material used for the

frame. However reinforcing steel should be added to the concrete in order to

provide adequate tensile strength.

4
 Braced Structure

The addition of braced frame increases the stability of the structure against

lateral loads such as wind load and seismic load. Structural steel is the typical

material used for braced frame that can provide high resistance to both tensile

and compressive force.

The braced frame reduces the lateral displacement and the bending moment

acting to the columns. It can be erected easily and is an economical structure

for tall building.

 Rigid-Frame System

The structure of the building is similar to the column and beam system but

connected together rigidly. It is an unbraced frame that is capable to resist

both vertical and horizontal loads by transmitting the beam moment and shear

forces to the column. When a rigid frame structure is subjected to vertical

load, it is taken by the beams and transferred through the columns to the

ground. Since the joints are strongly connected, it prevents the beam end from

any free rotation. The advantages include deflections and internal bending

moments reduction, and increased rigidity. However, the construction cost

increases due to the connections and the structural behavior is highly depends

on the workmanship of the joints.

5
 Shear Wall Structure

The entire material of the shear wall is subjected to resist both horizontal and

vertical loading. It works like a vertical cantilever. The in-plane stiffness of

shear wall is higher than that of rigid-frame. It tends to be used together with

other supporting systems. Coupled shear wall make use of two or more shear

walls in the same plane connected with beams to increase the horizontal

stiffness from separated vertical cantilevers. Furthermore, shear walls can be

combined with rigid frames to form wall-frame system to produce a stiffer

structure.

 Framed-Tube Structure

The tube is formed by closely spaced exterior columns with about 2-4m

spacing connected by deep girder or beam. The lateral load is fully taken by

the tube while gravity load is shared by the interior columns and exterior

columns or walls. Under lateral load, the frames normal to the load direction

acts as flange while along the load direction act as web. However, shear lag

effect may occur due to the flexibility of the spandrel beams that reduce the

efficiency of the system.

6
2.2. Introduction to Modular Structure

Modular structure divided the building into smaller parts that can be fabricated

independently. The modules are pre-fabricated offsite and delivered to the project

site for joining the units together by crane to form a single building. The units can

be joined end-to-end, stacked or sided-to-sided.

Advantages of Modular Structure:

 If relocation of the building is required in the future, the structure can be

easily moved and reused. Therefore, it is a structure with high flexibility.

 Since the structure can generally be reused, it produces less waste than the

traditional structure.

 The modular building is normally pre-casted in the pre-fabrication plant that

reduce the possibility of construction delay. It makes shorter construction

time and hence reduce the number of labors requirement. The construction

cost is therefore reduced and makes it a cost-effective structure.

7
2.3. Review of Two Modular Structure Buildings

2.3.1. Nagakin Capsule Tower

The Nagakin Capsule Tower was built in 1972 with 52m high located in Tokyo,

Japan based on the idea of habitats capsules designed by the architect, Kisho

Kurokawa. The project had the function of serving as a hotel bedroom or studio

building. There are total 140 capsules with 8 different types for the building.

Different with traditional architecture, Nagakin Capsule Tower is not a finished or

complete construction, it is considered to be a building changing over time. The

building was divided into three areas: the structural axes, capsules and equipment.

The Nagakin Capsule Tower consists of two towers which are the structural cores

of 13 stories high housing the building entrances and vertical communication cores

contain the equipment and facilities. The towers also provided the capsules

installation. The base of the building and the towers were constructed of rigid steel

frames and reinforced concrete.

The capsules are produced as modules covering the basic needs of a cabin. They

are designed as an inexpensive piece that are prefabricated in the factory and then

transported to the building site to be installed in situ, so it was easily transportable,

lightweight and replaceable. The capsules had a box-shaped structure of steel that

all other parts are welded and adhered to the cores by four high strength bolts.

8
 Figure 2.3.1 a Nagakin Capsule Tower

Figure 2.3.1 b Framing Plan of Nagakin Capsule Tower

9
 2.3.2. Sky Village in Rødovre / MVRDV

The Sky Village in Rødovre was built in 2008 with 116m tall located in Rødovre

DK. It was a mixed use tower based on a 60 square meter module with grid size

of 7.8m x 7.8m that were organized around the central core of the building. The

units can also be joined together to form a larger space for apartment, hotel room

and office. The structure of the building consisted of 3 inner cores for the access

of different program segments and housing lifts, stairs and shafts that the cores

were made of concrete with the surrounding units of steel structure.

The lower levels of the building offered space for office use while for apartment

in the middle level of the building. At higher level, units were stacked towards the

northern side to emerges a terraced garden. The hotel and restaurant were located

at the top level where also provided a great view of the city. Each unit can be

opened in two ways, rotating vertically and horizontally, which provided

maximum flexibility in floor plan.

Figure 2.3.2 a Sky Village in Rødovre / MVRDV Figure 2.3.2 b Organization of Sky Village

10
2.4. Review of Designed Building

2.4.1. Bank of Georgia Headquarter

A 18-storey building located in Tbilisi, Georgia opened in 1975 with floor area of

13500 m2. Originally, it was designed for the Ministry of Highway Construction

of the Georgian SSR and was converted to commercial use in 2007.

The building had an unusual design that consisted of a number of huge horizontal

concrete blocks interlocking one another forming grid shape. The horizontal

elements were sitting on the vertical cores which contained stairs and elevators.

Figure 2.4.1 a Bank of Georgia Headquarter

11
3. CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Structural Modelling

The design of the building structure is based on the shape of Bank of Georgia

Headquarter following the requirement of Code of Practice in Hong Kong.

Several possible structures for the building will be designed with similar shape to

Bank of Georgia Headquarter. ETABS is used for the structural modelling which

is a finite element analysis software.

3.2. Review of Finite Element Analysis

The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is the simulation of any given physical

phenomenon using the numerical method and is also referred to Finite Element

Method (FEM). Engineers use it to reduce the number of physical prototypes and

experiments and optimize components in the design phase to fasten the

development of the products and make it better.

Finite Element Analysis uses numerical techniques to solve the Partial

Differential Equations (PDEs) that are the complicated equations required to be

solved in order to compute relevant quantities of a structure such as stresses and

strains in order to estimate the behavior of the investigated component or

elements under the design condition.

FEA will only give an approximate solution to the problem and is a numerical

approach to get the real result from the partial differential equations. It is used as

the basis for modern simulation software for designs.

12
 In a Finite-element model, meshing procedure creates a network of line elements

connected by nodes within a material continuum. Each line element simulates the

geometric and physical properties of the local material. Providing the loading and

boundary conditions of the whole system, numerical formulation of structural

response may advance through the computational model. The discretization of a

finite-element model will have some degree of refinement, producing either a

coarse or fine mesh.

3.3. Assumption in Structural Modelling

1. The relationship between the stress and strain of materials is linear that obey

the Hooke’s law. After unloaded, the materials can return to its initial state

that no permanent deformation is made. It can simplify the design analysis

process.

2. Only structural members are analyzed in the computer modelling that non-

structural elements are considered as dead load.

3. The ground condition is neglect for simplification and all loadings are

transmitted to the footing through the superstructure members.

4. All the supports are fixed.

5. Only dead load, imposed load and wind load are considered in the design

6. Assigned loads are based on the Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed

Loads 2011 and Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004.

7. Wind loads are acting from two directions (X and Y) and are assigned as

point load to each joints of the frame.

8. Vertical load assigned is uniformly distributed to the frame.

13
3.4. Auto Select Option

The Auto Select option in ETABS creates lists of previously imported steel and

concrete sections. When an Auto Select section is assigned to the frame member,

the software will automatically select the most economical, adequate section

from the defined Auto Select list when designing the member. Auto Select lists

can be used for Steel Frame, Concrete Frame, Composite Beam, Composite

Column, and Steel Joist design.

For the structure designs in this paper, Auto Select Option is used for the steel

frame design. It is common that some structural members in certain storey will

use the same section, so groups are assigned to some structural members.

3.5. Stress/Capacity Check

After the structural modelling, the structural member should be checked in order

to meet the safety requirement. Demand/Capacity Ratio is the criteria checked by

ETABS based on the analyzed results on the Shear Force, Moment, Tension

Capacity, Compression Capacity and Maximum Load Capacity. If the

Demand/Capacity Ratio is larger than 1.0, it indicates that the member fails to

support the structure. Larger section of member or higher material strength should

be used to increase the capacity.

3.6. Comparison between Different Structures

 Comparison of Lateral Displacement

Lateral displacement is essential for slender building since wind load may

become the critical load affecting the design. By comparing the lateral

14
displacement of different designed structure, the extent of structures to resist

lateral loading can be determined.

 Comparison of Material Weight

Material list can be outputted from ETABS that shows the material used with

respect to section, element type or storey for the structural designs. Usable Floor

Area to Material Weight ratio can also be calculated to act as a reference for

determining whether the structure have fully utilized the materials.

 Gross Floor Area/Usable Floor Area

According to Regulation 23(3)(a) of Building (Planning) Regulations, gross

floor area (GFA) refer to the area contained within the outer surface of the

external walls of a building measured at each floor level. The term ‘usable

floor area’ (UFA) refer to the area of the floors in a storey or a building

excluding any staircase, public circulation space, lift or other similar services

provided for the building.

After the calculation of both GFA and UFA, the Floor Area Ratio can be

determined by dividing the GFA by UFA. The high ratio value indicates a

dense design.

 Flexibility of the Structure

The most important benefit from modular structure is the flexibility of the

building to move and reuse. Therefore, if the structure of the building after

relocation of the modules is still passed after computing analysis, the

structure can be considered as modular and it can become a considerable

advantage among the designs.

15
4. CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS CRITERIA
4.1. Design Loads

4.1.1. Dead Load

Dead loads refer to the self-weight of all permanent items that will act

continuously throughout the service life of the building including all the structural

elements, finishes, roofing and permanent equipment.

4.1.2. Imposed Load

Imposed Load include any temporary or transient forces acting on the building or

structural elements. I may include the people, furniture, vehicles, and other

loadings that can be moved throughout a building. Live loads can be assigned to

any structural elements such as slabs, columns, beams or roofs.

The value of imposed load will vary depended on the occupancy and kind of

activities for the designed floor. The acceptable value should be referenced

according to the Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011.

4.1.3. Wind Load

Wind load is the lateral load acting to the building. The effect from wind load

become significant for buildings exceed about 10 storeys. The wind load taken

by the building is depended on its exposed area to the wind force and height. The

wind load calculation for the designed building is based on the Code of Practice

on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004. According to the clause 5.1 in the wind

code, the total wind force (F) acting on a building should be the summation of

the pressures acting on the effective projected areas as shown in the equation

below:

F = 𝐶𝑓 ∑ 𝑞𝑧 𝐴𝑧 ,
16
Where Cf is the force coefficient for the building that reduction factors RA should

be applied for enclosed building according to frontal project area.

qz is the design wind pressure at height z

Az is the effective projected area

Two wind directions are assumed for the wind load analysis, they are in X and Y

direction. Figure 4.1.3a has shown the simply sketch for the load direction acting

to the building.

Figure 4.1.3 a Simply Sketch of Wind Cases

17
According to the Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004, the

design wind pressure qz for each storey of the building can determined by Figure

4.1.3b where interpolation is required for intermediate values of height.

Figure 4.1.3 b Design Wind Pressure

18
The wind load (kN) acting to each floor of the building in X and Y direction are

calculated as shown in Table 4.1.3a.

Storey Storey Level qz(kPa) kN/m Wind X(kN) Wind Y(kN)

18 90 2.808 7.02 97.5 194.4
17 85 2.808 14.04 195.0 1129.7
16 80 2.808 14.04 195.0 1129.7
15 75 2.808 13.845 384.6 1114.0
14 70 2.73 13.65 1042.7 377.9
13 65 2.73 13.65 1042.7 377.9
12 60 2.73 13.65 1042.7 377.9
11 55 2.73 13.65 379.2 933.0
10 50 2.73 13.25 368.1 905.7
9 45 2.57 12.85 357.0 878.3
8 40 2.57 12.85 669.3 355.8
7 35 2.57 12.85 669.3 355.8
6 30 2.57 12.35 643.2 341.9
5 25 2.37 11.85 329.2 328.1
4 20 2.37 11.5 319.5 318.4
3 15 2.23 11.15 309.7 308.7
2 10 2.23 10.6 294.5 293.5
1 5 2.01 9.575 266.0 265.1
0 0 1.85 0 0.0 0.0
Table 4.1.3 a Design Wind Pressure

19
4.1.4. Load Combinations

[Link]. Code of Practice Requirements

According to Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2011 (COP SUOS

2011) and Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013 (COP SUOC

2013), there are three load combinations composed of dead load, imposed load

and wind load should be considered under ultimate limit state. The load factors

and combinations is shown in Figure 4.1.4.1a.

Figure [Link] a Load combination under ULS

For the load combination under serviceability limit state, according to the clause

4.3.7 in COP SUOS 2011, load factor of 1.0 is applied to dead load, live load and

wind load.

20
[Link]. Load Combination Input

Total 4 kinds of loads are inputted to ETABS for analysis, they are dead load,

live load, wind load in x-direction and wind load in y-direction as shown in

Figure 4.1.4.2a.

Figure [Link] a Load Case in ETABS

There are total 7 load combinations are inputted to ETABS for analysis

according to both ultimate limit state and serviceability limit state. The load

combinations are shown in Table 4.1.4.2a.

Limit State Design No. Load Combinations

ULS 1 1.4 Dead Load + 1.6 Imposed Load

ULS 2 1.4 Dead Load + 1.4 Wind Load X

ULS 3 1.4 Dead Load + 1.4 Wind Load Y

ULS 4 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2 Imposed Load + 1.2 Wind Load X

ULS 5 1.2 Dead Load + 1.2 Imposed Load + 1.2 Wind Load Y

SLS 6 1.0 Dead Load + 1.0 Imposed Load + 1.0 Wind Load X

SLS 7 1.0 Dead Load + 1.0 Imposed Load + 1.0 Wind Load Y
Table [Link] a Load Combinations

21
4.2. Deflection Check

Inter-storey drift and storey displacement is required to be checked for high rise

building since wind load may take significant effect to the building stability. Inter-

storey drift refer to the ratio of displacement of two consecutive floor to the floor

height while storey displacement refer to the total displacement in a storey

accumulated from the ground floor.

According to Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2011, the structure

shall be designed and constructed to meet serviceability criteria that the deflection

and deformation should not harm the strength of the structure. Figure 4.2 a taken

from the COP SUOS 2011 shows the allowable deflection for structural member.

Figure 4.2 a Allowable Deflection for Steel

According to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013, for the

deflection after construction, the deflection limit is span/500 for permanent

loads.

22
4.3. Maximum Allowable Stress

The stress-strain relationship is not linear in reality, Code of Practice for Structural Use

of Concrete 2013 provides the stress-strain relation for the short term design of normal

weight concretes and is shown in Figure 4.3a. From the figure, the maximum stress for

normal weight concrete is 0.67fcu/γm where the fcu is the compressive strength related

to the concrete strength grade. For grade C50 concrete used in the analysis, the value

of fcu is 50 N/mm2. Therefore, the maximum stress taken by the designed concrete

sections should be within this maximum limit.

Figure 4.3 a Short-term design stress-strain curve for normal weight concrete

23
5. CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS RESULTS & DISCUSSION

There are 3 models have been designed for the Bank of Georgia Headquarter, they

are column beam structure and two modular structure using framed tube system

and shear wall frame system.

The 3 models will be presented in this chapter that the characteristics and the design

concept of each structural model will be introduced. The analysis results including

the top displacement, inter-storey drift under wind load and total material weight

for the structure will also be demonstrated. The results collected will then be

checked with the allowable value according to the Code of Practice.

Testing on reshaping the building is conducted for Design 3 only because columns

and beams are only designed for the modules. When comparing the maximum

bending moment before and after the relocation, the data collected of columns and

beams must be referred to the modules. Therefore, the effect of reshaping the

building to the modules can be investigated.

The second part of this chapter will be the comparison between the three designed

structures in terms of lateral displacement, floor area ratio, material weight and

flexibility in order to determine the optimum design for the Bank of Georgia

Headquarter.

24
5.1. Beam Column Structure

5.1.1. Design Introduction

The first model simulates the original structure of the Bank of Georgia

Headquarter that column and beam concrete structure is adopted. Two 18 storey

regular vertical cores are modelled with columns and beams structure each contain

23 columns for supporting the horizontal elements and housing the lifts and stairs.

The horizontal blocks form a 14m long cantilever with the vertical cores each is

supported by main beam and secondary beam and 5 numbers of tension stays

hanging from the core are provided to support the cantilever. The connected floor

between the two cores are also supported by 5 numbers of tension struct hanging

from the core to the middle of the connected floor. Figure 5.1.1a and 5.1.1b show

the framing plan and 3D view of the design.

25
Figure 5.1.1 a Framing Plan of Design 1

Figure 5.1.1 b 3D View of Design 1

26
5.1.2. Inter-storey Drift

Figure 5.1.2a and 5.1.2b show the inter-storey drift at each floor under wind load in X

and Y direction respectively using serviceability limit state.

For the drift under wind load X, the maximum drift occurs at storey 3 with about 0.0024.

The allowable drift limit is 5/500 and is equal to 0.01 for each storey. Therefore, the

design passes the allowable limit.

For the drift under wind load Y, the maximum drift occurs at storey 9 with about 0.0017.

The allowable drift limit is 5/500 and is equal to 0.01 for each storey. Therefore, the

design passes the allowable limit.

Figure 5.1.2 b Inter-storey Drift Under Wind Figure 5.1.2 a Inter-storey Drift Under Wind
Load X of Design 1 Load Y of Design 1

27
5.1.3. Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure 5.1.3a and 5.1.3b show the top displacement at each floor under wind load in X

and Y direction respectively using serviceability limit state.

For the displacement under wind load X, the maximum displacement occurs at storey

15 with about 136mm displacement. The allowable top displacement limit is 70000/500

and is equal to 140mm at storey 15. Therefore, the design passes the allowable top

displacement limit.

For the displacement under wind load Y, the maximum displacement occurs at storey

18 with about 136mm displacement. The allowable top displacement limit is 85000/500

and is equal to 170mm at storey 18. Therefore, the design passes the allowable top

displacement limit.

Figure 5.1.3 b Top Displacement Under Wind Figure 5.1.3 a Top Displacement Under Wind
Load X of Design 1 Load Y of Design 1

28
5.1.4. Materials Weight
TABLE: Material List by Element Type
Element Type Material Total Weight # Pieces
kN
Column C50/60 54105.1434 1512
Beam C50/60 52474.7778 2706
Brace C50/60 15636.8195 423
Floor C50/60 96159.2134

Concrete Total
Weight 218376 218376
Table 5.1.4 a Material List of Design 1

Table 5.1.4a shows the material used for the design that the total concrete used for the

structure is 218376 kN.

5.1.5. Maximum Allowable Stress

According to Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013, the maximum

allowable stress for C50 concrete is 26.8 MPa. From the analysis result of the model,

the maximum column stress is found to be 5140 kN for C13 column. The dimension of

C13 is 600mm X 600mm, so the maximum column stress is 14.2 MPa that is within the

allowable value and the result satisfy the requirement.

29
5.1.6. Floor Area

Table 5.1.6a shows the Gross Floor Area and Usable Floor Area of each floor for

Structural Design 1. The total GFA for concrete columns and beams structure is

18855.26 m2 while 16846.66 m2 for UFA. The Floor Area Ratio for the whole building

is 1.12.

Store Gross Floor Area of Common Area Usable Floor Floor Area
y Area (m2) Structure (m2) (m2) Area (m2) Ratio
18 512 16.56 86.67 408.77 1.25
17 1398.84 20.62 86.67 1291.55 1.08
16 1398.84 20.62 86.67 1291.55 1.08
15 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
14 1934.93 31.33 86.67 1816.93 1.06
13 1934.93 31.33 86.67 1816.93 1.06
12 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
11 1342.93 26.53 86.67 1229.73 1.09
10 1342.93 26.53 86.67 1229.73 1.09
9 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
8 1038.93 25.73 86.67 926.53 1.12
7 1038.93 25.73 86.67 926.53 1.12
6 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
5 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
4 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
3 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
2 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
1 768 24.84 86.67 656.49 1.17
Total 18855.26 16846.66 1.12
Table 5.1.6 a GFA/UFA Calculation of Design 1

30
5.1.7. Bending Moment

The maximum bending moment at each storey for column, beam and brace are extracted,

Figure 5.1.7 a, b and c show the graphical representation for maximum bending moment

versus storey. It can be seen that the major axis of the members experienced larger

bending moment than that of minor axis.

Maximum Bending Moment of Column for Design 1

20

15
Storey

10
M3
5 M2

0
0 200 400 600 800
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.1.7 b Column Bending Moment for Design 1

Maximum Bending Moment of Beam for Design 1

20

15
Storey

10
M2
5 M3

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Bending Moment kNm
Figure 5.1.7 c Beam Bending Moment for Design 1

Maximum Bending Moment of Brace for Design 1

20

15
Storey

10
M2
5 M3

0
0 200 400 600 800
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.1.7 a Brace Bending Moment for Design 1

31
5.2. Modular Structure - Braced Tube System

5.2.1. Design Introduction

The second model adopts the braced tube system with structural steel as the

materials. Steel columns are used for both inner and outer cores where the columns

in the outer part of the cores are closely spaced with about 2m spacing. The

horizontal units of the building will be the modules for modular structure that is

made by steel frame with bracing. There are two types of steel modules with

dimension of 7m x 8m and 8m x 8.25m. The structures for the type of module

should be the same in order to allow mass production of modules through pre-

fabrication in the factory. Figure 5.2.1a and 5.2.1b show the framing plan and 3D

view of the design.

32
Figure 5.2.1 a Framing Plan of Design 2

Figure 5.2.1 b 3D View of Design 2

33
5.2.2. Inter-storey Drift

Figure 5.2.2a and 5.2.2b show the inter-storey drift at each floor under wind load in X

and Y direction respectively using serviceability limit state.

For the drift under wind load X, the maximum drift occurs at storey 8 with about 0.0023.

The allowable drift limit is 5/500 and is equal to 0.01 for each storey. Therefore, the

design passes the allowable limit.

For the drift under wind load Y, the maximum drift occurs at storey 1 with about 0.0026.

The allowable drift limit is 5/500 and is equal to 0.01 for each storey. Therefore, the

design passes the allowable limit.

Figure 5.2.2 a Inter-storey Drift Under Wind Figure 5.2.2 b Inter-storey Drift Under Wind
Load X of Design 2 Load Y of Design 2

34
5.2.3. Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure 5.2.3a and 5.2.3b show the top displacement at each floor under wind load in X

and Y direction respectively using serviceability limit state.

For the displacement under wind load X, the maximum displacement occurs at storey

15 with about 120mm in X-direction. The allowable top displacement limit is

70000/500 and is equal to 140mm at storey 15. Therefore, the design passes the

allowable top displacement limit.

For the displacement under wind load Y, the maximum displacement occurs at storey

18 with about 125mm in Y-direction. The allowable top displacement limit is

85000/500 and is equal to 170mm at storey 18. Therefore, the design passes the

allowable top displacement limit.

Figure 5.2.3 b Top Displacement Under Wind Figure 5.2.3 a Top Displacement Under Wind
Load X of Design 2 Load Y of Design 2

35
5.2.4. Materials Weight
TABLE: Material List by Element Type
Element Type Material Total Weight # Pieces
kN
Column S275 33705.0778 2404
Beam S275 13009.3393 4110
Brace S275 7175.9463 717
Floor C50/60 96159.2134

Steel Concrete Total

Weight 53890 96159 150050
Table 5.2.4 a Material List of Design 2

Table 5.2.4a shows the material used for the design that the total steel used is 53890
kN while the concrete slab occupies 96159 kN of weight to the total structure.

36
5.2.5. Floor Area

Table 5.2.5a shows the Gross Floor Area and Usable Floor Area of each floor for

Structural Design 2. The total GFA for steel framed tube structure is 18855.26 m2

while 17209.14 m2 for UFA. The Floor Area Ratio for the whole building is 1.10.

Store Gross Floor Area of Common Area Usable Floor Floor Area
y Area (m2) Structure (m2) (m2) Area (m2) Ratio
18 512 3.3774 86.67 421.9526 1.21
17 1398.84 3.6573 86.67 1308.5127 1.07
16 1398.84 3.6573 86.67 1308.5127 1.07
15 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
14 1934.93 5.1341 86.67 1843.1259 1.05
13 1934.93 5.1341 86.67 1843.1259 1.05
12 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
11 1342.93 5.00047 86.67 1251.25953 1.07
10 1342.93 5.00047 86.67 1251.25953 1.07
9 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
8 1038.93 4.75028 86.67 947.50972 1.10
7 1038.93 4.75028 86.67 947.50972 1.10
6 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
5 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
4 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
3 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
2 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
1 768 5.066 86.67 676.264 1.14
Total 18855.26 17209.1443 1.10
Table 5.2.5 a GFA/UFA Calculation of Design 2

37
5.2.6. Bending Moment

The maximum bending moment at each storey for column, beam and brace are

extracted, Figure 5.2.6 a, b and c show the graphical representation for maximum

bending moment versus storey. It can be seen that the major axis of the members

experienced larger bending moment than that of minor axis.

Maximum Bending Moment of Column for Design 2

20

15
Storey

10
M2

5 M3

0
0 100 200 300 400
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.2.6 b Column Bending Moment for Design 2

Maximum Bending Moment of Beam for Design 2

20

15
Storey

10
M2
5 M3

0
0 100 200 300 400
Bending Moment kNm
Figure 5.2.6 a Beam Bending Moment for Design 2

Maximum Bending Moment of Brace for Design 2

20

15
Storey

10
M2
5 M3
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Bending Moment kNm
Figure 5.2.6 c Brace Bending Moment for Design 2
38
5.2.7. Modules Design

Two types of modules are designed for the modular building. Type 1 modules has

the dimension of 7m x 8m while 8m x 8.25m for type 2. Both have the same form

of steel frame structure supported with columns, beams and X-brace at the outer

frame. Type 1 modules are used for all the horizontal blocks while types 2 can be

found in the connected part between the cores. Figure 5.2.7a shows the 3D view

of two types of modules.

Figure 5.2.7 a 3D View of Modules for Design 2

39
 Figure 5.2.5b and 5.2.5c show the plan and elevation view of two type of
modules with members section.

Figure 5.2.7 b Plan View of Modules for Design 2

Figure 5.2.7 c Elevation View of Modules for Design 2

40
5.3. Modular Structure - Shear Wall Frame System

5.3.1. Design Introduction

The third model adopts the shear wall frame system with both structural steel and

concrete as the construction materials. Steel columns in the cores are replaced by

shear wall to provide lateral load resistance. The horizontal units of the building

will be the modules for modular structure that is made by steel frame with bracing.

The modules are also designed into two types similar to the previous design with

dimension of 7m x 8m and 8m x 8.25m. However, the member size is different.

The structures for the type of module should also be the same in order to allow

mass production of modules through pre-fabrication in the factory.

41
 Figure 5.3.1 a Framing Plan of Design 3

Figure 5.3.1 b 3D View of Design 3

42
5.3.2. Inter-storey Drift

Figure 5.3.2a and 5.3.2b show the inter-storey drift at each floor under wind load

in X and Y direction respectively using serviceability limit state.

For the drift under wind load X, the maximum drift occurs at storey 9 with about

0.00048 toward X-direction. The allowable drift limit is 5/500 and is equal to 0.01

for each storey. Therefore, the design passes the allowable limit.

For the drift under wind load Y, the maximum drift occurs at storey 14 with about

0.00064 toward Y-direction. The allowable drift limit is 5/500 and is equal to 0.01

for each storey. Therefore, the design passes the allowable limit.

Figure 5.3.2 b Inter-storey Drift Under Figure 5.3.2 a Inter-storey Drift Under
Wind Load X of Design 3 Wind Load Y of Design 3

43
5.3.3. Maximum Storey Displacement

Figure 5.3.3a and 5.3.3b show the top displacement at each floor under wind load

in X and Y direction respectively using serviceability limit state.

For the displacement under wind load X, the maximum displacement occurs at

storey 15 with about 32mm deflected toward X-direction. The allowable top

displacement limit is 70000/500 and is equal to 140mm at storey 15. Therefore,

the design passes the allowable top displacement limit.

For the displacement under wind load Y, the maximum displacement occurs at

storey 18 with about 47mm deflected toward Y-direction. The allowable top

displacement limit is 85000/500 and is equal to 170mm at storey 18. Therefore,

the design passes the allowable top displacement limit.

Figure 5.3.3 b Top Displacement Under Wind Figure 5.3.3 a Top Displacement Under Wind
Load X of Design 3 Load Y of Design 3

44
5.3.4. Materials Weight
TABLE: Material List by Element Type
Element Type Material Total Weight # Pieces
kN
Column S450 464.3003 416
Beam S450 4691.3203 1194
Brace S450 5434.9359 360
Wall C50/60 186414.9328
Floor C50/60 96159.2134

Steel Concrete Total

Weight 10591 282574 293165
Table 5.3.4 a Material List of Design 3

Table 5.3.4a shows the material used for the design that the total steel used for the

modules is 10591 kN while the concrete structure for slab and shear wall occupy

282574 kN of weight.

45
5.3.5. Floor Area

Table 5.3.5a shows the Gross Floor Area and Usable Floor Area of each floor for

Structural Design 3. The total GFA for shear wall frame structure is 18855.26 m2

while 15881.28 m2 for UFA. The Floor Area Ratio for the whole building is 1.19.

Store Gross Floor Area of Common Area Usable Floor Floor Area
y Area (m2) Structure (m2) (m2) Area (m2) Ratio
18 512 55.4 86.67 369.93 1.38
17 1398.84 55.56 86.67 1256.61 1.11
16 1398.84 55.56 86.67 1256.61 1.11
15 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
14 1934.93 83.34 86.67 1764.92 1.10
13 1934.93 83.34 86.67 1764.92 1.10
12 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
11 1342.93 83.22 86.67 1173.04 1.14
10 1342.93 83.22 86.67 1173.04 1.14
9 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
8 1038.93 83.19 86.67 869.07 1.20
7 1038.93 83.19 86.67 869.07 1.20
6 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
5 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
4 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
3 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
2 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
1 768 83.1 86.67 598.23 1.28
Total 18855.26 15881.28 1.19
Table 5.3.5 a GFA/UFA Calculation of Design 3

46
5.3.6. Bending Moment

The maximum bending moment at each storey for column, beam, brace and wall

are extracted, Figure 5.3.6 a, b, c and d show the graphical representation for

maximum bending moment versus storey. It can be seen that the major axis of the

members experienced larger bending moment than that of minor axis. Wall have

taken huge bending moment when compare to other structural elements.

Maximum Bending Moment of Column for Design 3

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
8 M2
6 M3
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.3.6 a Column Bending Moment for Design 3

Maximum Bending Moment of Beam for Design 3

20

15
Storey

10
M2

5 M3

0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.3.6 b Beam Bending Moment for Design 3

47
 Maximum Bending Moment of Brace for Design 3
20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
M2
8
6 M3
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.3.6 c Brace Bending Moment for Design 3

Maximum Bending Moment of Wall for Design 3

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
M2
8
6 M3
4
2
0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.3.6 d Wall Bending Moment for Design 3

48
5.3.7. Modules Design

Two types of modules are designed for the modular building. Type 1 modules has

the dimension of 7m x 8m while 8m x 8m for type 2. Both have the same form of

steel frame structure supported with columns, beams and X-brace at the outer

frame. Type 1 modules are used for all the horizontal blocks while types 2 can be

found in the connected part between the cores. Figure 5.3.5a shows the 3D view

of two types of modules.

Figure 5.3.7 a 3D View of Modules for Design 3

49
 Figure 5.3.6b and 5.3.6c show the plan and elevation view of two type of
modules with members section.

Figure 5.3.7 b Plan View of Modules for Design 3

Figure 5.3.7 c Elevation View of Modules for Design 3

50
5.3.8. Relocation of Modules

Two relocations have been made to Design 3. First relocation is to move the

modules in storey 16 and 17 from the right-hand side of the core to the upper side

as shown by yellow colour in Figure 5.3.6a. The second relocation occurs in storey

17 by rotating a module 90 degree. Figure 5.3.7b and 5.3.7c show the closed 3D

view of two relocations.

Figure 5.3.8 a Modules Relocation

Figure 5.3.8 b 3D View of Relocation 1

Figure 5.3.8 c 3D View of Relocation 2

51
5.3.9. Results after Relocation

The Demand/Capacity Ratio have been checked after the relocation, the structural

members for both relocation pass the stress/capacity check that the D/C ratio for

all members are below 1.0 as shown in Figure 5.3.8a.

The result shows that the designed modules for the building can be rearrange to

different location of the core. The modules can also be rotated to another direction.

It increases the flexibility of the modular structure to reshape the building.

Figure 5.3.9 a Stress/Capacity Check after Relocation

52
 Figure 5.3.9b shows the comparison of column bending moment between the

building before and after relocation of modules. For the bending moment in minor

axis, the result is relatively the same that no obvious change in the maximum

moment.

For the bending moment in major axis, increase in bending moment occurs in the

storey of relocation took place. Furthermore, the bending moment in the storey

without relocation also increases. Therefore, the relocation of modules has entirely

increase the maximum bending moment of the building.

Column Bending Moment

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 5 10 15 20

Bending Moment kNm

M2-After Relocation M3-After Relocation

M2-Before Relocation M3-Before Relocation

Figure 5.3.9 b Comparison of Column Bending Moment after Relocation

53
Figure 5.3.9c shows the comparison of beam bending moment between the

building before and after relocation of modules. For the bending moment in minor

axis, the result is relatively the same that no obvious change in the maximum

moment.

For the bending moment in major axis, the relocation of modules has entirely

increase the maximum bending moment of the building similar to the columns.

However, the extent of increasing maximum bending moment is smaller when

compare to the significant change of column moment and is uniform for the storeys

with modules.

Beam Bending Moment

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Bending Moment kNm

M2-After Relocation M3-After Relocation

M2-Before Relocation M3-Before Relocation

Figure 5.3.9 c Comparison of Beam Bending Moment after Relocation

54
Figure 5.3.9d shows the comparison of wall bending moment between the building

before and after relocation of modules. For the bending moment in minor axis, the

result is relatively the same that no obvious change in the maximum moment.

For the bending moment in major axis, the result is largely different to that of

column and beam. The maximum bending moment decreases between storey 0 to

7 where only consist of vertical cores without modules. However, after storey 7,

the maximum bending moment increase dramatically and have not followed the

path of the moment before relocation.

Wall Bending Moment

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000
Bending Moment kNm

M2-After Relocation M3-After Relocation

M2-Before Relocation M3-Before Relocation

Figure 5.3.9 d Comparison of Wall Bending Moment after Relocation

55
5.4. Discussion

5.4.1. Comparison on Storey Displacement

Figure 5.4.1a shows the storey displacement of the 3 designs under Wind X load.

Design 3 shows the smallest lateral displacement among the 3 designs in both

displacement in x-direction and y-direction which is the shear wall frame system.

Design 1, concrete column and beam system have the largest lateral displacement

and is far greater than the other two designs for both directions.

All 3 designs show similar response on the lateral displacement to x-direction that

maximum displacement occurs at storey 14 where is the location that have the

largest exposure area to wind X load.

Comparison of Storey Displacement under Wind X

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Storey Displacement mm

X direction-Design 1 Y direction-Design 1 X direction-Design 2

Y direction-Design 2 X direction-Design 3 Y direction-Design 3

Figure 5.4.1 a Comparison of Storey Displacement under Wind X

56
 Figure 5.4.1b shows the storey displacement of the 3 designs under Wind Y load.

The major direction of lateral displacement occurs in y-direction.

Design 3 shows the smallest lateral displacement among the 3 designs in both

displacement in x-direction and y-direction which is the shear wall frame system.

Design 1, concrete column and beam system and design 2, braced framed tube

system shows similar result of largest lateral displacement that is far greater than

the shear wall structure.

All 3 designs show similar response on the lateral displacement to y-direction that

the curve of storey displacement is nearly linear.

Comparison of Storey Displacement under Wind Y

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10
8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Storey Displacement mm

X direction-Design 1 Y direction-Design 1 X direction-Design 2

Y direction-Design 2 X direction-Design 3 Y direction-Design 3

Figure 5.4.1 b Comparison of Storey Displacement under Wind Y

After the comparison of the lateral displacement between the 3 designs. It can be

concluded that the shear wall frame structure has the highest lateral load resistance

while the brace framed tube system have a better performance on storey

displacement when compared to concrete column and beam structure.

57
5.4.2. Comparison on Floor Area Ratio

Figure 5.4.2a make the comparison of floor area ratio between the 3 designs. The higher

value of floor area ratio indicates the the usable floor area is smaller. Therefore, the

higher occupation of structural area to the gross floor area. Smaller floor area ratio is

preferred for the structure design.

Design 2, brace framed system has the smallest value of floor area ratio that means

more floor area can be used by the building users. Shear wall structure, Design 3 shows

the largest value of floor area ratio because the shear wall for the cores have occupied

a large area of space.

Floor Area Ratio

1.2

1.18

1.16
Floor Area Ratio

1.14

1.12

1.1

1.08

1.06

1.04
Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Figure 5.4.2 a Floor Area Ratio of 3 Designs

58
5.4.3. Comparison on Material Weight

Usable Floor Area (UFA)/Material Weight Ratio represents effectiveness for using

the material weight to support the whole structure. High value of UFA/Material

Weight ratio is preferred that indicate the material is fully utilized and less

materials are being wasted.

Figure 5.4.3a illustrate the comparison of the 3 designs in term of UFA/Material

Weight Ratio. The result shows that Design 2, brace framed tube system has the

largest value when compared to the other 2 designs.

Usable Floor Area/Material Weight Ratio

0.14
UFA/Material Weight (m2/kN)

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
Design 1 Design 2 Design 3

Figure 5.4.3 a UFA/Material Weight of 3 Designs

59
5.4.4. Comparison on Maximum Bending Moment

From the results illustrated above on the maximum bending moment of structural

members, the major axis takes the largest bending moment and hence the

following comparison will be based on the major axis.

Figure 5.4.4a shows the comparison of maximum column bending moment

between the 3 designs. The maximum bending moment of design 1, column and

beam structure, is the largest among the 3 designs in every storeys.

The maximum bending moment distribution for design 1 is also the most

fluctuated one that there is a large difference in bending moment between storeys.

The condition for design 2 is better while the moment distribution of design 3 is

uniform since most of the bending moment are taken by the shear wall.

Column Bending Moment

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10 Design 1
8 Design 2
6
Design 3
4
2
0
0 200 400 600 800
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.4.4 a Comparison on Maximum Column Bending Moment

60
Figure 5.4.4b shows the comparison of maximum beams bending moment

between the 3 designs. Bending moment of beams can only be found in certain

storeys in Design 3 since beams are only used for modules instead of the vertical

cores.

Largest bending moment occurs in design 3 at storey 14 while design 2 stand in-

between design 1 and 3. Both design 1 and 3 have fluctuated moment distribution.

However, the trend of maximum moment at each floor is significantly different.

Comparatively, Design 2 shows a relatively uniform moment distribution.

Beam Bending Moment

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10 Design 1
8 Design 2
6
Design 3
4
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.4.4 b Comparison on Maximum Beam Bending Moment

61
Figure 5.4.4c compares the maximum bending moment of brace between the 3

designs. Bending moment of braces can also only be found in certain storeys in

Design 3 since beams are only used for modules instead of the vertical cores while

the lateral displacement resistance is provided by the shear walls. Therefore,

moment of brace are very small when compared with the other 2 designs.

For design 1, maximum moment is more commonly occurred at the storeys

without the modules where the braces are used for the vertical cores, the maximum

moment for design 2 is more likely to occur at the storeys with modules that larger

moment will happen due to the modules. It indicates that the maximum moment

distribution is greatly depended on the location of modules for design 1 and 2,

however with 2 opposite responses.

Brace Bending Moment

20
18
16
14
12
Storey

10 Design 1
8 Design 2
6
Design 3
4
2
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Bending Moment kNm

Figure 5.4.4 c Comparison on Maximum Brace Bending Moment

62
5.4.5. Comparison on Building Flexibility

Design 1 is the column and beam structure with concrete as the major construction

material for the structural elements. Since concrete is in-reusable that is a brittle

material, the building with concrete modules after demolition cannot be reused and

relocated to different parts of the building.

For Design 2 and 3, they are brace framed tube structure and shear wall frame structure

respectively that the modules are both structured by steel frame. Since steel is a reusable

material, the modules can be relocated to other position of the vertical cores and are

abled to change its orientation if the structural elements are still passed after the

relocation.

By taking the advantages from its reusable property, the building shape can be changed

during or after the construction based on the client requirement. The result is increasing

the flexibility on the building shape and reducing the waste of materials when relocation

of building is required.

Test of reshaping the building have been conducted to Design 3 that all member passed

the stress/capacity check. It shows the possibility of reshaping the building that only

small influence took place for columns and beams of the modules. However, the

strength of wall should be designed stronger primarily to the construction

63
6. CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION

In this thesis, 3 number of designs have been modelled using computer software

ETABS for the Bank of Georgia Headquarter. Various analysis has been done to find

the optimal building structure. According to the result obtained from the comparison

of different designs, some conclusions are obtained:

 After the comparison of the lateral displacement between the 3 different

designs. The shear wall frame structure has the highest lateral load resistance

that the lateral displacement is greatly smaller than that of the brace framed

tube system and columns and beams structure. However, the performance of

brace framed tube deign is better performance than that of concrete column

and beam structure.

 By making the comparison of floor area ratio between the 3 designs which is

determined by dividing the gross floor area by usable floor area. The brace

framed system has the smallest value of floor area ratio that provide more

floor area for the building users where shear wall design has occupied a

largest area of space for the building.

 Usable Floor Area (UFA)/Material Weight Ratio is also analyzed that brace

framed tube system has the largest value when compared to the other 2

designs. Therefore, the brace framed tube design is the most effective one for

using the material to support the whole structure. The material is greatly

utilized and less materials are being wasted.

64
  Through comparing the maximum bending moment for structural elements

like columns, beams and braces, frame tube system has shown the most

uniform moment distribution among the building while the other two design

shows a fluctuated maximum moment throughout the building. It indicates

that the structural members in frame tube design are uniformly share the

bending moment.

 By relocating the modules to a different place of vertical cores, the ability for

reshaping the building is proved that will only slightly affect the modules

structure. When doing the design of the modular structure, strength of the

vertical cores should be overdesigned in order to ensure the building is

structurally safe.

 The whole building is benefited by taking the advantages of modular structure.

The building shape is not limited to the initial design that the building can be

reshaped depending on the client requirement.

A summary for the analysis results are shown by Table 6a.

Design 1 - Column Design 2 – Braced Design 3 – Shear

and Beam Tube Wall Frame

Lateral displacement ✓

Floor area ratio ✓ ✓

UFA/Material Weight ✓

Bending moment ✓

Flexibility ✓ ✓
Table 6 a Analysis Summary

Therefore, design 2 is the optimal building structure for Bank of Georgia Headquarter.

65
 REFERENCES
Ajay Harish (2018), Finite Element Method, Retrieved from
[Link]

Alexander Coull (1971), Framed-Tube Structures for High-Rise Buildings

Architizer, Sky Village, Retrieved from [Link]

Building (Planning) Regulations, Building Department, Retrieved from

[Link]

Code of Practice (2004), Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong Kong 2004,
Building Department

Code of Practice (2011), Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel 2011,
Building Department

Code of Practice (2011), Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads 2011,
Building Department

Code of Practice (2013), Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013,
Building Department

En+, Nagakin Capsule Tower, Retrieved from

[Link]

Modular Integrated Construction, Building Department, Retrieved from

[Link]

Practice Note for Authorized Persons, Registered Structural Engineers and Registered
Geotechnical Engineers, Building Department, Retrieved from
[Link]

Whirlwind Team (2017), WHAT IS A RIGID FRAME BUILDING? Retrieved from

[Link]

66
 APPENDIX A: WIND LOAD CALCULATION
Direction
X Y
H 90 90
B 88 93
H/B 1.022727273 0.967741935
Ch 0.951 0.95
b/d 0.946236559 1.056818182
Cs 1 1.0057
Area 3480 3960
RA 0.9128 0.9056
Cf 0.8680728 0.865223824

Story Story Level qz(kPa) kN/m Wind X(kN) Wind Y(kN)

18 90 2.808 7.02 97.5 194.4
17 85 2.808 14.04 195.0 1129.7
16 80 2.808 14.04 195.0 1129.7
15 75 2.808 13.845 384.6 1114.0
14 70 2.73 13.65 1042.7 377.9
13 65 2.73 13.65 1042.7 377.9
12 60 2.73 13.65 1042.7 377.9
11 55 2.73 13.65 379.2 933.0
10 50 2.73 13.25 368.1 905.7
9 45 2.57 12.85 357.0 878.3
8 40 2.57 12.85 669.3 355.8
7 35 2.57 12.85 669.3 355.8
6 30 2.57 12.35 643.2 341.9
5 25 2.37 11.85 329.2 328.1
4 20 2.37 11.5 319.5 318.4
3 15 2.23 11.15 309.7 308.7
2 10 2.23 10.6 294.5 293.5
1 5 2.01 9.575 266.0 265.1
0 0 1.85 0 0.0 0.0

67
 APPENDIX B: MATERIAL LIST BY SECTION
Design 1:
TABLE: Material List by Section Design 1
Element # Total Total #
Section
Type Pieces Length Weight Studs
m kN
concrete beam Beam 1836 7776 33831.8909 0
concrete brace Brace 75 1574.4877 10624.6537
concrete 400 col Column 270 1350 5398.4054
concrete beam small Beam 870 4980 18642.8869 0
500 col Column 378 1816.5 11349.7725
600 col Column 864 4152 37356.9655
brace Brace 348 2228.2872 5012.1658
Slab1 Floor 46393.9008
Slab2 Floor 34835.719
Slab3 Floor 14929.5936

68
Design 2:
TABLE: Material List by Section Design 2
Element # Total Total #
Section
Type Pieces Length Weight Studs
m kN
UKB127X76X13 Brace 103 817.4235 103.8171
UKB152X89X16 Brace 13 84.1481 13.1485
UKB178X102X19 Brace 19 124.3817 23.2649
UKB203X102X23 Brace 6 40.2336 9.1049
UKB203X133X25 Beam 64 735.4781 177.9434 0
UKB203X133X25 Brace 40 262.9985 64.78
UKB203X133X30 Brace 19 125.2891 36.8396
UKB254X146X31 Brace 3 19.2094 5.87
UKB254X146X37 Brace 16 105.1723 38.2104
UKB305X127X37 Brace 1 7.3106 2.656
UKB305X165X40 Brace 29 191.1353 75.4737
UKB533X312X219 Brace 264 2271.0139 4877.0997
UKB533X312X272 Brace 3 26.6044 71.2639
UKB610X229X101 Beam 2916 8640 7468.7071 0
UKB686X254X125 Beam 176 1870.9057 2239.8871 0
UKB914X419X343 Brace 16 133.3234 448.4617
UKB914X419X388 Brace 2 14.6211 55.5963
UKB1016X305X487 Brace 5 38.8892 185.5915
UKBP203X203X45 Beam 714 3846 1608.5596 0
UKBP203X203X45 Brace 29 197.4874 86.9507
UKBP203X203X54 Brace 10 71.8122 37.9746
UKBP254X254X63 Brace 28 208.732 128.8549
UKBP254X254X71 Brace 6 50.8724 35.3988
UKBP305X305X79 Brace 31 245.8397 189.2298
UKBP305X305X88 Brace 8 60.8209 52.4334
UKBP305X305X95 Brace 3 24.268 22.6026
UKBP356X368X109 Beam 240 1470 1514.2421 0
UKBP356X368X109 Brace 33 262.2757 280.6148
UKBP356X368X133 Brace 18 136.2629 177.2564
UKBP356X368X152 Brace 11 94.4342 141.0161
UKBP356X368X174 Brace 1 7.3106 12.436
UKC152X152X23 Column 7 35 7.8127
UKC152X152X30 Column 3 15 4.4221

69
UKC152X152X44 Column 2 10 4.3182
UKC203X203X46 Column 22 110 49.7014
UKC203X203X60 Column 1 5 2.9404
UKC203X203X71 Column 1 5 3.4638
UKC305X305X97 Column 100 500 473.3831
UKC356X368X129 Column 316 1580 1994.5209
UKC356X406X340 Column 1952 9350.5 31164.5153
Slab1 Floor 46393.9008
Slab2 Floor 34835.719
Slab3 Floor 14929.5936

70
Design 3:
TABLE: Material List by Section Design 3
Section Element Type # Pieces Total Length Total Weight # Studs
m kN
UKB178X102X19-1 Beam 176 1870.9057 347.4349 0
UKB203X133X25 Beam 64 735.4781 179.9575 0
UKB533X210X82 Beam 714 3846 3051.1836 0
UKB533X312X272-1 Brace 96 926.1015 2480.707
UKBP305X305X79-1 Beam 240 1470 1112.7443 0
UKBP356X368X133-1 Brace 264 2271.0139 2954.2289
UKC152X152X23-1 Column 416 2080 464.3003
Slab1 Floor 46393.9008
Wall1 Wall 103348.987
Slab2 Floor 34835.719
Slab3 Floor 14929.5936
Wall2 Wall 83065.9458

71
 APPENDIX C: DRIFT AND LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
TABLE: Story Drift under Wind X Design 1
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story19 90 Top 0.000486 0.000452
Story18 85 Top 0.000085 0.000384
Story17 80 Top 0.000236 0.000502
Story16 75 Top 0.000941 0.000686
Story15 70 Top 0.000758 0.000426
Story14 65 Top 0.000834 0.000396
Story13 60 Top 0.00126 0.001039
Story12 55 Top 0.001295 0.000449
Story11 50 Top 0.00146 0.000532
Story10 45 Top 0.001637 0.000636
Story9 40 Top 0.001838 0.000656
Story8 35 Top 0.002037 0.00063
Story7 30 Top 0.002215 0.000588
Story6 25 Top 0.002337 0.000534
Story5 20 Top 0.002428 0.000468
Story4 15 Top 0.002489 0.000391
Story3 10 Top 0.002485 0.00033
Story2 5 Top 0.002143 0.000271
Story1 0 Top 0.000927 0.000326
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

72
TABLE: Story Drift under Wind Y Design 1
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story19 90 Top 0.00042 0.000911
Story18 85 Top 0.000115 0.001054
Story17 80 Top 0.000196 0.001148
Story16 75 Top 0.000678 0.001193
Story15 70 Top 0.000343 0.001204
Story14 65 Top 0.000306 0.001249
Story13 60 Top 0.000737 0.001368
Story12 55 Top 0.000544 0.001388
Story11 50 Top 0.000557 0.001456
Story10 45 Top 0.000546 0.001554
Story9 40 Top 0.000531 0.001577
Story8 35 Top 0.000518 0.001565
Story7 30 Top 0.000505 0.001535
Story6 25 Top 0.000492 0.001487
Story5 20 Top 0.00048 0.001452
Story4 15 Top 0.000467 0.00144
Story3 10 Top 0.000436 0.001403
Story2 5 Top 0.000319 0.001194
Story1 0 Top 0.000239 0.001114
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

73
TABLE: Story Displacement under Wind X Design 1
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m mm mm
Story19 90 Top 62.314 39.718
Story18 85 Top 61.066 48.998
Story17 80 Top 60.814 47.08
Story16 75 Top 128.317 44.573
Story15 70 Top 144.933 32.678
Story14 65 Top 141.333 30.84
Story13 60 Top 137.166 29.039
Story12 55 Top 112.91 26.984
Story11 50 Top 106.438 24.892
Story10 45 Top 99.136 23.668
Story9 40 Top 90.958 19.24
Story8 35 Top 81.771 15.978
Story7 30 Top 71.587 12.831
Story6 25 Top 60.511 9.897
Story5 20 Top 48.827 7.237
Story4 15 Top 36.686 4.993
Story3 10 Top 24.241 3.219
Story2 5 Top 11.828 1.569
Story1 0 Top 1.391 0.489
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

74
TABLE: Story Displacement under Wind Y Design 1
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m mm mm
Story19 90 Top 11.984 119.025
Story18 85 Top 10.936 126.952
Story17 80 Top 10.405 121.682
Story16 75 Top 30.59 115.943
Story15 70 Top 38.583 98.683
Story14 65 Top 38.534 92.799
Story13 60 Top 38.082 86.641
Story12 55 Top 27.075 79.664
Story11 50 Top 24.36 72.752
Story10 45 Top 21.573 65.559
Story9 40 Top 18.844 57.885
Story8 35 Top 16.187 50.039
Story7 30 Top 13.598 42.341
Story6 25 Top 11.074 35.288
Story5 20 Top 8.612 28.08
Story4 15 Top 6.211 20.823
Story3 10 Top 3.877 13.623
Story2 5 Top 1.696 7.334
Story1 0 Top 0.359 1.671
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

75
TABLE: Story Drift under Wind X Design 2
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story19 90 Top 0.000272 0.000147
Story18 85 Top 0.000222 0.000227
Story17 80 Top 0.000235 0.00035
Story16 75 Top 0.000656 0.00059
Story15 70 Top 0.00065 0.000252
Story14 65 Top 0.000955 0.000258
Story13 60 Top 0.001405 0.000868
Story12 55 Top 0.001288 0.000343
Story11 50 Top 0.001388 0.000252
Story10 45 Top 0.001533 0.000284
Story9 40 Top 0.001956 0.000442
Story8 35 Top 0.002124 0.000554
Story7 30 Top 0.00182 0.000398
Story6 25 Top 0.001893 0.000386
Story5 20 Top 0.001939 0.000405
Story4 15 Top 0.001967 0.000442
Story3 10 Top 0.001968 0.000476
Story2 5 Top 0.001782 0.00044
Story1 0 Top 0.001433 0.000343
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

76
TABLE: Story Drift under Wind Y Design 2
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story19 90 Top 0.00012 0.000832
Story18 85 Top 0.000221 0.000984
Story17 80 Top 0.000229 0.001145
Story16 75 Top 0.000489 0.001374
Story15 70 Top 0.000585 0.00143
Story14 65 Top 0.000586 0.001447
Story13 60 Top 0.000183 0.001538
Story12 55 Top 0.000282 0.001597
Story11 50 Top 0.000302 0.001639
Story10 45 Top 0.000298 0.001605
Story9 40 Top 0.000192 0.001609
Story8 35 Top 0.000101 0.001611
Story7 30 Top 0.000129 0.001606
Story6 25 Top 0.000117 0.001611
Story5 20 Top 0.000108 0.001628
Story4 15 Top 0.000179 0.001667
Story3 10 Top 0.000241 0.001729
Story2 5 Top 0.000207 0.001679
Story1 0 Top 0.00033 0.002078
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

77
TABLE: Story Displacement under Wind X Design 2
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m mm mm
Story19 90 Top 69.769 16.575
Story18 85 Top 69.834 22.261
Story17 80 Top 69.145 21.517
Story16 75 Top 113.254 22.396
Story15 70 Top 123.438 19.701
Story14 65 Top 120.374 19.377
Story13 60 Top 116.558 19.568
Story12 55 Top 98.579 20.839
Story11 50 Top 92.389 19.191
Story10 45 Top 85.478 18.698
Story9 40 Top 78.361 17.462
Story8 35 Top 68.58 15.261
Story7 30 Top 57.974 12.545
Story6 25 Top 48.89 10.597
Story5 20 Top 39.433 8.792
Story4 15 Top 29.741 6.855
Story3 10 Top 19.907 4.67
Story2 5 Top 10.071 2.291
Story1 0 Top 2.149 0.514
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

78
TABLE: Story Displacement under Wind Y Design 2
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m mm mm
Story19 90 Top 5.439 124.585
Story18 85 Top 6.235 127.286
Story17 80 Top 5.42 122.366
Story16 75 Top 5.84 116.669
Story15 70 Top 7.528 104.116
Story14 65 Top 6.407 97.165
Story13 60 Top 5.431 90.842
Story12 55 Top 3.285 83.039
Story11 50 Top 3.292 75.598
Story10 45 Top 3.104 71.64
Story9 40 Top 3.098 64.999
Story8 35 Top 3.168 57.249
Story7 30 Top 3.186 49.837
Story6 25 Top 3.316 42.122
Story5 20 Top 3.13 34.259
Story4 15 Top 2.655 26.136
Story3 10 Top 1.76 18.341
Story2 5 Top 1.28 10.841
Story1 0 Top 0.495 3.117
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

79
TABLE: Story Drift under Wind X Design 3
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story19 90 Top 0.000125 0.000077
Story18 85 Top 0.000161 0.000107
Story17 80 Top 0.000165 0.000105
Story16 75 Top 0.00036 0.000113
Story15 70 Top 0.000457 0.000138
Story14 65 Top 0.000477 0.000141
Story13 60 Top 0.00043 0.000132
Story12 55 Top 0.000461 0.000116
Story11 50 Top 0.000475 0.000111
Story10 45 Top 0.000484 0.000081
Story9 40 Top 0.000488 0.000101
Story8 35 Top 0.000485 0.000107
Story7 30 Top 0.000475 0.000076
Story6 25 Top 0.000449 0.000069
Story5 20 Top 0.000411 0.000061
Story4 15 Top 0.000353 0.000051
Story3 10 Top 0.000271 0.000038
Story2 5 Top 0.00015 0.000023
Story1 0 Top 0.000065 0.000028
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

80
TABLE: Story Drift under Wind Y Design 3
Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story19 90 Top 0.000095 0.000538
Story18 85 Top 0.000147 0.000559
Story17 80 Top 0.00015 0.000584
Story16 75 Top 0.000163 0.000579
Story15 70 Top 0.000147 0.000636
Story14 65 Top 0.000164 0.000645
Story13 60 Top 0.000119 0.000615
Story12 55 Top 0.000124 0.000614
Story11 50 Top 0.000128 0.000604
Story10 45 Top 0.000127 0.000593
Story9 40 Top 0.000123 0.000573
Story8 35 Top 0.000118 0.000546
Story7 30 Top 0.000111 0.000511
Story6 25 Top 0.000102 0.000465
Story5 20 Top 0.00009 0.000408
Story4 15 Top 0.000074 0.000338
Story3 10 Top 0.000055 0.000249
Story2 5 Top 0.000032 0.000137
Story1 0 Top 0.000029 0.000071
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

81
TABLE: Story Displacement under Wind X
Design 3
Y-
Story Elevation Location X-Dir
Dir
m mm mm
Story19 90 Top 16.034 6.361
Story18 85 Top 15.829 7.418
Story17 80 Top 15.598 6.884
Story16 75 Top 30.273 6.371
Story15 70 Top 33.118 5.071
Story14 65 Top 30.833 4.394
Story13 60 Top 28.45 4.241
Story12 55 Top 22.534 3.833
Story11 50 Top 20.236 3.262
Story10 45 Top 17.868 2.79
Story9 40 Top 15.449 2.388
Story8 35 Top 13.01 1.984
Story7 30 Top 10.588 1.589
Story6 25 Top 8.228 1.216
Story5 20 Top 5.987 0.873
Story4 15 Top 3.94 0.576
Story3 10 Top 2.18 0.331
Story2 5 Top 0.835 0.143
Story1 0 Top 0.098 0.042
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

82
TABLE: Story Displacement under Wind Y Design 3
X-
Story Elevation Location Y-Dir
Dir
m mm mm
Story19 90 Top 3.712 44.476
Story18 85 Top 3.836 47.724
Story17 80 Top 3.341 44.93
Story16 75 Top 7.46 42.008
Story15 70 Top 8.626 34.283
Story14 65 Top 8.043 31.127
Story13 60 Top 7.438 28.495
Story12 55 Top 5.391 25.22
Story11 50 Top 4.781 22.147
Story10 45 Top 4.158 19.128
Story9 40 Top 3.531 16.174
Story8 35 Top 2.918 13.313
Story7 30 Top 2.335 10.588
Story6 25 Top 1.777 8.041
Story5 20 Top 1.272 5.72
Story4 15 Top 0.829 3.683
Story3 10 Top 0.464 1.998
Story2 5 Top 0.192 0.768
Story1 0 Top 0.043 0.107
Base -1.5 Top 0 0

83
 APPENDIX D: MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT
Column Design 1

Story Column Load Case/Combo M3

Story19 C25 dead imposed wind Y 390.1376
Story18 C180 dead and imposed 455.4804
Story17 C180 dead and imposed 377.3354
Story16 C31 dead imposed wind X 496.3654
Story15 C84 dead and imposed 284.2631
Story14 C180 dead and imposed 535.1399
Story13 C25 dead imposed wind Y 754.1126
Story12 C180 dead and imposed 456.124
Story11 C165 dead and imposed 361.2502
Story10 C166 dead and wind X 364.6202
Story9 C41 dead and wind X 359.2848
Story8 C41 dead and wind X 398.6677
Story7 C41 dead and wind X 432.7887
Story6 C41 dead and wind X 452.2065
Story5 C41 dead and wind X 468.0413
Story4 C41 dead and wind X 477.9432
Story3 C41 dead and wind X 474.0298
Story2 C41 dead and wind X 408.5039
Story1 C11 dead imposed wind Y 162.2324

84
 Story Column Load Case/Combo M2
Story19 C179 dead and imposed 188.602
Story18 C165 dead and wind Y 125.0654
Story17 C35 dead imposed wind Y 273.9963
Story16 C54 dead imposed wind Y 355.9775
Story15 C165 dead and wind Y 231.8046
Story14 C165 dead and wind Y 283.5734
Story13 C186 dead and wind Y 259.6585
Story12 C186 dead and wind Y 311.0038
Story11 C186 dead and wind Y 307.1557
Story10 C186 dead and wind Y 303.4558
Story9 C165 dead and wind Y 302.9641
Story8 C165 dead and wind Y 323.2599
Story7 C165 dead and wind Y 345.3932
Story6 C165 dead and wind Y 361.355
Story5 C165 dead and wind Y 372.106
Story4 C165 dead and wind Y 376.8937
Story3 C166 dead and wind Y 385.6339
Story2 C166 dead and wind Y 437.5628
Story1 C16 dead and wind Y 150.5327

85
Beam Design 1:

Story Beam Load Case/Combo M2

Story19 B72 dead and imposed 64.7445
Story18 B228 dead and imposed 38.5161
Story17 B228 dead imposed wind X 29.7897
Story16 B36 dead imposed wind X 82.9285
Story15 B228 dead imposed wind X 24.0709
Story14 B164 dead and imposed 19.9622
Story13 B220 dead imposed wind X 76.9189
Story12 B228 dead imposed wind X 41.9147
Story11 B333 dead and wind X 23.3101
Story10 B36 dead and imposed 60.3117
Story9 B195 dead and wind Y 14.5002
Story8 B12 dead imposed wind X 17.35
Story7 B1 dead imposed wind X 23.019
Story6 B109 dead and wind Y 11.2466
Story5 B109 dead and wind Y 11.3828
Story4 B109 dead and wind Y 11.4782
Story3 B109 dead and wind Y 11.4868
Story2 B97 dead and wind Y 11.7037
Story1 B109 dead and wind Y 13.7039

86
 Story Beam Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 B388 dead and imposed 264.8691
Story18 B388 dead and imposed 236.3422
Story17 B385 dead and imposed 208.0584
Story16 B486 dead imposed wind Y 235.9242
Story15 B385 dead and imposed 318.6055
Story14 B385 dead and imposed 325.151
Story13 B109 dead and wind Y 317.5122
Story12 B109 dead and wind Y 381.28
Story11 B160 dead and wind X 244.571
Story10 B160 dead and wind X 274.0398
Story9 B160 dead and wind X 306.2698
Story8 B160 dead and wind X 340.6608
Story7 B160 dead and wind X 372.8597
Story6 B160 dead and wind X 397.8029
Story5 B160 dead and wind X 414.6518
Story4 B160 dead and wind X 426.2996
Story3 B162 dead and wind X 444.5531
Story2 B162 dead and wind X 450.508
Story1 B162 dead and wind X 266.009

87
Brace Design 1:

Story Brace Load Case/Combo M2

Story19 D180 dead and imposed 84.39
Story18 D11 dead imposed wind Y 7.4952
Story17 D19 dead imposed wind Y 11.4684
Story16 D147 dead and wind X 148.0654
Story15 D15 dead imposed wind Y 7.7729
Story14 D14 dead imposed wind Y 10.7836
Story13 D178 dead imposed wind X 122.06
Story12 D12 dead imposed wind X 10.9937
Story11 D2 dead and imposed 10.8206
Story10 D159 dead imposed wind X 59.8608
Story9 D20 dead imposed wind X 8.9152
Story8 D18 dead imposed wind Y 9.745
Story7 D8 dead and wind X 8.1646
Story6 D8 dead and wind X 8.8627
Story5 D8 dead and wind X 9.6678
Story4 D8 dead and wind X 10.4316
Story3 D8 dead and wind X 10.9952
Story2 D14 dead and wind Y 10.6415

88
 Story Brace Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 D176 dead and imposed 720.0506
Story18 D15 dead and imposed 4.2738
Story17 D15 dead and wind X 4.276
Story16 D160 dead and imposed 543.128
Story15 D14 dead and imposed 4.5225
Story14 D20 dead and imposed 5.5825
Story13 D176 dead and imposed 701.6801
Story12 D13 dead and imposed 5.2914
Story11 D15 dead and wind X 5.0658
Story10 D160 dead and imposed 517.3259
Story9 D17 dead and wind X 4.5181
Story8 D17 dead and wind X 4.7073
Story7 D17 dead and wind X 4.6644
Story6 D17 dead and wind X 4.2884
Story5 D17 dead and wind X 4.2246
Story4 D1 dead and wind Y 4.152
Story3 D9 dead and wind X 4.3518
Story2 D9 dead and wind Y 5.2446

89
Column Design 2:
TABLE: Column Forces
Story Column Load Case/Combo M2
Story19 C37 dead imposed wind Y 165.9028
Story18 C37 dead imposed wind Y 192.0736
Story17 C37 dead imposed wind Y 198.8365
Story16 C180 dead imposed wind Y 226.6742
Story15 C37 dead imposed wind Y 192.5181
Story14 C37 dead imposed wind Y 193.2228
Story13 C6 dead imposed wind Y 216.6161
Story12 C37 dead imposed wind Y 222.4367
Story11 C173 dead and wind Y 202.8735
Story10 C94 dead imposed wind Y 203.7149
Story9 C94 dead imposed wind Y 201.1741
Story8 C152 dead and wind Y 184.4956
Story7 C94 dead imposed wind Y 205.6829
Story6 C37 dead and wind Y 188.8945
Story5 C37 dead and wind Y 190.3515
Story4 C76 dead and wind Y 192.346
Story3 C76 dead and wind Y 199.6553
Story2 C75 dead and wind Y 208.4629
Story1 C16 dead and wind Y 80.236

90
TABLE: Column Forces
Story Column Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 C180 dead and imposed 345.2184
Story18 C84 dead and imposed 233.5554
Story17 C84 dead and imposed 222.0213
Story16 C13 dead imposed wind Y 335.2971
Story15 C44 dead and wind Y 273.468
Story14 C44 dead and wind Y 277.5717
Story13 C69 dead imposed wind X 304.1971
Story12 C44 dead and wind Y 277.0869
Story11 C44 dead and wind Y 290.2214
Story10 C9 dead imposed wind Y 373.8651
Story9 C155 dead and wind X 274.5204
Story8 C155 dead and wind X 270.7822
Story7 C41 dead and wind X 333.2394
Story6 C156 dead and wind X 277.0247
Story5 C41 dead and wind X 285.6201
Story4 C41 dead and wind X 291.1423
Story3 C156 dead and wind X 295.5685
Story2 C156 dead and wind X 269.4037
Story1 C38 dead and wind X 90.6836

91
Beam Design 2:

TABLE: Beam Forces

Story Beam Load Case/Combo M2
Story19 B286 dead imposed wind Y 1.1452
Story18 B83 dead imposed wind Y 14.5126
Story17 B66 dead imposed wind X 11.574
Story16 B66 dead imposed wind X 14.9988
Story15 B378 dead and wind X 3.4831
Story14 B378 dead and wind X 2.9349
Story13 B258 dead imposed wind Y 5.1217
Story12 B83 dead imposed wind Y 13.828
Story11 B83 dead imposed wind X 10.4791
Story10 B61 dead imposed wind Y 17.2844
Story9 B320 dead and wind Y 3.1049
Story8 B320 dead and wind Y 3.1475
Story7 B232 dead imposed wind Y 5.6102
Story6 B320 dead and wind Y 3.5109
Story5 B320 dead and wind Y 3.6046
Story4 B320 dead and wind Y 4.0641
Story3 B299 dead and wind Y 2.0983
Story2 B352 dead and wind Y 2.1978
Story1 B299 dead and wind Y 4.5477

92
TABLE: Beam Forces
Story Beam Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 B320 dead imposed wind Y 200.2211
Story18 B320 dead imposed wind Y 229.0096
Story17 B309 dead imposed wind X 277.4962
Story16 B320 dead imposed wind Y 271.6765
Story15 B335 dead imposed wind X 316.1934
Story14 B335 dead imposed wind X 267.7228
Story13 B388 dead imposed wind X 303.7492
Story12 B320 dead and wind Y 294.6732
Story11 B320 dead and wind Y 304.0679
Story10 B320 dead and wind Y 319.5362
Story9 B373 dead imposed wind Y 318.5154
Story8 B320 dead and wind Y 295.7391
Story7 B422 dead and wind X 339.6407
Story6 B422 dead and wind X 294.506
Story5 B422 dead and wind X 291.5399
Story4 B422 dead and wind X 289.1449
Story3 B422 dead and wind X 289.1389
Story2 B419 dead and wind X 304.3607
Story1 B351 dead and wind Y 296.4842

93
Brace Design 2:

TABLE: Brace Forces

Story Brace Load Case/Combo M2
Story19 D121 dead and imposed 2.6925
Story18 D122 dead and imposed 3.5744
Story17 D130 dead imposed wind X 9.3807
Story16 D129 dead imposed wind X 14.0707
Story15 D130 dead and imposed 32.1417
Story14 D130 dead imposed wind Y 9.9608
Story13 D128 dead and wind X 15.8412
Story12 D130 dead and imposed 40.144
Story11 D128 dead and imposed 19.4351
Story10 D129 dead and imposed 12.1845
Story9 D121 dead and wind X 8.4563
Story8 D135 dead and wind X 14.9931
Story7 D121 dead and wind X 8.3173
Story6 D121 dead and wind X 8.3695
Story5 D121 dead and wind X 8.3026
Story4 D121 dead and wind X 8.3199
Story3 D122 dead imposed wind X 3.4288
Story2 D132 dead and wind Y 1.4973

94
TABLE: Brace Forces
Story Brace Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 D122 dead and imposed 15.8379
Story18 D122 dead and imposed 69.8661
Story17 D60 dead and imposed 114.1096
Story16 D129 dead imposed wind Y 100.2912
Story15 D129 dead and imposed 879.9772
Story14 D129 dead and imposed 753.4174
Story13 D129 dead and imposed 72.5191
Story12 D60 dead and imposed 68.5056
Story11 D60 dead and imposed 231.1976
Story10 D129 dead imposed wind Y 74.612
Story9 D22 dead and imposed 64.8962
Story8 D130 dead and wind Y 348.7864
Story7 D137 dead and wind Y 46.34
Story6 D130 dead and wind Y 59.5949
Story5 D130 dead and wind Y 61.6609
Story4 D123 dead and wind Y 59.29
Story3 D122 dead and wind Y 183.4886
Story2 D123 dead and wind Y 438.7852

95
Column Design 3:

TABLE: Column Forces

Story Column Load Case/Combo M2

Story18 C114 dead and imposed 8.9633

Story17 C114 dead and imposed 9.0359
Story15 C231 dead and imposed 3.4941
Story14 C231 dead and imposed 3.5884
Story12 C114 dead and imposed 8.8694
Story11 C114 dead and imposed 8.9342
Story9 C210 dead and imposed 3.4595
Story8 C210 dead and imposed 3.596

TABLE: Column Forces

Story Column Load Case/Combo M3
0
Story18 C179 dead and imposed 11.7722
Story17 C179 dead and imposed 12.3705
Story15 C217 dead and imposed 17.0532
Story14 C217 dead and imposed 17.2219
Story12 C179 dead and imposed 11.1147
Story11 C179 dead and imposed 11.4986
Story9 C103 dead and imposed 15.5643
Story8 C103 dead and imposed 15.4267

96
Beam Design 3:

TABLE: Beam Forces

Story Beam Load Case/Combo M2
Story18 B61 dead and imposed 10.4615
Story17 B84 dead and wind Y 1.2272
Story16 B56 dead and imposed 11.3854
Story15 B115 dead and imposed 2.692
Story14 B24 dead imposed wind Y 0.5199
Story13 B147 dead imposed wind Y 3.0917
Story12 B82 dead and imposed 9.9485
Story11 B82 dead and imposed 1.3743
Story10 B56 dead imposed wind X 11.5878
Story9 B30 dead and imposed 2.7225
Story8 B11 dead and imposed 1.004
Story7 B24 dead and imposed 2.8141

TABLE: Beam Forces

Story Beam Load Case/Combo M3
Story18 B213 dead and imposed 196.5632
Story17 B213 dead and imposed 215.2794
Story16 B177 dead and wind Y 203.1692
Story15 B112 dead imposed wind X 461.0117
Story14 B112 dead imposed wind X 405.4346
Story13 B112 dead imposed wind X 401.5806
Story12 B213 dead and imposed 194.5327
Story11 B213 dead and imposed 213.2828
Story10 B213 dead and imposed 195.1516
Story9 B27 dead and imposed 304.7063
Story8 B27 dead and imposed 229.636
Story7 B36 dead imposed wind X 221.1583

97
Brace Design 3:
TABLE: Brace Forces
Story Brace Load Case/Combo M2
Story18 D50 dead and imposed 1.4895
Story17 D50 dead and imposed 1.454
Story15 D100 dead imposed wind Y 0.5171
Story14 D88 dead imposed wind Y 0.4564
Story12 D50 dead imposed wind Y 1.5404
Story11 D50 dead imposed wind Y 1.4759
Story9 D28 dead imposed wind Y 0.3373
Story8 D36 dead imposed wind Y 0.2631

TABLE: Brace Forces

Story Brace Load Case/Combo M3
Story18 D62 dead and imposed 18.6675
Story17 D59 dead and imposed 21.037
Story15 D33 dead and wind Y 2.868
Story14 D90 dead and imposed 2.9452
Story12 D63 dead and imposed 23.8663
Story11 D57 dead and imposed 29.6247
Story9 D33 dead and imposed 3.0291
Story8 D33 dead and imposed 4.521

98
Wall Design 3:
TABLE: Pier Forces
Story Pier Load Case/Combo M2
Story19 P2 dead and wind Y 4234.273
Story18 P2 dead and wind Y 14666.07
Story17 P2 dead and wind Y 29310.84
Story16 P1 dead and imposed 213688.2
Story15 P1 dead and imposed 219827.1
Story14 P1 dead and imposed 222219.6
Story13 P1 dead and imposed 219800.1
Story12 P1 dead and imposed 214633.8
Story11 P1 dead and imposed 213430.1
Story10 P1 dead and imposed 207740.8
Story9 P1 dead and wind X 212865.5
Story8 P1 dead and wind X 235585.3
Story7 P1 dead and wind X 262513.8
Story6 P1 dead and wind X 293515.2
Story5 P1 dead and wind X 327766.9
Story4 P1 dead and wind X 360592.1
Story3 P1 dead and wind X 389985.2
Story2 P1 dead and wind X 423280.8
Story1 P1 dead and wind X 436516

99
TABLE: Pier Forces
Story Pier Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 P2 dead and imposed 6848.642
Story18 P2 dead imposed wind X 19857.43
Story17 P2 dead imposed wind X 33928.1
Story16 P2 dead and imposed 500461.5
Story15 P2 dead and imposed 485660.3
Story14 P1 dead and imposed 510712.7
Story13 P1 dead and imposed 535906.3
Story12 P1 dead and imposed 546145.3
Story11 P1 dead and imposed 544227.2
Story10 P1 dead and imposed 551844.5
Story9 P1 dead and imposed 571229.6
Story8 P1 dead and imposed 587070.3
Story7 P1 dead and imposed 596449.2
Story6 P1 dead and imposed 603841.7
Story5 P1 dead and imposed 607284
Story4 P1 dead and imposed 610873.6
Story3 P1 dead and imposed 614043.3
Story2 P1 dead and imposed 615141
Story1 P1 dead and imposed 614416.3

100
Column After Relocation:
TABLE: Column Forces After Relocation
Story Column Load Case/Combo M2
Story18 C114 dead and imposed 8.7876
Story17 C114 dead and imposed 8.8451
Story15 C231 dead and imposed 3.8806
Story14 C231 dead and imposed 3.9789
Story12 C114 dead and imposed 8.7675
Story11 C114 dead and imposed 8.8219
Story9 C210 dead and imposed 3.8111
Story8 C210 dead and imposed 3.9628

TABLE: Column Forces After Relocation

Story Column Load Case/Combo M3
Story18 C108 dead and imposed 13.057
Story17 C108 dead and imposed 13.586
Story15 C217 dead and imposed 18.2878
Story14 C217 dead and imposed 18.5506
Story12 C135 dead and imposed 11.4526
Story11 C135 dead and imposed 11.8942
Story9 C103 dead and imposed 16.8077
Story8 C103 dead and imposed 16.7084

101
Beam After Relocation:

TABLE: Beam Forces After Relocation

Story Beam Load Case/Combo M2
Story18 B61 dead and imposed 8.9131
Story17 B172 dead and imposed 3.1131
Story16 B56 dead and imposed 12.3078
Story15 B116 dead and imposed 2.8024
Story14 B24 dead imposed wind Y 0.6374
Story13 B147 dead imposed wind Y 3.5782
Story12 B82 dead and imposed 9.8817
Story11 B82 dead and imposed 1.3229
Story10 B56 dead and imposed 11.6521
Story9 B30 dead and imposed 2.8327
Story8 B24 dead and imposed 1.028
Story7 B24 dead and imposed 3.1726

TABLE: Beam Forces After Relocation

Story Beam Load Case/Combo M3
Story18 B186 dead and imposed 210.1709
Story17 B174 dead and imposed 259.5877
Story16 B174 dead and imposed 209.4864
Story15 B112 dead imposed wind X 512.239
Story14 B112 dead imposed wind X 446.8967
Story13 B112 dead imposed wind X 438.6806
Story12 B213 dead and imposed 174.7606
Story11 B213 dead and imposed 191.1325
Story10 B213 dead and imposed 175.0716
Story9 B27 dead and imposed 251.4435
Story8 B27 dead and imposed 189.2263
Story7 B16 dead and imposed 169.956

102
Wall After Relocation:

TABLE: Pier Forces After Relocation

Story Pier Load Case/Combo M2
Story19 P1 dead and imposed 5491.2265
Story18 P1 dead and imposed 24916.3054
Story17 P2 dead imposed wind Y 67177.9299
Story16 P1 dead and imposed 222463.4589
Story15 P1 dead and imposed 236173.5131
Story14 P1 dead and imposed 243300.1046
Story13 P1 dead and imposed 244154.2915
Story12 P1 dead and imposed 238550.1566
Story11 P1 dead and imposed 232756.2736
Story10 P1 dead and imposed 225937.3821
Story9 P1 dead and imposed 219085.073
Story8 P1 dead and wind X 238760.2664
Story7 P1 dead and wind X 264159.9747
Story6 P1 dead and wind X 293449.5094
Story5 P1 dead and wind X 325774.5261
Story4 P1 dead and wind X 356732.3499
Story3 P1 dead and wind X 384432.0328
Story2 P1 dead and wind X 415835.7934
Story1 P1 dead and wind X 428272.2805

103
TABLE: Pier Forces After Relocation
Story Pier Load Case/Combo M3
Story19 P2 dead and imposed 6253.8429
Story18 P2 dead and imposed 79900.2592
Story17 P2 dead and imposed 183249.7149
Story16 P2 dead and imposed 645443.0103
Story15 P2 dead and imposed 622217.8169
Story14 P2 dead and imposed 612376.1847
Story13 P2 dead and imposed 625997.7071
Story12 P2 dead and imposed 607054.1938
Story11 P2 dead and imposed 566327.0462
Story10 P2 dead imposed wind X 545959.5192
Story9 P1 dead and imposed 546687.5397
Story8 P1 dead and imposed 561908.8716
Story7 P1 dead and imposed 570502.0526
Story6 P1 dead and imposed 577456.2447
Story5 P1 dead and imposed 580499.7109
Story4 P1 dead and imposed 583805.9382
Story3 P1 dead and imposed 586783.7494
Story2 P1 dead and imposed 587769.9676
Story1 P1 dead and imposed 586895.4063

104